columbia icefield parks canada photo earth’s frozen water

COLUMBIA ICEFIELD PARKS CANADA PHOTO Earth’s Frozen Water

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COLUMBIA ICEFIELD PARKS CANADA PHOTO

Earth’s Frozen Water

Ice Ages

There have been 7 major periods when glaciers covered much of the Earth

Most recent was about 11,000 years ago

Frozen Water

Covers 10% of the Earth ¾ of the Earth’s water

Types of Frozen Water

Pack Ice Tightly packed pieces of sea ice

Ice Flows Small floating ice pieces Separated from pack ice

Fast Ice Attached to shore

Iceberg Chunks of glacial ice that breaks off glaciers May reach heights of 90 – 150 m above the water 90% hidden beneath the surface

Glacier Large moving mass of compressed ice and snow

Page 5: COLUMBIA ICEFIELD PARKS CANADA PHOTO Earth’s Frozen Water

Related Terms

Glaciologist – a person who studies glaciers Ice Cap – a large dome-shaped glacier that flows

outward from it’s centre and covers a large area, especially of land

Ice Field – an upland area of ice that feeds two or more glaciers

Advancing and retreating – movement of glaciers Arete – a mountain ridge caused by 2 or more

glaciers from several directions Cirques – a bowl shaped by erosion at the start of

the valley Moraine – ridge of material left behind by a glacier

Page 6: COLUMBIA ICEFIELD PARKS CANADA PHOTO Earth’s Frozen Water

Salinity of Frozen Sea Ice

Depends on the rate of freezing New ice: between 4-15 ppt

Sea ice is 35ppt Over time the brine trickles down,

salinity decreases 1 year old: relatively pure

Page 7: COLUMBIA ICEFIELD PARKS CANADA PHOTO Earth’s Frozen Water

Importance of Glaciers

Store a lot of freshwater Meltwater (glacier run-off) is released in

summer Provide clues to Earth’s history

Core samples show air quality in past

Columbia Icefield

Water from the Columbia Icefield Helps run hydroelectric plants Irrigate crops Water crops

Largest Accumulation of Ice in Rocky Mountains Athabasca Glacier 6 km2

Saskatchewan Glacier 12 km2

www.canadianencyclopedia.ca

http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/

Page 9: COLUMBIA ICEFIELD PARKS CANADA PHOTO Earth’s Frozen Water

Glacial Movement

Solid weight and pressure of glacier cause the solid ice to act as a liquid and flow

Centre usually moves faster than sides Sides slowed down by friction of rocks

Move in different ways and different speeds; depends on Volume of ice Slope of ground Slope of upper ice surface Amount of water in the ice Amount of debris it is carrying Temperature Friction it encounters

Page 10: COLUMBIA ICEFIELD PARKS CANADA PHOTO Earth’s Frozen Water

How Glaciers Shape the Land Glaciers change topography by eroding,

transporting and depositing rocks and debris Moves like a bulldozer

Meltwater fills cracks and refreezes causing more rock to split

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