Combined Heat & Power (CHP)

AFE Webinar

March 5, 2019Brett Ellis, Ph.D., P.E.

US DOE New England CHP TAP

Outline

• Combined Heat & Power (CHP)• CHP technologies• Example CHP projects• Is CHP right for your facility?

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CHP: A Key Part of Our Energy Future

Form of Distributed Generation (DG) An integrated system Located at or near a building / facility Provides at least a portion of the electrical load Uses thermal energy for:

o Space Heating / Coolingo Process Heating / Coolingo Dehumidification

CHP provides efficient, clean, reliable, affordable energy –

today and for the future.

Source: www.energy.gov/chp

Fuel

Fuel

30 units

Power Plant32% efficiency(Including T&D)

Onsite Boiler80% efficiency

45 units

Electricity

Heat

Total Efficiency~ 50%

94 units

56 units

CONVENTIONAL System

30% to 55% less greenhouse gas emissions

Fuel

30 units

45 units

Electricity

Heat

100 units

CHP75% efficiency

Total Efficiency~ 75%

CHP System

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What Are the Benefits of CHP?

• CHP is more efficient than separate generation of electricity and heating/cooling

• Higher efficiency translates to lower operating costs (but requires capital investment)

• Higher efficiency reduces emissions of pollutants• CHP can also increase energy reliability and

resilience, and enhance power quality

• On-site electric generation can reduce grid congestion and avoid distribution costs.

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CHP: Proven to be ResilientHurricane Harvey• University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)• Texas Medical Center (TMC)• Southwest Energy Data Center• Lake Charles Manuf. Complex• DeBakey VA Medical Center

Hurricane Irma & Maria•Hospital De La Concepcion PR•Wyndham Hotel St. Thomas •Univ. of Florida Shands Medical Center•Matosantos Commercial Corp•Captain Morgan Diageo Rum Distillery•Plaza Extra East Supermarket St. Croix

Superstorm Sandy• South Oaks Hospital• Princeton University• Salem Community College• Public Interest Data Center• Bergen Counties WWTP• Sikorsky Aircraft Corp.

Hurricane Ike & Katrina• Mississippi Baptist Medical Center• Louisiana State University• University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)

CHP Systems Kept Facilities Operational Through Hurricanes

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CHP Is Used Nationwide

Source:DOE CHP Installation Database(U.S. installations as of Dec. 31, 2017)

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Emerging National Drivers for CHP Benefits of CHP recognized by

policymakerso State Portfolio Standards (RPS, EEPS), Tax

Incentives, Grants, standby rates, etc.

Favorable outlook for natural gas supply and price in North America

Opportunities created by environmental drivers

Utilities finding economic value

Energy resiliency and critical infrastructure

Interest in hybrid CHP systems

DOE / EPA CHP Report (8/2012)

https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_clean_energy_solution.pdf

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https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_clean_energy_solution.pdf

CHP Today in the United States

• 81.3 GW of installed CHP at more than 4,400 industrial and commercial facilities

• 8% of U.S. Electric Generating Capacity; 14% of Manufacturing

• Avoids more than 1.8 quadrillion Btus of fuel consumption annually

• Avoids 241 million metric tons of CO2 compared to separate production

Existing CHP Capacity

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Where is the Remaining Potential for CHP?

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New England CHP TAP Region Onsite Technical Potential

State Industrial (MW) Commercial (MW) Total (MW)

Connecticut 415 908 1,323

Maine 228 266 494

Massachusetts 780 2,655 3,435

New Hampshire 170 277 447

Rhode Island 225 391 616

Vermont 112 116 228

Total 1,930 4,613 6,543

U.S. Dept. of Energy, “Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technical Potential in the United States”, March 2016. http://energy.gov/chp-potential

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http://energy.gov/chp-potential

CHP Technical Potential: New EnglandOn-Site Technical

Potential by ApplicationOn-Site Technical Potential by State

U.S. Dept. of Energy, “Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technical Potential in the United States”, March 2016.

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Massachusetts3,435 MW

NH:447 MW

RI: 616 MWVT: 228 MW

Connecticut1,323 MW

Maine494 MW

Chemicals805 MW

Paper365 MW

Food221 MW

Other Industrial539 MW

CommercialOffice Bldgs.

981 MW

Hospitals872 MW

Colleges / Univ.835 MW

District Energy515 MW

Multi-familyBuildings249 MW

Othercommercial1,142 MW

CHP TECHNOLOGIES

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Common CHP Technologies and Capacity Ranges

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Prime Mover: Steam Turbines• Size Range: 100 kW to over 250 MW• Characteristics

– Requires a boiler or other steam source

– Can be mated to boilers firing a variety of gaseous, liquid or solid fuels (e.g., coal and biomass fuels such wood, waste products, and pellets).

– Mature technology with very high durability and reliability

– Can operated over a wide range of steam pressures– Backpressure steam turbines can be used to produce power by replacing

pressure reducing valves (PRVs) in existing steam systems

• Example applications: – Industrial applications, district heating and cooling systems, forest products,

paper mills, chemicals, food processing, PRVs

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Prime Mover: Microturbines

• Size Range: 30 kW to 330 kW (modular packages exceeding 1 MW)

• Characteristics– Thermal can produce hot water,

steam, and chilled water (through absorption chiller)

– Compact size and light weight– Inverter based generation can

improve power quality

• Example applications: – Multifamily housing, hotels, nursing homes, waste water treatment, gas

& oil production

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Prime Mover: Gas Turbines• Size Range: 1 MW to 300 MW• Characteristics

– Produces high quality, high temperature thermal that can include high pressure steam for industrial processes, and chilled water (with absorption chiller)

– Available in a wide range of capacities and configurations

– Best efficiency when operated at full load (part-load efficiency is often much lower than full load efficiency)

• Example Applications: – Hospitals, universities, chemical plants, refineries, food processing, paper,

military bases

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Prime Mover: Reciprocating Engines• Size Range: 10 kW to 10 MW• Characteristics

– Thermal can produce hot water, low pressure steam, and chilled water (through absorption chiller)

– High part-load operation efficiency– Fast start-up– Minimal auxiliary power

requirements for black start.

• Example Applications: – Universities, hospitals, water treatment facilities, industrial facilities,

commercial buildings, and multi-family dwellings

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Prime Mover: Fuel Cells• Size Range: 5 kW to 2.8 MW

• Characteristics– Relatively high electrical efficiencies

due to electrochemical process– Uses hydrogen as the input fuel;

requiring processing unless pure hydrogen is used

– Relatively low emissions without controls due to absence of combustion process (other than reformer)

– Inverter based generation can improve power quality – Relatively high installed cost

• Example applications: – Data centers, hotels, office buildings, waste water treatment

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CHP PROJECTS

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Frito-Lay North AmericaKillingly, CT

Application/Industry: Food processingCapacity: 4.6 MWPrime Mover: Gas turbineFuel Type: Natural gasThermal Use: Process steamInstallation Year: 2009

Testimonial: “Working with the State of Connecticut and the Department of Energy, we were able to invest in sustainable business practices that benefit this community and the country by providing relief to the Northeast power grid and using technologies with a lower environmental impact.”- Leslie Starr Keating, Senior Vice President of Supply Chain, North America Foods, PepsiCo

Source: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/08/f26/PepsiCo%20Frito-Lay%20CHP%20Case%20Study_07.02.15.pdf

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Project Snapshot: Grid Congestion Relief

https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/08/f26/PepsiCo%20Frito-Lay%20CHP%20Case%20Study_07.02.15.pdf

Project Snapshot:Environmental Stewardship / Sustainability

Seneca SawmillEugene, Oregon

Application/Industry: Forest ProductsCapacity: 19.8 MWPrime Mover: Double extraction condensing steam turbineFuel Type: Wood mill by-products, timberland thinning and forest slash for wildfire preventionThermal Use: Kiln drying, power generationInstallation Year: 2011

Highlights: The emission control technology at this plant includes a multiclone cyclonic separator, a 4-field electrostatic precipitator and a continuous emission monitoring system, all of which allows the plant to far exceed minimum air quality standards. All biomass material fed to the facility utilize a fully enclosed system including truck dump, conveyors and fuel storage building. All fuel handling ducts to one of two baghouses to remove particulate emissions with 99.9% efficiency.

Seneca Sawmill, Eugene, Oregon.

Source: https://senecasawmill.com/news/2015/biomass-operating-permit/

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https://senecasawmill.com/news/2015/biomass-operating-permit/

Smith CollegeNorthampton, MA

Application/Industry: CollegeCapacity: 3.5 MWPrime Mover: Combustion turbineFuel Type: Natural gasThermal Use: Heating, cooling & hot water Installation Year: 2008

Testimonial: “For several years, Smith has sought ways to reduce and manage the college’s environmental impact. This new cogeneration system is a significant step in Smith’s efforts to remain at the forefront of environmental responsibility.”- Carol T. Christ, former Smith College President

Source: http://www.chptap.org/Data/projects/SmithCollege3.5MWCHPApplication1.pdf

Project Snapshot:Environmental Responsibility

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http://www.chptap.org/Data/projects/SmithCollege3.5MWCHPApplication1.pdf

Project Snapshot:Cow Power (5 Cows = 1 kW)

Hunter Haven FarmsPearl City, IL

Application/Industry: Dairy FarmCapacity: 260 kWPrime Mover: Caterpillar engines (2)Fuel Type: Anaerobic digester biogasThermal Use: Heating the digesterInstallation Year: 2008Energy Savings: Unknown

Highlights: Hunter Havens Farm owns and operates 24/7 a 260 kW anaerobic digester and biogas-fired combined heat and power (CHP) system. The system produces electricity for the site and to sell to the local utility. The recovered heat is used to maintain the temperature of the digester, heat farm buildings, and provide the farm with hot water. The system can manage the waste for up to 1,200 dairy cows. Source:

http://www.midwestchptap.org/profiles/ProjectProfiles/HunterHavenFarms.pdf

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http://www.midwestchptap.org/profiles/ProjectProfiles/HunterHavenFarms.pdf

Cooley Dickinson Health CareNorthampton, MA

Application/Industry: HospitalsCapacity: 500 KWPrime Mover: Steam turbine(s)Fuel Type: Wood chipsThermal Use: Heat/hot waterInstallation Year: 2006

Highlights: This second biomass boiler eliminated the need to burn oil during annual maintenance downtime, reduces peak load by 17.5%, and produces approximately2 million kWh electricity per year. The plant also has full utility company interconnectivity and operates in parallel with the electrical grid.

Source: http://www.chptap.org/Data/projects/CooleyDickinsonCaseStudy1.pdf

Project Snapshot:Biomass CHP

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http://www.chptap.org/Data/projects/CooleyDickinsonCaseStudy1.pdf

Bradley AirportWindsor Locks, CT

Application/Industry: AirportCapacity (MW): 5.8 MWPrime Mover: Reciprocating enginesFuel Type: Natural gasThermal Use: Heating, cooling & hot water Installation Year: 2002

Highlights: The primary motivation for establishing the combined heat and power energy (CHP) center was to increase energy security, as the airport was encountering numerous power outages from its central power supplier. Additionally, the airport wanted to lower its operating costs and decided that a CHP plant would allow for substantial operating cost savings when compared to conventional central heating/cooling plant.

Source: http://www.chptap.org/Data/projects/BradleyAirportpp.pdf

Project Snapshot:Energy Security

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http://www.chptap.org/Data/projects/BradleyAirportpp.pdf

IS CHP RIGHT FOR YOUR FACILITY?

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• Do you pay more than $.06/kWh on average for electricity (including generation, transmission and distribution)?

• Are you concerned about the impact of current or future energy costs on your operations?

• Are you concerned about power reliability? What if the power goes out for 5 minutes… for 1 hour?

• Does your facility operate for more than 3,000 hours per year?• Do you have thermal loads throughout the year?

(including steam, hot water, chilled water, hot air, etc.)

Screening Questions

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Screening Questions (con’t)

• Does your facility have an existing central plant?• Do you expect to replace, upgrade, or retrofit central plant

equipment within the next 3-5 years?• Do you anticipate a facility expansion or new construction project

within the next 3-5 years?• Have you already implemented energy efficiency measures and

still have high energy costs?• Are you interested in reducing your facility's impact on the

environment?• Do you have access to on-site or nearby biomass resources?

(i.e., landfill gas, farm manure, food processing waste, etc.)

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Finding the Best Candidates:Some or All of These Characteristics

• High and constant thermal load• Favorable spark spread• Need for high reliability • Concern over future electricity prices • Interest in reducing environmental impact• Existing central plant• Planned facility expansion or new construction; or

equipment replacement within the next 3-5 years

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DOE CHP Deployment Program Contactswww.energy.gov/CHPTAP

Tarla T. Toomer, Ph.D.CHP Deployment ManagerOffice of Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyU.S. Department of EnergyTarla.Toomer@ee.doe.gov

Patti GarlandDOE CHP TAP Coordinator [contractor]Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyU.S. Department of EnergyPatricia.Garland@ee.doe.gov

Ted BronsonDOE CHP TAP Coordinator [contractor]Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyU.S. Department of Energytbronson@peaonline.com

DOE CHP Technical Assistance Partnerships (CHP TAPs)

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http://www.energy.gov/CHPTAP

CHP TAP Role: Technical Assistance

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Next Steps

Contact your Regional CHP TAP for assistance if:

o You are interested in having a “no-cost” Qualification Screening performed to determine if there is an opportunity for CHP on-site.

o If you have an existing CHP plant and are interested in expanding the plant.

o If you need an unbiased 3rd Party Review of a proposal.

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Thank You

Questions?Brett Ellis (207) 581-2134

brett.ellis@maine.edu

or David Dvorak (207) 581-2338dvorak@maine.edu

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mailto:brett.ellis@maine.edumailto:dvorak@maine.edu

BACKUP SLIDES

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Nationwide Potential for Additional CHP

5,000 MW

Source: U.S. Dept. of Energy, “Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Technical Potential in the United States”, March 2016.

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DOE CHP Technical Assistance Partnerships (CHP TAPs)

• End User EngagementPartner with strategic End Users to advance technical solutions using CHP as a cost effective and resilient way to ensure American competitiveness, utilize local fuels and enhance energy security. CHP TAPs offer fact-based, non-biased engineering support to manufacturing, commercial, institutional and federal facilities and campuses.

• Stakeholder EngagementEngage with strategic Stakeholders, including regulators, utilities, and policy makers, to identify and reduce the barriers to using CHP to advance regional efficiency, promote energy independence and enhance the nation’s resilient grid. CHP TAPs provide fact-based, non-biased education to advance sound CHP programs and policies.

• Technical ServicesAs leading experts in CHP (as well as microgrids, heat to power, and district energy) the CHP TAPs work with sites to screen for CHP opportunities as well as provide advanced services to maximize the economic impact and reduce the risk of CHP from initial CHP screening to installation.

www.energy.gov/chp

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• High level assessment to determine if site shows potential for a CHP project– Qualitative Analysis

• Energy consumption & costs• Estimated energy savings &

payback• CHP system sizing

– Quantitative Analysis• Understanding project

drivers• Understanding site

peculiarities

DOE TAP CHP Screening AnalysisAnnual Energy Consumption

Base Case CHP Case

Purchased Electricty, kWh 88,250,160 5,534,150 Generated Electricity, kWh 0 82,716,010 On-site Thermal, MMBtu 426,000 18,872 CHP Thermal, MMBtu 0 407,128 Boiler Fuel, MMBtu 532,500 23,590 CHP Fuel, MMBtu 0 969,845 Total Fuel, MMBtu 532,500 993,435

Annual Operating Costs

Purchased Electricity, $ $7,060,013 $1,104,460 Standby Power, $ $0 $0 On-site Thermal Fuel, $ $3,195,000 $141,539 CHP Fuel, $ $0 $5,819,071 Incremental O&M, $ $0 $744,444Total Operating Costs, $ $10,255,013 $7,809,514

Simple Payback

Annual Operating Savings, $ $2,445,499 Total Installed Costs, $/kW $1,400 Total Installed Costs, $/k $12,990,000 Simple Payback, Years 5.3

Operating Costs to Generate

Fuel Costs, $/kWh $0.070 Thermal Credit, $/kWh ($0.037) Incremental O&M, $/kWh $0.009

Total Operating Costs to Generate, $/kWh $0.042

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CHP Project Resources

Good Primer Report DOE CHP Technologies Fact Sheet Series

www.eere.energy.gov/chpwww.energy.gov/chp-technologies

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CHP Project Resources

DOE Project Profile Database

energy.gov/chp-projects

EPA dCHPP (CHP Policies and Incentives Database

www.epa.gov/chpdchpp-chp-policies-and-incentives-database

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CHP Project Resources

DOE CHP Installation Database(List of all known

CHP systems in U.S.)

Low-Cost CHP Screening and Other Technical Assistance from

the CHP TAP

energy.gov/chp-installsenergy.gov/CHPTAP

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Project Snapshot:Cost Savings

Essex Junction WWTFEssex Junction, VT

Application/Industry: Wastewater TreatmentFacility Size: 2 million gallons/day Capacity: 60 kWPrime Mover: MicroturbineFuel Type: BiomassThermal Use: Heat for the digestion processProject Cost: $303,000Payback: 7 yearsInstallation Year: 2003

Testimonial: “The Essex Junction CHP installation is proof that small scale CHP retrofits are viable and cost effective.”

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Combined Heat & Power (CHP)OutlineCHP: A Key Part of Our Energy FutureWhat Are the Benefits of CHP?CHP: Proven to be ResilientCHP Is Used NationwideEmerging National Drivers for CHPCHP Today in the United States Where is the Remaining Potential for CHP?New England CHP TAP Region Onsite Technical PotentialCHP Technical Potential: New EnglandCHP technologiesSlide Number 13Prime Mover: Steam TurbinesPrime Mover: MicroturbinesPrime Mover: Gas TurbinesPrime Mover: Reciprocating EnginesPrime Mover: Fuel CellsCHP ProjectsSlide Number 20Project Snapshot:�Environmental Stewardship / SustainabilitySlide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Is CHP right for your facility?Screening QuestionsSlide Number 28Finding the Best Candidates:�Some or All of These CharacteristicsDOE CHP Technical Assistance Partnerships (CHP TAPs)CHP TAP Role: Technical AssistanceNext StepsSlide Number 33Backup slidesNationwide Potential for Additional CHPDOE CHP Technical Assistance Partnerships (CHP TAPs)DOE TAP CHP Screening AnalysisCHP Project ResourcesCHP Project ResourcesCHP Project ResourcesProject Snapshot:�Cost Savings