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Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815

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Page 1: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Colonial Era Latin America1492-1815

Page 2: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Five Areas to Define the Era

Political ConquestRace and social hierarchyReligious lifeEconomic ruleWar and technology

Page 3: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Political ConquestStory begins 1492

Page 4: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule
Page 5: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

…In 10 years, Balboa crosses Panama to the Pacific in 1502, laying claim to the Americas…

Page 6: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

By 1513 (21 years)…

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indias_1513.PNG
Page 7: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

…and Cortes by 1519 in Mexico…

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spanish_Colonization_of_Mexico.jpg
Page 8: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

…via a route from Veracruz…

Page 9: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

…in 1532, the largest empire fell to Pizarro.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conquest_peru_1531.jpg
Page 10: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Race and Social HierarchyClass differentials

Page 11: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Social/Racial Pyramid

Peninsulars

Creoles

Mixed Races

Indigenous and Africans

Page 12: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

The Peninsulars

Ruling Class—held highest offices in the Government and Church

Born in Iberia—Spain or Portugal

Given land or charters of exclusive right to huge tracts of land and the people on it to exploit

Many were “second sons” of nobility—primo geniture excluded them from inheriting the family wealth of the homeland

Their own children born in the colony would be of a lower class

Page 13: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Creoles

Spaniards born in the colonies of European parents or of Creoles parents—white, but not born in Europe

Second-class status based on where one was born

Could not become bishops in the Church or Viceroys in the colonies

Resented the Peninsulars, but could nothing about it

Often wealthy, well-educated, and more knowledgeable about the colony than the Peninsulars

Many of the folk heroes come from this group

Page 14: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Mixed Races

Mestizo—native + EuropeanMulatto—African + EuropeanZambo—native + AfricanCabodo—native + African + EuropeanUsually, the father is Peninsular or CreoleStatus is higher if European to some degree,

with preference for Mestizo leading to white for a price

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=unity&hl=en&sa=X&tbo=d&qscrl=1&rlz=1T4AURU_enUS499US505&biw=1072&bih=454&tbm=isch&imgrefurl=http://www.allposters.co.uk/-sp/Unity-Posters_i1636174_.htm&tbnid=9BdiJp3M5w7t8M&docid=6cA61or2ZBQ89M&ved=0CGQQhRYoAQ&ei=Gb-FUO-XM8ePyAGa-4GwDQ&dur=6133
Page 15: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Bottom Rungs of the Ladder

IndigenousAssimilatedRural

AfricanFreedmenSlaves

Peninsulars

Creoles

Mixed Races• Mestizo• Mulatto• Zambo• Cabodo

“Pure”• Indigenous• African

Page 16: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Religious LifeCatholic in Name Only

Page 17: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

European Controlled

Ferdinand and Isabella were named the “Catholic Monarchs” in the Reformation—challenges to Papal (Pope’s) authority

Extremely religious, Isabella supported Columbus at least partially to gain souls for the Church

Missions from the Jesuit, Franciscan, and Dominican orders set up a system of churches to Christianize the “heathens”

Spanish and Portuguese culture is spread as well

Page 18: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

First Things First

Indigenous are trained at the mission to become obedient and to work without question for the Church

Cathedrals are built on the ruins of old holy sites

Old idols are given a make-overShaman leaders are rounded up and executed

as hereticsMissions become places for food and

protection

Page 19: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

The Strategy:

Friars• Preach

for days at an outpost

Local Shaman• Shows

interest in gospels

Shaman taught basics• “Christ-

ianizes” his group

Friars move on to

the next outpost

Page 20: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe

December 1531

Tepeyac at the shrine to Tonantzin, and Aztec goddess

Native man, Juan Diego, sees the image of a brown-skinned woman

Symbol of faith, hope, compassion become the symbol of Mexican nationalism

Page 21: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Junipero Serra

Arrives 1749 as a Franciscan missionary at Vera Cruz

Walks despite poor health to Mexico City

Jesuits expelled 1767, Serra fill the void in Mexico and California

Political? Sure, the Russians were moving south from Northern California

FOUNDS MISSIONS ATLos AnglesSan FranciscoSan Diego

ALLOWSWhippingsShacklingConversion at gunpointImprisonmentForced labor

Page 22: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

As one Friar noted, the Indians "live well free but as soon as we reduce them to a Christian and community life... they fatten, sicken, and die."

Page 23: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Crusading Mentality

Land Grants given to religious orders include the peons (peasants) to work the land

Suppress language, culture, but most of all, religion of the old ways

Promises of “equality” in the eyes of God and paradise in the afterlife

Page 24: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

What’s the big deal?

SchoolsSocial institutionsCharityStatus of the individualNetworking

Page 25: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Economic RuleMoney?

Page 26: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Hacienda/Fazenda System

European-style landholding

Lord of the manor in a mini-castle (title)

Peasants work plots of land or mine resources

Encomienda—land and peasants “belong” to the noble

Noble is supposed to protect the peasant

Peasants (serfs) tied to land—can’t be sold as slaves

Closer to the plantation system in Latin America

Patron is the land owner

Self-sufficient except for luxuries

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kingsborough.jpg
Page 27: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Life of Luxury for the Patron

Gardens of the Hacienda San Gabriel in Guanajuato,M exico.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico
Page 28: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Palacio San Jose Argentina

Page 29: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Hacienda Aurora, Puerto Rico

Page 30: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Uses of the LandCoffeeSugarRiceCattleWheatRubberGold/Silver/

Copper Mining

Working cacao hacienda in Mexico

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LaChonita16.JPG
Page 31: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

But, the other side of the gate…

Page 32: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

War and TechnologyWhen disease is not enough

Page 33: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

Weapons

Europeans Indigenous

Page 34: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

European Technology by 1600date invention

1500 Wheel-lock musket, flush toilets

1510 Da Vinci’s water wheel, pocket watch

1565 Graphite pencil

1568 Bottled beer

1589 Knotting machine

1590 microscope

1593 Galileo's water thermometer

Page 35: Colonial Era Latin America 1492-1815. Five Areas to Define the Era Political Conquest Race and social hierarchy Religious life Economic rule

In the Americas?

No wheelNo gun powderNo iron or steelNo horsesNo spinning wheelBut they did have a calendar,

foot suspension bridges, and irrigation


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