Colonial Areas Throwing off the Yolk…

Why were the colonial nations able to throw off the Western Powers?

• World War II • Exposure to Nationalism• Pan-Africanism• Not Economic Necessity for Western powers• Even white Afrikaans see themselves as

separate from Europe.

Asian Independence

• Asia divided into two areas politically– West Asia (Middle East, Iran)– East Asia (India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Korea)

• Western Asia is partitioned according to the requirements of Western powers.– Example - Israel

• East Asia is fought over as a battle ground of the containment policy of the US– Example - Vietnam

Case Study: Israel• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FspfOI_Y

RU&feature=related• Post WWII, Jews fled to Cyprus – illegal to go

to Palestine• Zionists push and Israel created out of parts of

Palestine in 1947 by the British and the UN• Civil War (or Israeli War of Independence)

began immediately after Brits left.• British officially stayed out and encouraged an

arms embargo to both areas.• What has this led to…

Constant Conflict

• Sinai Conflict – 1956• Six Day War – 1967 • War of Attrition – 1969• Munich Terrorism – 1972• Yom Kippur War – 1973• Camp David Accords – 1978• Second Lebanese War - 2006• Constant fights between the Palestine Liberation

Organization in Israel up to today.

Case Study: Vietnam

• Originally French Indochina prior to WWII.• As soon as WWII ended 1945, Ho Chi Minh

declares independence of Vietnam.• French try to stop Viet Minh (Commies)• Dien Bien Phu – 1954• Geneva Accords in 1954 – divides country at

17th parallel

Fall of Dien Bien Phu

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=th7tImvzutc

US Gets Involved

• Communists in north under Ho Chi Minh• Democrats in south under Ngo Dinh Diem• Diem was a terrible leader and was executed

in 1963.• From 1957-1963 the US continued to put

more troops and money into the area.• Vietnam escalated as Kennedy and Johnson

decided to put a line in the sand.

From 1965 on, it all falls apart for US

• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution• TET offensive• Ho Chi Minh Trail• Nixon’s illegal incursions into Cambodia and

Laos• Anti-War Movement

Why Africa is different than Asia

• African never had anything developed there but agriculture.

• They were never “partners” like in some areas of Asia (India)

• African territory made it difficult to unite• Significant cultural differences made the

approach different in different areas (Egypt v. Kenya)

• Less Communist influence

Case Study: Kenya

• In 1950’s, began struggle to get British out.• Started with Jomo Kenyatta• Mau Mau uprising– Showed that Brits needed military force to keep

peace– Showed how organized the Africans were– World press became involved– Forced Brits by 1959 to plan for independence

• By 1961 Kenya was made free – originally part of Commonwealth

• By 1963, Jomo Kenyatta became first president and elected leader.

• Harambee policy (lets bring it together)• Kenya one of the most successful African

nations today

Video of Jomo Kenyata

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOqx3ES3gbA&feature=related

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4tUX2SOT4U&feature=related

Case Study: Egypt• From 1811-1882 – Under Muhammad Ali’s

Dynasty.• In 1882, the British made Egypt a “sphere of

influence” in order to protect the Suez Canal• Egypt was fought over in both WWI and WWII.• At the end of WWI it became British however

after multiple skirmishes, the Egyptians pushed the British to just the Suez

• By 1953, Gamel Abdel Nasser becomes president of Egypt

Nasser

• Nasser had major achievements– Arab Socialism– Aswan Dam Project– Suez Canal Crisis 1956 brought on by Aswan Dam

Project– Supported the Algerian independence movement– Established – with Yugoslavia and India, the non-

aligned movement in 1961.– Very popular for standing up to the West, but lost

prestige because he couldn’t beat Israel.

Anwar Al-Sadat

• 1971 – Took over as President• Gained Soviet military help without strings• Lost Yom Kippur War• Introduced political freedom and economic

reform• Infitah “open door” policy – caused rich upper

class and riots• Along with Nachum Begin, Jimmy Carter signed

the Camp David Accords 1979

Consequences of Camp David

• Gained big US aid to Egypt• Gained enmity of Arab World• Sadat assassinated by Islamic extremists• Showed that North Africa had problems quite

different than in Sub-Saharan Africa.