collisionless shock experiments on the nif
TRANSCRIPT
Collisionless shock experiments on the NIF
Frederico Fiúza !
!
LLNL-PRES-645720F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
International collaboration on Astrophysical Collisionless Shock Experiments with Lasers (ACSEL)
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Y. Sakawa Osaka U. PI, Lead in designing and providing scientific input
H-S Park LLNL Co-PI, Lead in designing, executing, analyzing, modeling experiments and scientific interpretation of the results
S. Ross, C. Huntington, D. Turnbull, B. Pollack
LLNL Lead experimentalists
G. Gregori, J. Meinecke, D Froula
Oxford U. LLE
Lead on magnetic field measurements and interpretation of FABS Faraday rotation data.
R. Petrasso, C. Li, H. Rinderknecht, A. Zylstra, M. Rosenberg
MIT Lead on proton imaging and proton spectrum data
F. Fiuza A. Spitkovsky, D. Caprioli, J. Park
SLAC/LLNL Princeton U.
Lead on PIC simulation
D. Ryutov, B. Remington R. P. Drake, C. Kuranz N. Woolsey H. Takabe T. Morita
LLNL U. Michigan York U. Osaka U. Kyushu U.
Scientific and theoretical support; interpretation of data
M. Koenig D. Lamb, P. Tzeferacos S. Weber
LULI U. Chicago LLNL
Radiation-hydrodynamics and radiation-MHD simulation support
❖ Names in blue are the post-docs and the graduate students
We acknowledge the NIF and Omega staffs, the OSIRIS consortium, and INCITE (ALCF) and LLNL Grand Challenge computational grants
Outline
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Introduction/Motivation
Demonstration of Weibel instability on OMEGA
Development of experimental platform on NIF
Plans for collisionless shock studies on NIF
Conclusions and perspectives
Outline
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Introduction/Motivation
Demonstration of Weibel instability on OMEGA
Development of experimental platform on NIF
Plans for collisionless shock studies on NIF
Conclusions and perspectives
Collisionless shocks are believed to be a dominant source of cosmic rays
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)N. Gehrels, L. Piro, and P.J.T. Leonard, Scientific American (2002) R. Blandford & D. Eichler, Physics Reports 154, 1 (1987)
Upstream waves
Vu
Downstream turbulence
Vd dN/dE ∝ E-α
SN1006 Tycho
Weibel instability is seen as a leading mechanism for shock formation
Ion density
B-field
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Weibel instability is seen as a leading mechanism for shock formation
Ion density
B-field
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Weibel instability is seen as a leading mechanism for shock formation
Ion density
B-field
γ-2.41000 ωpi-1
2000 ωpi-1
3000 ωpi-1
5000 ωpi-14000 ωpi-1
100 101 102Energy [GeV]
E-2.4
e- spectrum
0.2 TeV
OSIRIS Simulations | F. Fiuza 2014 F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Outline
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Introduction/Motivation
Demonstration of Weibel instability on OMEGA
Development of experimental platform on NIF
Plans for collisionless shock studies on NIF
Conclusions and perspectives
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
High Mach # plasma flows can be created by laser ablation
v ~ 1000-2000 km/s Te ~ Ti ~ 1 keV ne = 5x1018 cm-3 L = 0.8 cm λmfp > 7 cm
J.S. Ross et al, Phys. Plasmas (2012); C. Huntington et al. Nat. Physics (2015)
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Ab initio simulations predict generation of strong Weibel B-fields
flow 1 flow 2 flow 1 flow 2
Plasma density Magnetic field
On axis slice from 3D simulation using 128,000 cores
t = 2-5 ns
ne = 5x1018 cm-3 v = 1000-2000 km/s
N. Kugland et al., Nature Physics (2012); D. Ryutov et al., PoP (2013): Biermann Battery B-fields lead to magnetic plates
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Ab initio simulations predict generation of strong Weibel B-fields
flow 1 flow 2 flow 1 flow 2
Plasma density Magnetic field
On axis slice from 3D simulation using 128,000 cores
t = 2-5 ns
ne = 5x1018 cm-3 v = 1000-2000 km/s
N. Kugland et al., Nature Physics (2012); D. Ryutov et al., PoP (2013): Biermann Battery B-fields lead to magnetic plates
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Radiography demonstrates generation of filamentary Weibel B-fields
1 mm
3.2 ns 4.2 ns 5.2 ns
Experimental data
3 MeV
protonsExperim
ental data 14.7 M
eV protons
PIC Sim
ulation 14.7 M
eV protons
Proton deflection at 3 MeV vs. 14.7 MeV indicates magnetic fields
C. Huntington, F. Fiuza, J. S. Ross, et al. Nature Physics (2015)
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Our measurements show non-linear development of instability
Early time interaction
Bulk flow interpenetration Development of Weibel instability
3.2 ns
4.2 ns
5.2 ns
Non-linear development of Weibel instability Time [ns]
400!
350!
300!
250!
200!
150!
100!
50Fi
lam
ent s
paci
ng [µ
m]
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Synthetic D3He images!D3He data
Simulations and experimental measurements indicate magnetization of 1%, consistent with astrophysical shocks
C. Huntington, F. Fiuza, J. S. Ross, et al. Nature Physics (2015)
Shock formation requires larger interpenetration regions/higher density flows
Outline
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Introduction/Motivation
Demonstration of Weibel instability on OMEGA
Development of experimental platform on NIF
Plans for collisionless shock studies on NIF
Conclusions and perspectives
shock 1
shock 2
flow 1
flow 2
Density
B-field
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Large interpenetration region (~500 c/ωpi) is needed for shock formation
ne = 2x1020 cm-3 v = 2000 km/s
shock 1
shock 2
flow 1
flow 2
Density
B-field
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Large interpenetration region (~500 c/ωpi) is needed for shock formation
ne = 2x1020 cm-3 v = 2000 km/s
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Initial set of experiments on NIF to develop collisionless shocks platform
150 - 250 kJ per target 6 mm apart
Fe/Ni (0.1%) doped CD/CH foils
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
150 - 250 kJ per target 6 mm apart
Fe/Ni (0.1%) doped CD/CH foils
E (keV)
Flux
(J/n
s/ke
V/s
r)
X-ray spectrum (Te)
Tim
e
Shock imaging
Distance
self-emission
Initial set of experiments on NIF to develop collisionless shocks platform
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
150 - 250 kJ per target 6 mm apart
Fe/Ni (0.1%) doped CD/CH foils
E (keV)
Flux
(J/n
s/ke
V/s
r)
X-ray spectrum (Te)
λ (nm)
Tim
e (n
s)
ne (cm-3)
Raman backscatter (ne) Neutrons Yn (DD)
Time at detector (ns)
Sign
al
nTOF
Tim
e
Shock imaging
Distance
self-emission
Initial set of experiments on NIF to develop collisionless shocks platform
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
150 - 250 kJ per target 6 mm apart
Fe/Ni (0.1%) doped CD/CH foils
E (keV)
Flux
(J/n
s/ke
V/s
r)
X-ray spectrum (Te)
λ (nm)
Tim
e (n
s)
ne (cm-3)
Raman backscatter (ne) Neutrons Yn (DD)
Time at detector (ns)
Sign
al
nTOFSelf-generated protons
CR39
pinhole
Tim
e
Shock imaging
Distance
self-emission
Initial set of experiments on NIF to develop collisionless shocks platform
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
High-quality data hints at shock formation
Strong heating and proton emission from central region
650 km/s
750 km/s
1000 km/s
6.0
1.5
Tim
e (n
s)
1.93-1.93Distance (mm)
0.0
Counts
Yn = 5e10 Bang = 5.51 ns Burn = 2.94 ns
Time at detector (ns)
Neu
tron
sig
nal
Self-emission from interaction region
Foils
Overlayed protons & x-rays
Stagnation and neutron yield hint at shock formation
pTOF
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Inferred plasma density per flow ne ~ 2x1020 cm-3
317 318 316 315
Probe Beam Pulse Shape
Pow
er/B
eam
(TW
)
0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
Time (ns)0 3.5 7 10.5 14
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
N140729 150 kJ/foil
N141021-002 250 kJ/foil
N141022-001 250 kJ/foil
N141022-002 250 kJ/foil
Target CD/CD CD/CD CD/CH CD
Yn (DD) 3.0e10 4.4e10 5.8e9 4.4e8
Yp (DD) 1.1e10 3.0e10 4.1e9 -
Tion 7.1 keV 8.3 keV 7.3 keV 1.5 keV
vflow - 750 ± 200 km/s 750 ± 200 km/s -
ne - 7e20 cm 7e20 cm -
Discrepancy between Yn & Yp suggests strong B-fields
Difference in Yn for CD/CD, CD/CH, and CD shows that thermalization/shock formation occurs in interaction region
Relatively low velocities and high densities suggest collisional effects are important (λmfp ~ 0.5 mm)
Yp is ~50% less than Yn indicating that strong B-fields are present in interaction region (> 5 T)
1.5!!0.0!!-1.5
B 3 [M
G]
3!!0!!-3
B 3 [M
G]
Simulations show presence of B-fields in collisional/collisionless transition
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
flow 1 flow 2v = 2000 km/s | ne = 2x1020 cm-3
v = 1000 km/s | ne = 2x1020 cm-3
Ion density
B-field
Ion density
B-field
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Col
lisio
nles
s sh
ock
Col
lisio
nal s
hock
Outline
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Introduction/Motivation
Demonstration of Weibel instability on OMEGA
Development of experimental platform on NIF
Plans for collisionless shock studies on NIF
Conclusions and perspectives
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Discovery Science Proposal - 2016/2017
X-ray spectroscopy
Tim
e
Polarimetry
Proton backlighter
D3He
ne
no
ne
no
CCD imaging camera
PIs: Y. Sakawa / H. S. Park Shot RI: D. Turnbull / J. S. Ross / C. Huntington Designers: F. Fiuza / D. Ryutov / S. Weber
Campaign objectives: Measure evolution and structure of magnetic fields Observed formation of purely collisionless shocks
New diagnostics: Polarimetry (B-fields) Proton backlighter (B-fields) X-ray spectroscopy with Mn/Co doped target (Te)
Shot plan
Day1 2 shots at 300 kJ/foil with D
Day2 2 shots at 300 kJ/foil with Done time
Day3 2 shots at 500 kJ/foil to study effect of stronger B-fields
NXS
DISC
CIVS fiducial
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Radiography allows characterization of shock B-fields
[Spitkovsky]
t=3.0ns
t=4.7ns
[Fiuza]
14.7 MeV proton radiography
flow 1flow 2
shock 1
shock 2
B-field evolution of NIF experiment
t =2.3ns
t = 3ns
t = 4.7ns
t =2.3ns
t = 3ns
t = 4.7ns
Filamentary B fields from Weibel
Magnetic turbulence downstream of shock
Shocked region
HED laboratory astrophysics can shed light into fundamental long-standing problems: collisionless shocks, life cycle of magnetic fields, cosmic ray acceleration
We have demonstrated generation of Weibel instability and 1% magnetization on Omega experiments
We have successfully developed an experimental and modeling platform to study the physics of collisionless shocks on NIF
Upcoming NIF experiments can answer critical open questions:
Conditions for formation of collisionless shocks
Generation of magnetic field turbulence in shocks
Particle acceleration
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Conclusions
12
NIF experiment on Oct 22, 2014!
Extra slides
Frederico Fiúza !
!
LLNL-PRES-645720F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.01¥10-4
2¥10-4
5¥10-4
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.010
0.020
σ
time [ns] 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
10-2!
10-3!
10-40.0
Bx, By
Bz
Btotal
theory
w/ BB fieldsw/o BB fields
Dispersion relation for plasma with several ion components
0 5 10 15
Γ
k [ωpi/c]
1.0!
0.5!
0.0
CH2 0.1 keV
2 keV 1 keV
0.5 keV
C 1keV
v/c ωpi
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Good agreement between theory and simulations
D. D. Ryutov et al., Physics of Plasmas (2014)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.0010
0.0100
0.0050
0.0020
0.0200
0.0030
0.0015
0.0150
0.0070
time [ns] 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
10-2!
10-3
0.0
h�i
NIF
Omega
h�i�peak = 2.5 %
= 1.0 %
h�i�peak = 4.7 %
= 1.7 %
For a supernova remnant shock (v ~ 0.1 c , n = 1 cm-3) our results show that B-fields as high as 4 mG are generated
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
Magnetization levels >1% are reached
F. Fiuza | February 9 | NIF/JLF User Meeting 2015
SRF and mag-p TOF will be used to measure proton spectrum
SRF 90-78-1
pTOF
CR39WRF (3x)
Magnet
PTOF
SnoutDD-proton signalTa filters
90-78-1
5 µm
15 µm
10 µm
Bkgd
10 µm
19 µm
14 µm
Bkgd23 µm
20µm
90-78-3
Step Range Filter (SRF) Mag-pTOF