COLLISION OF CULTURESKEY QUESTIONS

KEY QUESTIONS

• WHAT WERE THE MOTIVES FOR EUROPEAN EXPLORATION?

• POLITICAL: BECOME A WORLD POWER THROUGH GAINING WEALTH AND LAND. (GLORY)

• ECONOMIC: SEARCH FOR NEW TRADE ROUTES WITH DIRECT ACCESS TO ASIAN/AFRICAN LUXURY GOODS WOULD ENRICH INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR NATIONS (GOLD)

• RELIGIOUS: SPREAD CHRISTIANITY AND WEAKEN MIDDLE EASTERN MUSLIMS. (GOD)

• IN WHAT WAYS WOULD THE REVIVAL OF EUROPEAN CITIES IN THE 1400S HAVE AFFECTED EUROPEAN SOCIAL & CULTURAL LIFE?

• THE REVIVAL OF CITIES ESTABLISHED NEW TRADE OPPORTUNITIES & NEW MARKETS.

KEY QUESTIONS

• HOW DID ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY OPEN THE WAY FOR WORLD EXPLORATION?

• ADVANCES IN SAILING TECHNOLOGY PROMOTED TRADE & THE URGE TO DISCOVER & CONQUER OTHER LANDS.

• HOW MIGHT RENAISSANCE ATTITUDES & IDEAS HAVE INFLUENCED EUROPEAN EXPLORERS?

• THE RENAISSANCE ENCOURAGED PEOPLE TO VALUE HUMAN ACHIEVEMENT. THIS ATTITUDE PROMPTED MANY TO SEEK GLORY THROUGH ADVENTURE, DISCOVERY, & CONQUEST.

• WHY DID EUROPEAN EXPLORERS BELIEVE THEY COULD SIMPLY CLAIM LANDS FOR THEIR HOME COUNTRIES, EVEN THOUGH THESE LANDS WERE ALREADY POPULATED?

• EUROPEANS BELIEVED THAT BECAUSE THEIR CULTURE WAS MORE SOPHISTICATED, THEY HAD A RIGHT TO COLONIZE LANDS INHABITED BY PEOPLE OF OTHER CULTURES.

KEY QUESTIONS

• WHAT DO YOU THINK WERE THREE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF COLUMBUS’S ENCOUNTERS IN THE AMERICAS?

• THE ENTRENCHED PATTERN OF VIOLATING HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE PROCESS OF CONQUERING NEW LANDS

• THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE & ITS TRAGIC OUTCOMES

• THE EMERGENCE OF VARIOUS NATIONS IN NORTH & SOUTH AMERICA

• THE PERMANENT ALTERING OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTS & SOCIETIES AS A RESULT OF THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

• THE MULTICULTURAL CHARACTER OF THE UNITED STATES

KEY QUESTIONS

• WHY DID THE SPANISH WANT TO COLONIZE THE AMERICAS?

• THE SPANISH WANTED TO FIND GOLD AND TO SPREAD THE CHRISTIAN FAITH.

• WHY MIGHT SPAIN & PORTUGAL BE WILLING TO GO TO WAR OVER THE ISSUE OF OVERSEAS EXPLORATION?

• BOTH COUNTRIES SOON BECAME COMPETITORS IN EXPLORATION & COLONIZATION & PEOPLE IN BOTH COUNTRIES BELIEVED THAT THE RESOURCES OF THE AMERICAS WOULD MAKE THEM RICH.

• LET TO THE TREATY OF TORDESILLAS (1494) WHICH CREATED A LINE OF DEMARCATION IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN GRANTING EVERYTHING WEST OF THE LINE TO THE SPANISH & EVERYTHING EAST OF THE LINE TO PORTUGAL EXCEPT FOR BRAZIL TO THE WEST. SPAIN GAINED MOST OF THE NEW WORLD AS A RESULT.

KEY QUESTIONS

• WHY WAS CORTES INTERESTED IN THE AZTEC EMPIRE?

• CORTES’ WAS INTERESTED IN THE TERRITORY & THE VAST WEALTH OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE

• WHAT FACTORS ENABLED THE SPANIARDS TO CONQUER THE AZTECS?

• THE SPANIARDS’ SUPERIOR WEAPONS, THE DISEASES THAT ACCOMPANIED THEM, AND THE SUPPORT OF OTHER NATIVE PEOPLES.

KEY QUESTIONS

• WHY DID THE NATIVE AMERICANS OF NEW MEXICO REVOLT AGAINST SPANISH SETTLERS?

• BECAUSE THE SETTLERS HAD FORCED THE NATIVES TO PAY TRIBUTE OR FOR THOSE WHO WERE CAUGHT PRACTICING THEIR NATIVE RELIGION WERE ABUSED PHYSICALLY.

• STATE THE RESULTS OF SPANISH EXPLORATION & SETTLEMENT NORTH OF MEXICO & THEIR INTERACTION WITH NATIVE AMERICANS THERE.

• THE SPANISH FAILED TO FIND MUCH GOLD NORTH OF MEXICO, SO THE SETTLEMENT WAS LIMITED TO MISSIONS & DEFENSIVE OUTPOSTS

• SPANISH MISSIONARIES PROVIDED NATIVE AMERICANS WITH MATERIAL GOODS, EDUCATION, & PROTECTION BUT SOMETIMES ABUSED THEM & SUPPRESSED THEIR CULTURE.

• SOME NATIVES CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY BUT OTHERS RESISTED VIOLENTLY

• WHAT CAN YOU INFER FROM THE FACT THAT APPROXIMATELY 17,000 NATIVE AMERICANS FROM ALL OVER NEW MEXICO PARTICIPATED IN THE PUEBLO REVOLT?

• THE NATIVE AMERICAN WERE WELL-ORGANIZED. THE SPANISH PRIESTS HAD ALIENATED A LARGE NUMBER OF NATIVE AMERICANS DURING PREVIOUS DECADES.

KEY QUESTIONS

• HOW DID MEXICAN CULTURE DEVELOP OUT OF BOTH SPANISH & NATIVE AMERICAN ELEMENTS?

• A HIGH RATE OF INTERMARRIAGE CREATED A LARGE MESTIZO POPULATION; SOME NATIVE AMERICANS BECAME ROMAN CATHOLICS.

• HOW DID NATIVE AMERICANS REACT TO SPANISH EFFORTS TO ESTABLISH COLONIES?

• NATIVES OFTEN FOUGHT BACK, MOST NOTABLY AGAINST CORTES AND IN POPE’S REBELLION.

KEY QUESTIONS

• WHAT TYPE OF RELATIONSHIP EXISTED BETWEEN THE SPANISH AND THE NATIVE AMERICANS LIVING IN NORTH AMERICA?

• NATIVE PEOPLE LEARNED ABOUT NEW TOOLS, GROW FOOD, RAISE SHEEP

• MANY CONVERTED TO CATHOLICISM

• SPANISH LEARNED NEW FARMING TECHNIQUES

• HARSH TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANS FOR SLAVE LABOR

• BEATING OF THOSE WHO DID NOT CONVERT

• DISEASE, DEATH

• REBELLION

KEY QUESTIONS

• WHY DID THE SPANISH BEGIN TO USE AFRICAN SLAVES ON THEIR PLANTATIONS IN THE NEW WORLD?

• THEY NEEDED SLAVES TO WORK IN THE MINES AND PLANTATIONS AFTER THE SPANISH MONARCHY ABOLISHED THE ECONMIENDA. NATIVE POPULATION DECLINED DUE TO DISEASE & HARD LABOR.

• WHAT IMPACT DID THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE HAVE ON THE PEOPLE’S LIVES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD?

• LED TO THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW PLANTS & ANIMALS TO EUROPE, AFRICA, & THE AMERICAS

• THE EXCHANGE OF PLANTS & ANIMALS IMPROVED PEOPLE’S DIETS

• THE IMPORTATION OF DISEASES INTO THE AMERICAS LED TO A DECLINE IN THE NATIVE AMERICAN POPULATION.

KEY QUESTIONS

• WHAT EFFECTS DID PORTUGUESE TRADE ROUTES HAVE ON WEST AFRICA?

• PORTUGUESE TRADE ROUTES BROUGHT WEST AFRICA INTO CLOSER CONTACT WITH EUROPE. EVENTUALLY LED TO THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE.

• WHY DID EUROPEAN SETTLERS INCREASE THEIR DEMAND FOR AFRICAN SLAVES?

• EUROPEAN DISEASES & HARD LABOR HAD REDUCED THE NATIVE WORK FORCE, SO EUROPEANS BEGAN RELYING ON THE IMPORTATION OF ENSLAVED AFRICANS.

• HOW DID WEST AFRICAN SLAVERY DIFFER FROM THE KIND OF SLAVERY THAT DEVELOPED IN THE AMERICAS?

• IN WEST AFRICA, PEOPLE WERE NOT BORN INTO SLAVERY, NOR DID SLAVERY MEAN A LIFETIME OF SERVITUDE. IN THE AMERICAS, HOWEVER, SLAVERY CONTINUED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION AND WAS BASED ON RACE.

KEY QUESTIONS

• WHAT WERE THE MOTIVES FOR ENGLISH COLONIZATION OF THE NEW WORLD?

• RELIGIOUS: PURER FORM OF WORSHIP

• ECONOMIC: ESCAPE POVERTY OR THE THREAT OF LIFELONG POVERTY

• PERSONAL: TO ESCAPE BAD MARRIAGES OR JAIL TERMS

KEY QUESTIONS

• HOW DID RELIGIOUS CHANGES IN EUROPE AFFECT THE EUROPEAN COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS?

• THE SPLIT BETWEEN CATHOLICISM & PROTESTANTISM DEEPENED THE RIVALRIES BETWEEN EUROPEAN NATIONS AND SENT PROTESTANT SECTS TO SEEK RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN THE AMERICAS.

• HOW DID THE REFORMATION DEEPEN RIVALRIES BETWEEN EUROPEAN NATIONS?

• THE REFORMATION DIVIDED CHRISTIANITY IN WESTERN EUROPE BETWEEN CATHOLICISM & PROTESTANTISM. THIS HELPED DEEPEN THE RIVALRIES AMONG EUROPEAN NATIONS.

• WHICH EUROPEAN EVENT OF THE LATE 1400S TO EARLY 1500S DO YOU THINK HAD THE MOST FAR REACHING IMPACT ON EUROPEAN LIVES?

• RECONQUISTA BECAUSE IT SET THE STAGE FOR FUTURE SPANISH CONQUEST TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY AROUND THE GLOBE

• THE REFORMATION, BECAUSE IT CAUSED MANY PEOPLE TO SEEK RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN AMERICA

• THE INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS, BECAUSE IT SPREAD IDEAS

KEY QUESTIONS

• HOW WERE THE FRENCH COLONIES IN NORTH AMERICA UNLIKE THE BRITISH COLONIES?

• FRANCE FOCUSED ON THE FUR TRADE RATHER THAN ON SETTLEMENT. THE FRENCH COLONISTS ALSO DEVELOPED FRIENDLIER RELATIONS WITH THE NATIVES THAN DID THE BRITISH.

• WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FRENCH AND NATIVE AMERICANS LIVING IN NORTH AMERICA?

• BUSINESS PARTNERS

• FRIENDLY

• HURON (IN CANADA) WERE CLOSE ALLIES

• ENEMIES WITH IROQUOIS (ON EAST COAST WITH BRITISH COLONIES)

• DISEASES KILLED MANY

KEY QUESTIONS

• HOW DID THE ARRIVAL OF EUROPEAN SETTLERS AFFECT NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES?

• EUROPEAN SETTLERS BROUGHT DISEASES THAT DEVASTATED NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES.

• HOW DO YOU THINK THE CONTRASTING CULTURAL ATTITUDES TO LAND OWNERSHIP MIGHT HAVE AFFECTED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EUROPEANS & NATIVE AMERICANS?

• NATIVE AMERICANS DID NOT BELIEVE IN PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF LAND, AS DID EUROPEANS. THIS WOULD HAVE LED TO CONFLICT AS EUROPEANS TRIED TO BUY & SELL LAND THAT HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN USED BY AN ENTIRE NATIVE AMERICAN COMMUNITY.

KEY QUESTIONS• WHAT ARE THE SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES AMONG THE SPANISH, FRENCH, & ENGLISH

PATTERNS OF COLONIZATION?

• SPAIN

• PLANTATION COLONIES IN THE CARIBBEAN, FLORIDA, AND MEXICO.

• SPANISH MISSIONS CONVERTED INDIANS TO CHRISTIANITY BY FORCE, AND GOVERNED THE COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS.

• GEORGIA’S COASTAL BARRIER ISLANDS SERVED AS SITES OF SPANISH MISSIONS.

• FRANCE

• TRADING POST COLONIES IN ST. LAWRENCE, GREAT LAKES, AND MISSISSIPPI REGIONS.

• PORT OF NEW ORLEANS CONTROLLED TRADE IN THE GULF OF MEXICO, THREATENING SPANISH SHIPPING IN THE AREA.

• FUR TRADERS EXPANDED NETWORKS THROUGHOUT ALL OF THE SOUTHEASTERN TRIBES.

• ENGLAND

• PLANTATION COLONIES IN SOUTHERN ENGLISH COLONIES.

• SETTLER COLONIES

• JAMESTOWN BASED AT FIRST ON TRADING, THEN LATER BECAME KNOWN AS A RELIGIOUS SETTLEMENT.

• FORT KING GEORGE AT DARIEN, GA WAS SOUTHERN-MOST OUTPOST TO PROTECT CHARLESTOWN, SOUTH CAROLINA FROM SPANISH ATTACKS.

KEY QUESTIONS

• WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF SPANISH, FRENCH, & ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN NORTH AMERICA ON THE NATIVES?

• SPAIN – TREATED NATIVES HARSHLY; USE OF NATIVE AMERICAN LABOR TO WORK ON THE LARGE FARMS.

• FRANCE - FRENCH GOT ALONG BETTER WITH THE NATIVE AMERICANS THAN ANY OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRY.

• ENGLAND - ENGLISH SETTLERS PUSHED NATIVE AMERICANS OFF THEIR LAND.

• WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS OF EUROPEAN COLONIZATION?

• EUROPEANS REACH AND SETTLE AMERICAS

• EXPANDED KNOWLEDGE OF WORLD GEOGRAPHY

• GROWTH OF TRADE, MERCANTILISM AND CAPITALISM

• INDIAN CONFLICTS OVER LAND AND IMPACT OF DISEASE ON INDIAN POPULATIONS

• INTRODUCTION OF THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY

• COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE