colosscolosseumeum

Functional architecture Paul Artus p.37Workbooks p.38

Pepsi + colosseumPepsi + colosseum

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1.1. How many people can it hold?How many people can it hold?

2.2. Where is it located?Where is it located?

3.3. Who began constructing it?Who began constructing it?

4.4. Who else contributed to its construction?Who else contributed to its construction?

5.5. What year was it opened?What year was it opened?

6.6. What events were held there?What events were held there?

7.7. Name the types of engaged columns from the Name the types of engaged columns from the ground floor upground floor up

8.8. Where did the women sit?Where did the women sit?

9.9. Which women got to sit in a different place?Which women got to sit in a different place?

10.10. Where did the senators sit?Where did the senators sit?

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ColosseumColosseumWhat might the arches have been useful for What might the arches have been useful for

(the architectural purpose)?(the architectural purpose)?

Colosseum p.37 Colosseum p.37 workbookworkbookLocation: Location: RomeRome

Architectural type: Architectural type: Amphitheatre, functionalAmphitheatre, functionalPurposes Purposes find under ‘Used for?’ on p.38 of Paul Artus find under ‘Used for?’ on p.38 of Paul Artus

Dates of construction: Dates of construction: (Built between 70-80 AD )Built by (Built between 70-80 AD )Built by Emperor’s of the Flavian Dynasty. The building had reached the Emperor’s of the Flavian Dynasty. The building had reached the top of the 2top of the 2ndnd level when Vespasian died in 79AD. His son Titus level when Vespasian died in 79AD. His son Titus added the 3added the 3rdrd level and celebrated the dedication of the level and celebrated the dedication of the enlarged structure in AD80 with the inaugural games. Titus’ enlarged structure in AD80 with the inaugural games. Titus’ brother, Domitian added the 4brother, Domitian added the 4thth storey in 81AD. storey in 81AD.

History of the site: Vespasian built the colosseum in the grounds of Nero’s Golden House. This was a clever move because Nero had taken land after the fire in Rome. He had built an artificial lake. Now Vespasian was returning to the Roman people land that Nero had taken for his own pleasure. Vespasian was a humble man who sympathised with his subjects.

Original name & variations: Original name & variations: find on find on p.38 of Paul Artusp.38 of Paul Artus

Dimensions & attendance figures: Dimensions & attendance figures: 188mx 156 m in an elliptical shape. 188mx 156 m in an elliptical shape. Ground floor arches were 7.05m highGround floor arches were 7.05m high

the 2the 2ndnd level 6.45m and 3 level 6.45m and 3rdrd 6.40m high

Could take 50, 000 people

Construction p. 38 Construction p. 38 Materials used:Materials used:

travertine pavement 17.05m wide. Travertine was also travertine pavement 17.05m wide. Travertine was also used for the piers on the 1used for the piers on the 1stst 2 levels. 2 levels.

Above the 2Above the 2ndnd floor concrete was used, with brick facing, floor concrete was used, with brick facing, where there was more intense pressurewhere there was more intense pressure

The fact that the structure exists today, underlines the The fact that the structure exists today, underlines the stability of the original design & materials.stability of the original design & materials.

The exterior is decorated with a façade of engaged The exterior is decorated with a façade of engaged columns & pilasters that serve no structural purpose but columns & pilasters that serve no structural purpose but that display the use of the old Greek architectural orders that display the use of the old Greek architectural orders – the engaged columns of the 1– the engaged columns of the 1stst 3 levels from the 3 levels from the ground floor up are:ground floor up are:

DoricDoric IonicIonic CorinthianCorinthian The top storey has The top storey has corinthian pilasterscorinthian pilasters

Statues stood originally in the arches of Statues stood originally in the arches of the 2the 2ndnd and 3 and 3rdrd levels- but have not levels- but have not survived.survived.

construction (workbooks p. 39)construction (workbooks p. 39) Before any construction could

begin, the workers had to drain the Stagnum which Emperor Nero had flooded earlier.

After the Stagnum was emptied, they had to lay down the foundation.

From there they added many levels and built an amazing system of pulleys, levers, ropes, and bridges beneath the stage floor that the warriors battle on.

p.38. In what ways did the p.38. In what ways did the designers make provision designers make provision for the participants in for the participants in games?games?

There were dens and There were dens and caverns beneath the caverns beneath the wooden floor for animals & wooden floor for animals & gladiators to be kept before gladiators to be kept before the fightsthe fights

(Not only did the warriors fight each other they were forced to fight animals such as tigers)

Excavated site

The structure goes The structure goes down 6.08 m to a brick down 6.08 m to a brick pavement. It has been pavement. It has been excavated to reveal the excavated to reveal the remains of dens for wild remains of dens for wild beasts & other featuresbeasts & other features

p.39p.39Workbook

Draw thesketch

Workbooks Workbooks p.40p.40

What was done to ensure that there was ease of access for spectators to their seats (p.40)?76 out of a total of 80 arches served as the main entrances and exits. Wooden barriers were set up to funnel the spectators in an orderly manner. There was a number engraved above each external arch. People had wooden tickets with the number of the entrance they were meant to go in.

There were 4 arches at each axis that were not numbered. The two on the north and south were for the imperial family

p.40 workbooksp.40 workbooks

What groups in Roman society could view games What groups in Roman society could view games held in the colosseum and where did they sit?held in the colosseum and where did they sit?

The emperor entered through a triple archway The emperor entered through a triple archway on the north side. on the north side. The consuls sat in a box directly opposite - The consuls sat in a box directly opposite - through a triple entrance way, on the south side. through a triple entrance way, on the south side.

Women = top storey.Women = top storey. female members of the ruling family and the female members of the ruling family and the

vestal virgins sat by the ringside.vestal virgins sat by the ringside.

Podium

20 rows of marble seat

16 rows

colonade

Wooden seats

for women

Standing room for poorest people

6. Hierachial order to seating

What was the role of the Velarium (workbooks p.40)?What was the role of the Velarium (workbooks p.40)?It was a huge canvas awning that could be rolled into place above It was a huge canvas awning that could be rolled into place above the seating area. It was put in the seating area. It was put in to shield the harmful rays of the hotMediterranean sun. It was fastened to a series of poles that ran It was fastened to a series of poles that ran around the exterior rim of the top storey. 100 sailors from around the exterior rim of the top storey. 100 sailors from Misenum were employed to erect the awning and to maintain the Misenum were employed to erect the awning and to maintain the yards of rigging that was involved, to ensure it worked correctly.yards of rigging that was involved, to ensure it worked correctly.

In the picture you can see how the Velarium looks when it is closed with just a hole in the middle for sunlight.

Workbooks p.41Workbooks p.41

DIMENSIONS OF THE AMPHITHEATREDIMENSIONS OF THE AMPHITHEATRE Height:Height: Length of external axis:Length of external axis: 188m 188m Capacity:Capacity: 50,000 50,000 Shape:Shape: elliptical elliptical Function of columns:Function of columns: decorative decorative3 ways in which the structure was imperial propaganda: 3 ways in which the structure was imperial propaganda: 1)1) Its huge size – largest amphitheatre ever builtIts huge size – largest amphitheatre ever built2)2) Vespasian was made popular with the Romans by returning Vespasian was made popular with the Romans by returning

their land which had been taken by Nero their land which had been taken by Nero 3)3) Made the people feel better and more important with grand-Made the people feel better and more important with grand-

scale entertainmentscale entertainment

p. 41 Two ways that weight was p. 41 Two ways that weight was reduced was:reduced was:

Extensive use of arches and vaults were Extensive use of arches and vaults were used to lighten the load, spread the strain used to lighten the load, spread the strain and at the same time support the weight of and at the same time support the weight of the structure and spectators. the structure and spectators.

Upper levels made of brick faced concrete Upper levels made of brick faced concrete gave an extra strength to the structure to gave an extra strength to the structure to support the weight of the spectators.support the weight of the spectators.

One problem associated with the architecture was how One problem associated with the architecture was how to build a structure capable of supporting its own weight to build a structure capable of supporting its own weight & 50,00 spectators.& 50,00 spectators.

The architect made extensive use of arch and vault:The architect made extensive use of arch and vault: To lighten the loadTo lighten the load To spread the strainTo spread the strain And chose his building materials based on their strengthAnd chose his building materials based on their strength The steppedThe stepped

seating was 37 seating was 37 degree angle degree angle essential to lessenessential to lessenthe weightthe weight

Deep concreteDeep concreteFoundations: 52m wideFoundations: 52m wide12m deep12m deep

Colosseum at night

ColosseumColosseum Use Campbell to answer these questionsUse Campbell to answer these questions1.1. Where did the Colosseum get its name?Where did the Colosseum get its name?2.2. What is another name for it? Where does it come from?What is another name for it? Where does it come from?3.3. On what site was it built? Name 2 significant things On what site was it built? Name 2 significant things

about this?about this?4.4. What was the substructure for?What was the substructure for?5.5. Write 3 facts about the Arena?Write 3 facts about the Arena?6.6. Draw a diagram describing the seating and use of it?Draw a diagram describing the seating and use of it?7.7. How many people did it hold?How many people did it hold?8.8. Why do you think vomitoria were called that? How Why do you think vomitoria were called that? How

many arched entrances were there?many arched entrances were there?9.9. How did the architect make the building strong?How did the architect make the building strong?10.10. Describe the Greek influence on the exterior.Describe the Greek influence on the exterior.11.11. HOw was the awning attached?HOw was the awning attached?12.12. What was the building used for?What was the building used for?