Colonial AmericaColonial AmericaUnit 2 (1607-1754)

Europeans and American Indians maneuvered and fought for

dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial

and native societies emerged.

EnglandEngland

►Defeat of Spanish Armada in Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588 makes England a superior 1588 makes England a superior naval powernaval power

►Population increasesPopulation increases►Joint-stock companies developJoint-stock companies develop►Religious conflicts divide the Religious conflicts divide the

nationnation►Weak monarchs, civil wars, and Weak monarchs, civil wars, and

revolutionsrevolutions

English ColoniesEnglish Colonies►ChartersCharters►Corporate ColonyCorporate Colony

Granted a charter to stockholdersGranted a charter to stockholders Ex. VirginiaEx. Virginia

►Royal ColonyRoyal Colony Under direct control of the monarchUnder direct control of the monarch Ex. New HampshireEx. New Hampshire Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal

colonies, including Virginia and Massachusettscolonies, including Virginia and Massachusetts

►Proprietary ColonyProprietary Colony Granted a charter to individual or groupGranted a charter to individual or group Ex. Maryland, PennsylvaniaEx. Maryland, Pennsylvania

The First English ColoniesThe First English Colonies►First Attempt: Roanoke in 1585 FAILED►First Permanent: Jamestown, Virginia in 1607

John Smith – “he that will not work shall not eat”

John Rolfe – tobacco

Who is this?Who is this?

Oh yeah…PocahontasOh yeah…Pocahontas

Disney’s John SmithDisney’s John Smith

Hollywood’s John SmithHollywood’s John Smith

This is John Smith.This is John Smith.

Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, Virginia► Early ProblemsEarly Problems

Location in swampy area Location in swampy area led to dysentery and led to dysentery and malariamalaria

Gentleman unaccustomed Gentleman unaccustomed to physical work – gold to physical work – gold seekers who refused to seekers who refused to farmfarm

Original trade with Original trade with Natives, but soon turned Natives, but soon turned to conflictto conflict

Starvation – “work or die” Starvation – “work or die” ethic of John Smithethic of John Smith

Profited off of tobacco Profited off of tobacco introduced by John Rolfeintroduced by John Rolfe

► Transition to a Transition to a Royal Colony (1624)Royal Colony (1624) Colony very unstableColony very unstable Became the 1Became the 1stst royal royal

colony in 1624colony in 1624

PilgrimsPilgrims

►Separatists to Separatists to Holland then head Holland then head for Virginiafor Virginia

►Mayflower takes Mayflower takes Separatists and Separatists and others to Jamestown others to Jamestown but weather but weather complicates matterscomplicates matters

►Settlers decide to Settlers decide to remain and establish remain and establish Plymouth (1620)Plymouth (1620)

The Mayflower (II)The Mayflower (II)

Look, a big rock.Look, a big rock.

The Plymouth ColonyThe Plymouth Colony► Early HardshipsEarly Hardships

Half of the Pilgrims died Half of the Pilgrims died during that first winterduring that first winter

Helped by the Wampanoag Helped by the Wampanoag Indians to adapt to the Indians to adapt to the land, and celebrated the land, and celebrated the good harvest with a good harvest with a thanksgiving feast in 1621thanksgiving feast in 1621

Flourished under strong Flourished under strong leadership of Governor leadership of Governor William Bradford and William Bradford and othersothers

Economy based on fish, Economy based on fish, furs, and lumberfurs, and lumber

Plymouth ColonyPlymouth Colony

Wampanoag DwellingWampanoag Dwelling

Massachusetts BayMassachusetts Bay

►Massachusetts Bay Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans Colony and Puritans (1630)(1630) Wanted to “purify” the Wanted to “purify” the

Church of EnglandChurch of England Led by John Winthrop, Led by John Winthrop,

1,000 Puritans set sail 1,000 Puritans set sail for Massachusettsfor Massachusetts►Established present-Established present-

day Bostonday Boston Believed the colony to Believed the colony to

be a “city upon a hill”be a “city upon a hill”

Massachusetts BayMassachusetts Bay

““For we must For we must consider that consider that we shall be a we shall be a city upon a hill. city upon a hill. The eyes of all The eyes of all people are people are upon us…”upon us…”

– – John WinthropJohn Winthrop

Early Political InstitutionsEarly Political Institutions

►Representation Representation in Virginiain VirginiaVirginia House Virginia House of Burgesses of Burgesses (1619) – first (1619) – first representative representative government in government in AmericaAmerica

Early Political InstitutionsEarly Political Institutions

►Representation in New EnglandRepresentation in New England PlymouthPlymouth►Mayflower Compact (1620) – first self-Mayflower Compact (1620) – first self-government in America; agreed to the government in America; agreed to the will of the majority; drafted by the will of the majority; drafted by the PilgrimsPilgrims

Massachusetts BayMassachusetts Bay►All freemen (male members of the All freemen (male members of the Puritan Church) could participate in Puritan Church) could participate in yearly elections of the colony’s governor yearly elections of the colony’s governor and representative assemblyand representative assembly

Limits to Colonial DemocracyLimits to Colonial Democracy

►Only male property Only male property owners could vote for owners could vote for representativesrepresentatives

►Autocratic governmentAutocratic government►Democratic ideals Democratic ideals

developed, yet slavery developed, yet slavery and mistreatment of and mistreatment of the Natives still the Natives still existedexisted

The Chesapeake ColoniesThe Chesapeake Colonies► VirginiaVirginia

► Jamestown, 1607Jamestown, 1607►Became a royal colony in 1624Became a royal colony in 1624

► Maryland (1632)Maryland (1632)►Created when King Charles I Created when King Charles I

subdivided Virginiasubdivided Virginia►Given to George Calvert (Lord Given to George Calvert (Lord

Baltimore) for his loyalty to the crownBaltimore) for his loyalty to the crown

► Act of Toleration (1649)Act of Toleration (1649)►Granted religious freedom to all Granted religious freedom to all

ChristiansChristians►Called for the death of anyone who Called for the death of anyone who

denied the divinity of Jesusdenied the divinity of Jesus

► Protestant RevoltProtestant Revolt► Protestants revolted against Catholics, Protestants revolted against Catholics,

and repealed Act of Toleration in 1660sand repealed Act of Toleration in 1660s

Labor ShortagesLabor Shortages► Indentured servantsIndentured servants

►Passage paid to the colony in exchange for years (usually Passage paid to the colony in exchange for years (usually 4-7) of labor 4-7) of labor

►Provided temporary laborProvided temporary labor► Headright SystemHeadright System

► 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation owner 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation owner who paid for immigrantwho paid for immigrant

► SlaverySlavery►Dutch ship brought 1Dutch ship brought 1stst Africans to Virginia in 1619 Africans to Virginia in 1619►Most colonists were too poor to buy slaves, and only 400 Most colonists were too poor to buy slaves, and only 400

African laborers were in VA by 1650African laborers were in VA by 1650► Economic problemsEconomic problems

►Low tobacco prices in the 1660s because of Low tobacco prices in the 1660s because of overproduction (think supply and demand) brought hard overproduction (think supply and demand) brought hard times to the Chesapeake coloniestimes to the Chesapeake colonies

Conflict in VirginiaConflict in Virginia

► Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) Caused by inequities between Caused by inequities between

large landowners and western large landowners and western farmers (protection from Indian farmers (protection from Indian attacks)attacks)

Nathanial Bacon led a group of Nathanial Bacon led a group of farmers on Indian raids farmers on Indian raids throughout Virginiathroughout Virginia

Bacon died of dysentery, the Bacon died of dysentery, the rebellion fell apart, and rebellion fell apart, and Governor Berkeley had 23 Governor Berkeley had 23 rebels executedrebels executed

► Lasting ProblemsLasting Problems►Class distinctions between Class distinctions between

wealthy planters and poor wealthy planters and poor farmersfarmers

►Colonial resistance to royal Colonial resistance to royal controlcontrol

New EnglandNew England► Rhode Island (1636)Rhode Island (1636)

Roger Williams was banished Roger Williams was banished from Mass. Bay and established from Mass. Bay and established Providence, RI in 1636Providence, RI in 1636►Recognized rights of Indians Recognized rights of Indians

and paid them for use of and paid them for use of their land; allowed Catholics, their land; allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to Quakers, and Jews to practice freely (religious practice freely (religious toleration)toleration)

Anne Hutchinson was banished Anne Hutchinson was banished from Mass. Bay for dissention, from Mass. Bay for dissention, and founded Portsmouth, RI in and founded Portsmouth, RI in 16381638►She migrated to Long Island, She migrated to Long Island,

NY a few years later, and NY a few years later, and was killed in an Indian attackwas killed in an Indian attack

New EnglandNew England► ConnecticutConnecticut

Thomas Hooker left Mass. Bay Thomas Hooker left Mass. Bay and founded Hartford in 1636and founded Hartford in 1636

Fundamental Orders of Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) – 1Connecticut (1639) – 1stst written written constitution in American constitution in American history; established a history; established a representative governmentrepresentative government

New Haven was established in New Haven was established in 1637; joined with Hartford in 1637; joined with Hartford in 1665 to form Connecticut1665 to form Connecticut

► New HampshireNew Hampshire Founded by John Mason in Founded by John Mason in

1629;1629; Became part of Mass. Bay Became part of Mass. Bay

before being separated by King before being separated by King Charles II in 1679Charles II in 1679

New England and ReligionNew England and Religion► Puritanical lifestyle in Puritanical lifestyle in

MassachusettsMassachusetts► Religious toleration and Religious toleration and

dissent Rhode Islanddissent Rhode Island Roger Williams and “wall of Roger Williams and “wall of

separation”separation” Anne Hutchinson and Anne Hutchinson and

AntinomianismAntinomianism

► Halfway Covenant (1662)Halfway Covenant (1662) Attempt to increase membersAttempt to increase members

► Salem Witch Trials (1692-Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693)1693) 185 accused185 accused

► 141 women; 44 men141 women; 44 men 19 executed19 executed

► 14 women; 5 men14 women; 5 men

New England PoliticsNew England Politics► Fundamental Orders of Fundamental Orders of

Connecticut (1639)Connecticut (1639) First written constitution First written constitution

in Americain America

► Relations with NativesRelations with Natives New England New England

Confederation (1643-Confederation (1643-1684)1684)► Defense alliance among Defense alliance among

Plymouth, Plymouth, Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New HavenConnecticut, New Haven

► King Philip’s (Metacom) King Philip’s (Metacom) War (1675-1676)War (1675-1676)

New England New England Confederation defeats Confederation defeats Wampanoag allianceWampanoag alliance

Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies► DevelopmentDevelopment

New YorkNew York► New Amsterdam New Amsterdam

transferred to Duke of transferred to Duke of York in 1664York in 1664

New Jersey (1702)New Jersey (1702) Pennsylvania settled by Pennsylvania settled by

QuakersQuakers Delaware (1702)Delaware (1702)

► EconomicsEconomics Develop wheat and Develop wheat and

corn farmscorn farms► ““Bread basket” of the Bread basket” of the

coloniescolonies Eventually into Eventually into

manufacturing and manufacturing and tradetrade

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

►William Penn (1681)William Penn (1681)► Religious Society of Religious Society of

Friends aka QuakersFriends aka Quakers►Holy ExperimentHoly Experiment

Religious refugeReligious refuge Liberal political idealsLiberal political ideals Economic successEconomic success Frame of Government Frame of Government

and Charter of and Charter of LibertiesLiberties

Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies

► Maryland (1634)Maryland (1634) Lord BaltimoreLord Baltimore Act of Toleration (1649)Act of Toleration (1649)

► Virginia (1607)Virginia (1607)► Carolinas (1663)Carolinas (1663)

North Carolina (1729)North Carolina (1729)►TobaccoTobacco

South Carolina (1729)South Carolina (1729)►Rice and indigoRice and indigo

► Georgia (1732)Georgia (1732) James OglethorpeJames Oglethorpe

GeorgiaGeorgia► James James

Oglethorpe Oglethorpe establishes in establishes in 17321732 Social Social

experimentexperiment

►Defensive buffer Defensive buffer to Spanish to Spanish FloridaFlorida

►Debtors colonyDebtors colony

Thirteen ColoniesThirteen Colonies

Colonial ReligionColonial Religion► Diverse among colonies Diverse among colonies

regarding strict adherence and regarding strict adherence and religious tolerationreligious toleration

► Protestant dominantProtestant dominant Anglican ChurchAnglican Church CongregationalistCongregationalist PresbyterianPresbyterian LutheranLutheran CatholicCatholic

► The (First) Great Awakening The (First) Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)(1730s-1740s) Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards

► ““Sinners in the Hands of an Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”Angry God”

George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield EvangelismEvangelism Baptists and MethodistsBaptists and Methodists

Colonial Religion

Colonial Politics► Limited Self-

Government Elected bicameral

legislative assemblies Governors Local governments

►Voting Limited to adult male

educated and/or property owners

► Freedom of Expression John Peter Zenger Case

(1735)

Dominion of New England (1686-1689)

► Established by King James II to consolidate colonies

► Administrative union of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey

► Governor Edmund Andros► Dissolution

Colonial Society And Colonial Culture

► American Social Structure Wealthy landowners Merchants Small farmers Craftspeople Slaves Regional differences

► Opportunity Less dependent on heredity

► Gender Roles Men

► Patriarchal society, landowners, workers

Women► Submissive to men but

respected, domestic responsibilities, limited to no political rights

►Becoming American Pragmatism

►Dominance of English culture

► Folkways Regional

differences

Colonial Culture - The Arts►Architecture

Early colonies centered around a church

Urban structures typical of English structures

Frontier log cabins►Literature

Newspapers Religious sermons,

political essays, non-fiction books

Poor Richard’s Almanac - Benjamin Franklin

Colonial Culture - Education► Limited to wealthy males; females learned

domestic chores►Higher Education

Most established for ministry/theological studies►New England Colonies

Education by mothersEducation by mothers Towns with over 50 families required primary Towns with over 50 families required primary

schools; over 100 families, required grammar schools; over 100 families, required grammar schoolsschools

►Middle Colonies Private and church education

►Southern Colonies Limited education due to agricultural lifestyle

Settlement and MigrationSettlement and Migration

► 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775million in 1775

► Europeans and Africans Europeans and Africans along with a high birth ratealong with a high birth rate

► Reasons: religion; Reasons: religion; economics; political turmoileconomics; political turmoil

► English, Germans English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Swedish Swedish OLD OLD IMMIGRANTSIMMIGRANTS

► Africans forced to America; Africans forced to America; suffered discrimination and suffered discrimination and slave laborslave labor

SAQ #1SAQ #1A. Briefly explain the

point of view expressed through the image about ONE of the following: Europeans, American Indians.

B. Briefly explain one outcome of European arrival on the Atlantic World.

C. Briefly explain ANOTHER specific historical effect that resulted from European arrival in the Atlantic World.

Colonial SlaveryColonial Slavery► Indentured servitudeIndentured servitude►Why Slaves?Why Slaves?

Increased wages in Increased wages in EnglandEngland

Labor shortages lead Labor shortages lead to importing slavesto importing slaves

Cheap laborCheap labor Dependable work Dependable work

forceforce► Slave Rebellions and Slave Rebellions and

ReactionsReactions Stono Rebellion/Cato Stono Rebellion/Cato

Rebellion (1739)Rebellion (1739) New York New York

“Conspiracy” (1741)“Conspiracy” (1741) Slave lawsSlave laws

Colonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

►The Atlantic Slave Trade in Two Minutes (Click here to view) 315 years.

20,528 voyages. Millions of lives.

Slave DemographicsSlave Demographics

Colonial EconomicsColonial Economics► MercantilismMercantilism

Colonies for the Colonies for the “Mother Country”“Mother Country”

► Acts of NavigationActs of Navigation Trade on English Trade on English

shipsships Imports pass English Imports pass English

portsports Exports to EnglandExports to England

► Molasses Act Molasses Act (1733)(1733)

► Triangular TradeTriangular Trade Middle PassageMiddle Passage

Colonial EconomicsColonial Economics► MoneyMoney

Commodity money (gold/silver)Commodity money (gold/silver) Fiat money (paper currency)Fiat money (paper currency)

► TransportationTransportation Rivers and coastsRivers and coasts Horse and carriageHorse and carriage Taverns and postal servicesTaverns and postal services

► New EnglandNew England Shipbuilding and manufacturingShipbuilding and manufacturing LumberLumber Fishing and whalingFishing and whaling Merchants/TradeMerchants/Trade

► Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies Wheat and cornWheat and corn LumberLumber ManufacturingManufacturing Merchants/TradeMerchants/Trade

► Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies Plantation systemsPlantation systems

► Tobacco, rice, indigoTobacco, rice, indigo Forced laborForced labor

► Indentured servants and slavesIndentured servants and slaves

PUROPOSE DATE FOUNDER MAJOR EXPORT

VIRGINIA commercial 1607 Virginia CompanyJohn Smith

Tobacco

PLYMOUTH/MASSACHUSETTS

Religious refuge/commercial

1620/1628

William Bradford/Massachusetts Bay CompanyJohn Winthrop

Grain, timber

NEW YORK commercial 1613 (1664) Peter Stuveysant(Duke of York)

Furs, grain

NEW HAMPSHIRE commercial 1623 John Mason Timber, naval stores

RHODE ISLAND Religious refuge 1636 Roger Williams Grain

CONNECTICUT expansion 1635 Thomas Hooker Grain

PENNSYLVANIA Religious refuge 1681 William Penn - Quakers

Grain

DELAWARE commercial 1638 (1681) Peter Minuit/William Penn

Grain

MARYLAND Religious refuge 1634 Lord Baltimore - Catholics

Tobacco

NORTH CAROLINA commercial 1663 Anthony Cooper Tobacco, timber, naval stores

SOUTH CAROLINA commercial 1663 Anthony Cooper Rice, indigo, naval stores

GEORGIA Buffer, experiment 1733 James Oglethorpe Rice, timber, naval stores

() - Becomes an English colony