Colonization and Early “American” History

Earliest Americans

• Native American cultures were sophisticated– Based on agriculture– Revered the natural world

Earliest Americans Central & South America

Aztecs (central Mexico)

Mayans (southern Mexico)

Incas (Peru)

Earliest Americans North America

• Most societies were small, less than 300 people, and semipermanent (migrating across small areas to follow fertile soil or across large areas for animal populations)

• Some larger civilizations with more complex structures existed: Pueblos (in the southwest); Woodland (east of Mississippi River); mound building societies

• Iroquois Confederacy of separate tribes

The Spanish Arrive

• The kingdom of Spain had united and expelled the “infidels”

• Wanted to “best” their Portuguese rivals– Turned West

• Columbus’ discovery merged four continents– Europe provides capital, markets, technology– Africa provided labor– New World offered raw materials

European Powers’ Relationship with Native Americans

• Spanish: Subjugate and integrate(intermarried & adopted some

parts of Native Am. Culture)

• English: Evacuate(quickly sought to take over land

and drive Native Am. Away)

• French: Negotiate (TRADE and military alliances

against other Europeans)

Spanish Colonization

• Spanish invaders killed, enslaved, and infected natives with disease

• Erected a colossal empire – From Florida to California to Argentina

• They grafted their culture, laws, religion, and language into native society– Rather than shunning and isolating the

Indians like the English

English ColonizationEnglish Colonization

• Early efforts to compete with the Spanish were feeble

• Religious conflict had disrupted England– King Henry broke with the Catholic Church in

1530s– Launched the English Reformation– Catholics battled Protestants– 1570s-1580s conflict in Ireland

• Queen Elizabeth and the defeat of the Spanish armada set the stage for empire

English on the Eve of EmpireEnglish on the Eve of Empire

• Population grew by one million in 50 years

• Landlords began practice “enclosure”– Forced small farmers off the land

• Primogeniture

• Economic depression

• Thirst for new markets

• Desire for the freedom to practice their religion (NOT the same as religious freedom for all)

The Charter of the Virginia Company:The Charter of the Virginia Company:

Guaranteed to Guaranteed to colonists the same colonists the same rights as Englishmen rights as Englishmen as if they had stayed as if they had stayed in England.in England.

This provision was This provision was incorporated into incorporated into future colonists’ future colonists’ documents.documents.

Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the rights of Englishmen!the rights of Englishmen!

English ColonizationEnglish ColonizationEnglish ColonizationEnglish Colonization

Late 1606 Late 1606 VA Co. sends out 3 ships VA Co. sends out 3 ships

Spring 1607 Spring 1607 land at mouth of Chesapeake land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay.Bay.

Attacked by Indians and move on.Attacked by Indians and move on.

May 24, 1607 May 24, 1607 about 100 colonists [all men] land about 100 colonists [all men] land at Jamestown, along banks of James Riverat Jamestown, along banks of James River

Easily defended, but swarming with disease-Easily defended, but swarming with disease-causing mosquitoes.causing mosquitoes.

England Plants the England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”Jamestown “Seedling”

England Plants the England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”Jamestown “Seedling”

1606-1607 1606-1607 40 people died on the voyage to 40 people died on the voyage to the New World.the New World.

1609 1609 another ship from England lost its another ship from England lost its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.Bermuda.

Settlers died by the dozens! Settlers died by the dozens!

““Gentlemen” colonists would not work Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves.themselves.

Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.

Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming.hunting or farming.

The Jamestown The Jamestown NightmareNightmare

The Jamestown The Jamestown NightmareNightmare

High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality Rates

The “Starving Time”:The “Starving Time”:1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists

By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived

1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants

By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived

1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants

1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200

Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years

Death of children before age 5: 80%Death of children before age 5: 80%

English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660

Chief PowhatanChief PowhatanChief PowhatanChief Powhatan

Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

Powhatan dominated a Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes few dozen small tribes in the James River in the James River area when the English area when the English arrived.arrived.

The English called allThe English called allIndians in the areaIndians in the areaPowhatans.Powhatans.

Powhatan probably sawPowhatan probably sawthe English as allies in his struggles to control the English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the region.other Indian tribes in the region.

Relations between Indians & settlers grew Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse.worse.

General mistrust because of different cultures & General mistrust because of different cultures & languages.languages.

English raided Indian food supplies during the English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times.starving times.

1610-1614 1610-1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War First Anglo-Powhatan War

De La Warr had orders to make war on the De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians.Indians.

Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.burned cornfields.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

1614-1622 1614-1622 peace between Powhatans and peace between Powhatans and the English.the English.

1614 peace sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas 1614 peace sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.to Englishman John Rolfe.

1622-1644 1622-1644 periodic attacks between Indians periodic attacks between Indians and settlers.and settlers.

1622 1622 Indians attacked the English, killing 347 Indians attacked the English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe].[including John Rolfe].

Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” against Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” against the Native Americans.the Native Americans.

Raids reduced native population and drove them Raids reduced native population and drove them further westward.further westward.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Engraving of 1622 Attack

1644-1646 1644-1646 Second Anglo-Powhatan War Second Anglo-Powhatan War

Last effort of natives to defeat English.Last effort of natives to defeat English.

Indians defeated again.Indians defeated again.

Peace Treaty of 1646Peace Treaty of 1646

Removed the Powhatans from their original land.Removed the Powhatans from their original land.

Formally separated Indian and English settlement Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas!areas!

Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeCulture Clash in the ChesapeakeCulture Clash in the ChesapeakeCulture Clash in the Chesapeake

• Why did the Spanish tend to settle and intermarry with the Indian population, whereas the English either killed the Indians, drove them out, or confined them to separate territories?

• Were the English colonizers crueler or more tolerant than the Spanish conquistadores?

Tobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco Plant

Virginia’s gold and silver.Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612 -- John Rolfe, 1612

• 16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

• 16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

• 16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

• 16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:

Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.footing.

Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.

Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.

Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.system.

Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

Indentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeHeadright System:Headright System:

Each Virginian got 50 acres for each Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid.person whose passage they paid.

Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract:

5-7 years.5-7 years.

Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]

Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.

1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!indentured contracts!

Late 1600s Late 1600s large numbers of young, poor, discontented large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area.men in the Chesapeake area.

Little access to land or women for marriage.Little access to land or women for marriage.

1670 1670 The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!men!

Leads to Leads to Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor BerkeleyLed 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley

Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations with Indians.Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations with Indians.

Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area.Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area.

Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements.settlements.

Frustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated Freemen

Rebels attacked Indians, whether Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.they were friendly or not to whites.

Governor Berkeley driven from Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.Jamestown.

They burned the capital.They burned the capital.

Rebels went on a rampage of Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.plundering.

Bacon suddenly died of fever.Bacon suddenly died of fever.

Berkeley brutally crushed the Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

It exposed resentments between inland It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations.against gentry on coastal plantations.

Socio-economic class Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural and differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would continue urban communities would continue throughout American history.throughout American history.

Upper class planters searched for laborers Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel less likely to rebel BLACK SLAVES!! BLACK SLAVES!!

Results of Bacon’s RebellionResults of Bacon’s RebellionResults of Bacon’s RebellionResults of Bacon’s Rebellion

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

As the number of slaves increased, white As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived colonists reacted to put down perceived racial threat.racial threat.

Slavery transformed from economic to Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial institution.economic and racial institution.

Early 1600s Early 1600s differences between differences between slave and servant were unclear.slave and servant were unclear.

By the mid-1680s, black slaves By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured servants.outnumbered white indentured servants.

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

Beginning in 1662 Beginning in 1662 “Slave Codes”“Slave Codes”

Made blacks [and their children] Made blacks [and their children] property, or property, or chattelchattel for life of white for life of white masters.masters.

In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write.slave to read or write.

Conversion to Conversion to Christianity did Christianity did not qualify the not qualify the slave for slave for freedom.freedom.

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

The House of Burgesses established in The House of Burgesses established in 16191619 & & began to assume the role of the House of began to assume the role of the House of Commons in EnglandCommons in England

Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.

By the end of the 17By the end of the 17cc, H of B was able to initiate , H of B was able to initiate legislation.legislation.

A Council appointed by royal governorA Council appointed by royal governor Mainly leading planters.Mainly leading planters.

Functions like House of Lords.Functions like House of Lords.

High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.

Growing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political Power

James I grew hostile to VirginiaJames I grew hostile to Virginia

He hated tobacco.He hated tobacco.

He distrusted the House of He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a Burgesses which he called a seminary of seditionseminary of sedition..

1624 1624 he revoked the charter of he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company.the bankrupt VA Company.

Thus, VA became a royal colony, Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!under the king’s direct control!

Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyVirginia Becomes a Royal ColonyVirginia Becomes a Royal ColonyVirginia Becomes a Royal Colony

A royal charter was granted to GeorgeA royal charter was granted to GeorgeCalvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1632.Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1632.

A proprietary colony created in 1634.A proprietary colony created in 1634.

A healthier location than Jamestown.A healthier location than Jamestown.

Tobacco would be the main crop.Tobacco would be the main crop.

His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship.feudal relationship.

Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.of Catholics by Protestants.

High number of Protestants threatened because of High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics.overwhelming rights given to Catholics.

Toleration Act of 1649Toleration Act of 1649 Supported by the Catholics in MD.Supported by the Catholics in MD.

Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.

Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].

In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!was passed!!

A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics

Settlement of New England

Colonies

PuritanismPuritanismCalvinism Institutes of the Christian Religion

Predestination.

•Good works could not save those predestined for hell.

•No one could be certain of their spiritual status.

•Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion.”

Puritans:

Want to totally reform [purify] the Church of England.

Believed it was too hierarchical

Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England.

Separatist Beliefs:Separatist Beliefs:

Puritans who believed only “visible Puritans who believed only “visible saints” [those who could demonstrate saints” [those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their in front of their fellow Puritans their elect status] should be admitted to elect status] should be admitted to church membership.church membership.

Because the Church of England Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned.”churches with the “damned.”

Therefore, they believed in a total Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England.break from the Church of England.

Puritans: SeparatistsPuritans: Separatists

1620 1620 a group of 102 a group of 102 people [half Separatists] people [half Separatists]

Negotiated with theNegotiated with theVirginia Company to Virginia Company to settle in its settle in its jurisdiction.jurisdiction.

Non-Separatists Non-Separatists included Captain Myles included Captain Myles Standish.Standish.

Plymouth Bay way Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia Company.outside the domain of the Virginia Company.

Became squatters without legal right to land & Became squatters without legal right to land & specific authority to establish a govt.specific authority to establish a govt.

The MayflowerThe Mayflower

The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620

The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620

Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.

Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.

Signed by 41 adult males.

Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

Covenant TheologyCovenant Theology“Covenant of Grace”:

between Puritan communities and God.

“Social Covenant”:

Between members of Puritan communities with each other.

Required mutual watchfulness.

No toleration of deviance or disorder.

No privacy.

That First Year….That First Year….Winter of 1620-1621

Only 44 out of the original 102 survived.

None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back.

Fall of 1621 First “Thanksgiving.”

Colony survived with fur [especially beaver], fish, and lumber.

Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant.

1691 only 7,000 people

Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.

William BradfordWilliam

BradfordSelf-taught scholar.

Chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in yearly elections.

Worried about settlements of non-Puritans springing up nearby and corrupting Puritan society.

A Model of Christian Charity

The Massachusetts Bay ColonyThe Massachusetts Bay Colony1629 non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co.

Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England.

They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.”

1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships

Established a colony with Boston as its hub.

“Great Migration” of the 1630s

Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America.

Not all Puritans 20,000 came to MA.

John WinthropJohn Winthrop

We shall be as We shall be as a a

city on a hill..city on a hill..

Well-off attorney and manor lord in England.

Became 1st governor of Massachusetts.

Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead there.

Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years.

“city of a hill” – beacon to humanity

Puritan “Rebels”:

Roger Williams

Puritan “Rebels”:

Roger WilliamsYoung, popular minister in Salem.Young, popular minister in Salem.

Argued for a full break Argued for a full break with the Anglican Church.with the Anglican Church.

Condemned MA Bay Condemned MA Bay Charter.Charter.

• Did not give fair compensation to Did not give fair compensation to Indians.Indians.

Denied authority of civil Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious govt. to regulate religious behavior.behavior.

1635 1635 found guilty of preaching “ found guilty of preaching “newe & newe & dangerous opinions”dangerous opinions” and was exiled. and was exiled.

Roger WilliamsRoger Williams

1636 1636 Roger Williams fled there. Roger Williams fled there.

MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England to prevent him from founding a England to prevent him from founding a competing colony.competing colony.

Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RIRemarkable political freedom in Providence, RI

•Universal manhood suffrage Universal manhood suffrage later later restricted by a property qualification.restricted by a property qualification.

•Opposed to special privilege of any kind Opposed to special privilege of any kind freedom of opportunity for all.freedom of opportunity for all.

RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters unbelievers and religious dissenters More liberal More liberal than any other colony!than any other colony!

Puritan “Rebels”: Rhode Island

Puritan “Rebels”: Rhode Island

Intelligent, strong-willed,Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman.well-spoken woman.

Threatened patriarchal control.Threatened patriarchal control.

AntinomialismAntinomialism: Means “against the : Means “against the law.”law.”

direct revelation of God’s willdirect revelation of God’s will

Carried to logical extremes Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of predestination.Puritan doctrine of predestination.

Holy life was no sure sign of Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.salvation.

Truly saved didn’t need to obey the Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man.law of either God or man.

Puritan “Rebels”: Anne Hutchinson

Puritan “Rebels”: Anne Hutchinson

AnneAnneHutchinsonHutchinson

Indians especially weak in New England Indians especially weak in New England epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native popul.epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native popul.

Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended the Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended the settlers.settlers.

Cooperation between the two Cooperation between the two helped by Squanto.helped by Squanto.

1621 1621 Chief Massasoit signed Chief Massasoit signedtreaty with the settlers.treaty with the settlers.

Autumn, 1621 Autumn, 1621 both groups both groups celebrated the First Thanksgiving.celebrated the First Thanksgiving.

Puritans vs. Native Americans

Puritans vs. Native Americans

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637Pequots Pequots very very

powerful tribepowerful tribein CT river valley.in CT river valley.

1637 1637 Pequot PequotWarWar

Whites, withWhites, withNarragansettNarragansettIndian allies,Indian allies,attacked Pequotattacked Pequotvillage on Mystic village on Mystic River.River.

Whites set fire Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!to homes & shot fleeing survivors!

Pequot tribe virtually annihilatedPequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy peace an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.lasted for 40 years.

Only hope for Native Americans to resist Only hope for Native Americans to resist white settlers was to UNITE.white settlers was to UNITE.

MetacomMetacom [King Philip to [King Philip to white settlers]white settlers]

Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged coordinated attacks on white coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New England.settlements throughout New England.

Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.

The war ended in failure for the IndiansThe war ended in failure for the Indians

Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered.Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered.

His son and wife sold into slavery.His son and wife sold into slavery.

Never a serious threat in New England again!!Never a serious threat in New England again!!

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

The Middle Colonies

New NetherlandsNew NetherlandsNew NetherlandsNew Netherlands

New Netherlands founded in the Hudson River area (1623-1624)

Established by Dutch West India Company for quick-profit fur trade.

Company wouldn’t pay much attention to the colony.

Manhattan [New Amsterdam]

Purchased by Company for pennies per (22,000) acre.

New Amsterdam, New Amsterdam, 16601660

New Amsterdam, New Amsterdam, 16601660

Characteristics of New Amsterdam:

Aristocratic patroonships [feudal estates granted to promoters who would settle 50 people on them].

Cosmopolitan diverse population with many different languages.

New Netherlands Becomes a New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal ColonyBritish Royal Colony

New Netherlands Becomes a New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal ColonyBritish Royal Colony

Charles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the area!]

1664 English soldiers arrived.

Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses.

Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot.

Renamed “New York”

England gained strategic harbor between her northern & southern colonies.

England now controlled the Atlantic coast!

Aristocratic Englishman.

1660 – attracted to the Quaker faith.

Embraced Quakerismafter military service.

1681 he received a grant from king toestablish a colony.

This settled a debt the king owed his father.

Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”].

He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers his pamphlets were pretty honest.

Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.

William PennWilliam PennWilliam PennWilliam Penn

The QuakersThe QuakersThe QuakersThe QuakersCalled Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices.

They offended religious & secular leaders in England.

Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England.

They met without paid clergy

Believed all were children of God refused to treat the upper classes with deference.

Keep hats on.

Addressed them as commoners ”thees”/“thous.”

Wouldn’t take oaths.

Pacifists.

Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans

Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans

Bought [didn’t simply take] land from Indians.

Quakers went among the Indians unarmed.

BUT…….. non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA

Treated native peoples poorly.

This undermined the actions of the Quakers!

Government of Government of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Government of Government of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Representative assembly elected by landowners.

No tax-supported church.

Freedom of worship guaranteed to all.

Forced to deny right to vote & hold office to Catholics & Jews by English govt.

Death penalty only for treason & murder.

Compared to 200 capital crimes in England!

The West Indies The West Indies Way Way Station to Mainland AmericaStation to Mainland America

The West Indies The West Indies Way Way Station to Mainland AmericaStation to Mainland America

1670 a group of small English farmers from the West Indies arrived in Carolina.

Were squeezed out by sugar barons.

Brought a few black slaves and a model of the Barbados slave code with them.

Named for King Charles II.

The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters [Lord Proprietors].

They hoped to use Carolina to supply their plantations in Barbados with food and export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe.

Colonizing the CarolinasColonizing the CarolinasColonizing the CarolinasColonizing the Carolinas

Carolina developed close economic ties to the West Indies.

Many Carolinian settlers were originally from the West Indies.

They used local Savannah Indians to enslave other Indians [about 10,000] and send them to the West Indies [and some to New England].

1707 Savannah Indians decided to migrate to PA.

PA promised better relations with whites.

Carolinians decided to “thin” the Savannahs before they could leave bloody raids killed most of them by 1710.

Port of Charles Town, SCPort of Charles Town, SCPort of Charles Town, SCPort of Charles Town, SC

Also named for King Charles II of England.

Became the busiest port in the South.

City with aristocratic feel.

Religious toleration attracted diverse inhabitants.

The primary export.

Rice was still an exotic food in England.

Was grown in Africa, so planters imported West African slaves.

These slaves had a genetic trait that made them immune to malaria.

By 1710 black slaves were a majority in Carolina.

Crops of the Crops of the Carolinas: RiceCarolinas: RiceCrops of the Crops of the Carolinas: RiceCarolinas: Rice

American Long American Long Grain RiceGrain Rice

Crops of theCrops of theCarolinas: IndigoCarolinas: Indigo

Crops of theCrops of theCarolinas: IndigoCarolinas: Indigo

In colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes.

Today in the US, the main use for indigo is a dye for cotton work clothes & blue jeans.

The Emergence of North The Emergence of North CarolinaCarolina

The Emergence of North The Emergence of North CarolinaCarolina

Northern part of Carolina shared a border with VA

VA dominated by aristocratic planters who were generally Church of England members.

Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina.

Poor farmers with little need for slaves.

Religious dissenters.

Distinctive traits of North Carolinians

Irreligious & hospitable to pirates.

Strong spirit of resistance to authority.

1712 NC officially separated from SC.

Late-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming GeorgiaLate-Coming Georgia

Founded in 1733.

Last of the 13 colonies.

Named in honor of King George II.

Founded by James Oglethorpe.

Georgia--The Georgia--The “Buffer” Colony“Buffer” Colony

Georgia--The Georgia--The “Buffer” Colony“Buffer” ColonyChief Purpose of Creating Georgia:

As a “buffer” between the valuable Carolinas & Spanish Florida & French Louisiana.

Received subsidies from British govt. to offset costs of defense.

Export silk and wine.

A haven for debtors

thrown in to prison.

Determined to keep slavery out!

Slavery found in GAby 1750.

What did England and English settlers really want from colonization?

• National glory? • Wealth? • Adventure? • A solution to social tensions? • New sources of goods and trade?

Did they get what they wanted?