Écologie( - École normale supérieure · (a) males!of!the!burying!beetle!...
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Écologie 12. Evolu/on de coopera/on
Enseignant : David Claessen
Centre d'enseignement de de recherches sur l'environnement et la société (CERES-‐ERTI) et Ins?tut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS)
École normale supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris
Cycle pluridisciplinaire d’études supérieures, L2
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Evolu?on de la socialité
• Degrés dans l’évolu?on de la socialité, les stades – Solitaire – Grégaire (interaMrac?on; phéromones) – Sub-‐social (comportements parentaux) – Colonial (soins au jeunes en élevage commun
à plusieurs femelles, sans coopéra?on) – Communal (colonial + coopéra?on) – Social (eusocial) (communal + spécialisa?on
de la reproduc?on : division du travail)
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(A) Males of the burying beetle genus Nicrophorus, are unique among insects in the level of paternal care provided.
(B) Homo sapiens reduce their chance of breeding successfully in future by providing paternal care, but rela?vely low risk of cuckoldry reduces selec?on for adjustment.
(C) tree swallow, (D) Three-‐spined s?ckleback,
Gasterosteus aculeatus,
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Kin selec.on – Sélec?on de parentèle
• Darwin about the conundrum represented by altruis?c sterile social insects (The Origin of Species, 1859) – « This difficulty, though appearing insuperable, is lessened, or, as I believe, disappears,
when it is remembered that selec3on may be applied to the family, as well as to the individual, and may thus gain the desired end. Breeders of ca?le wish the flesh and fat to be well marbled together. An animal thus characterized has been slaughtered, but the breeder has gone with confidence to the same stock and has succeeded. »
• RA Fisher (1930), JBS Haldane (1932), WD Hamilton (1963) • J Maynard Smith (1963) « Kin selec?on »
– « These processes I will call kin selec/on and group selec?on respec?vely. Kin selec?on has been discussed by Haldane and by Hamilton. … By kin selec?on I mean the evolu?on of characteris?cs which favour the survival of close rela?ves of the affected individual, by processes which do not require any discon?nui?es in the popula?on breeding structure. »
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Haldane • Ques?on : « Would you lay down your life for your brother? » • Answer : « No, but I would for two brothers or eight cousins »
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= « le coefficient de proximité géné?que entre x et y » = « the probability that a gene picked randomly from each at the same locus is iden?cal by descent » = « Le coefficient de parenté entre deux individus, i et j, est égal à la probabilité pour que deux gènes ?rés au hasard au même locus, l'un chez i et l'autre chez j, soient iden?ques par descendance »
Organismes diploïde
r = coefficient de parenté, « coefficient of relatedness »
Organismes haplo-‐diploïde
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Sélec?on de parentèle
• La loi de Hamilton • Altruisme peut évoluer si
r B > C
– r est le coefficient d'apparentement – B est le bénéfice d’altruisme pour l’autre individu – C est le cout de comportement altruiste
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Inclusive fitness
• « Succès reproduc?f global »
ST = S + b r – S succès reproduc?f immédiat – B bénéfice d’altruisme – r la corréla?on géné?que entre les individus
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Griffin and West, TREE (2002)
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Altruisme réciproque
• Dilemme du prisonnier • Théorie des jeux
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• T = tenta.on • R = reward (coopéra?on) • P = punishment • S = sucker’s payoff (duperie)
• R > P : coopéra?on est supérieure à défec?on collec?ve • T > R et P > S impliquet que la défec?on est la stratégie dominante
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« Tit for tat » • English : equivalent retaliaton • Jeu de dilemme de prisonnier répété • Stratégie Tit for tat :
– Premier tour : coopérer – Ensuite, copier le dernier tour de l’adversaire
• Meilleur stratégie dans ce jeu • L’évolu?on de l’altruisme réciproque ?
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Altruisme réciproque
• Une coopéra?on altruiste – Aide proposée à perte – Expecta?on de recevoir de l’aide plus tard – Bénéfice commun
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