commercial orchard management

Ushbu loyiha Yevropa Ittifoqi tomonidan moliyalashtiriladi

Этот проект финансируется Европейским Союзом

This project is funded by the European Union

Konsortsium tomonidan amalga oshiriladi

Реализуется консорциумом

Implemented by Consortium

O‘ZBEKISTON QISHLOQ HUDUDLARINI BARQAROR RIVOJLANTIRISH

УСТОЙЧИВОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ СЕЛЬСКОЙ МЕСТНОСТИ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS OF UZBEKISTAN

COMMERCIAL ORCHARD MANAGEMENT







Tree Nutrition







COMMERCIAL ORCHARD MANAGEMENT – Tree Nutrition

TREE NUTRITION - PRIMARY GOAL

A primary goal of tree nutrition is to balance the tree’s maximum annual yield with fruitwood renewal.

In order to do this, we must understand the plant nutrients and how they affect the tree’s growth and production.

We must also understand that tree nutrition will affect the trees responses to other orchard activities, such as pruning.








TREE NUTRITION – PLANT NUTRIENTS

Plant Nutrients*

Primary Secondary Micro_______

Nitrogen (N) Calcium (Ca) Boron (B)

Phosphorous (P) Magnesium (M) Chlorine (Cl)

Potassium (K) Sulfur (S) Copper (Cu)

Iron (Fe)

Manganese (Mn)

Molybdenum (Mo)

Zinc (Zn)

*Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) & Oxygen (O)








TREE NUTRITION – OBSERVABLE SYMPTOMS

Кузатув объектлари Азот (N) камомати Азот (N) нормада Азот (N) нормадан юқорида

Terminal Growth

Bearing trees Average < 10 cm Average 10 - 30 cm Average 30 - 60 cm

Non-bearing trees Average < 25 cm Average 25 - 60 cm Average 60 - 120 cm

Leaf size Small, thin medium to average large, thick, often puckering at top

Leaf color Uniform pale, yellow-green normal green very dark green

Fall leaf drop early; leaves show red in veins

normal time; leaves green to light green

late; leaves remain dark green until severe frost

Bark color light to reddish brown gray to dark gray-brown greenish gray to gray

Fruit set poor; heavy June fruit drop normal; 1-3 fruit/cluster no effect or reduced fruit set

Fruit size smaller average/tree normal larger average/tree

Fruit over-color highly colored/earlier normal poor color up to and after normal picking period

Fruit under-color yellow color earlier normal

green to green-yellow for the variety, yellow at normal picking time

Fruit maturity early normal 5 - 10 days late

Мевали дарахтларнинг азотга бўлган эҳтиёжини аниқлаш









N deficiency in peach - UC Davis Photo









PHOSPHOROUS DEFICIENCY IN FRUIT TREES

- Phosphorus deficiency is mainly seen on

young trees.

- Leaves are small but dark green and they

develop autumn tints early, particularly

deep reds.

- The older leaves of peach trees develop

purple spots on margins which roll

upwards.

- Flowering is often sparse.

P deficiency in nectarine - UC Davis Photo









POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY IN FRUIT TREES

- The older leaves at the base of the new growth develop dark brown

edges and may curl inwards. This is seen mainly on apples but also occurs

on stone fruit, particularly on sandier soils.

- Potassium deficiency is aggravated by the use of excessive nitrogen

fertilizers.









K deficiency in apple – APAL Photo









CHLORIDE TOXICITY IN FRUIT TREES

- The older leaves on new shoots and also leaves on spurs develop a

red-brown marginal scorch.

- The growing tips remain green but are usually smaller and a lighter

green.

- Leaves drop early, fruit is smaller and may have a salty taste.

- Chloride toxicity can be caused by excess salinity in the soil or in

irrigation water or by salt-laden sea winds.

- Marginal leaf scorch can also be caused by using saline bore water

for spraying.









Cl toxicity in apple – OMFRA Photo









MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY IN FRUIT TREES

- Old leaves and spur leaves surrounding the fruit turn yellow at leaf

tips in mid-summer and then fall from the tree.

- The top of older, basal leaves may become yellow leaving a green

arrow shape at the base of the leaf. These symptoms are seen

mainly in apples.

- Magnesium deficiency occurs where too much potassium and not

enough nitrogen is used, or where soil pH is too low.

- Magnesium deficiency is usually associated with sandier soils.









Mg deficiency in apple – Orange Pippin Photo









Mg deficiency in apple – Dept. Agriculture AUSTRALIA









MANGANESE TOXICITY IN FRUIT TREES

- Symptoms occur on older leaves which turn pale green except for

veins.

- Manganese toxicity is not common on loam and clay loam soil. It is

more common on light alkaline soils.









ZINC DEFICIENCY IN FRUIT TREES

- Typical zinc deficiency shows up as small leaves clustered together

on short stem internodes.

- Leaves have bright yellow blotches with the main vein remaining

green.









Zn deficiency in apple – Dept. Agriculture AUSTRALIA









IRON DEFICIENCY IN FRUIT TREES

- Yellow leaves with veins prominently dark green.

- Iron deficiency is common where soil is rich in lime or highly

alkaline.

- Iron deficiency is also seen in where over-irrigation takes place.









Fe deficiency in apple – Growing Magazine









COPPER DEFICIENCY IN FRUIT TREES

- Growing tips of young shoots of apple and pear trees die back and

blacken and bend over.

- The bark of pears may become rough.

- Copper deficiency occurs mainly on sandy soils, often when too

much nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers are used.








TREE NUTRITION – NITROGEN TREATMENT

COPPER DEFICIENCY IN FRUIT TREES

- Growing tips of young shoots of apple and pear trees die back and

blacken and bend over.

- The bark of pears may become rough.

- Copper deficiency occurs mainly on sandy soils, often when too

much nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers are used.








KEY TO IDENTIFYING NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS


SYMPTOMS IN OLD LEAVES SYMPTOMS IN YOUNG LEAVES

Effects throughout plant Lower leaves dry up

Effects on lower leaves Mottled or chlorotic leaf margins

Terminal bud dies Young leaves distorted or necrotic

Terminal bud alive with wilting or chlorosis No necrotic spots

Light green lower leaves Pale green, yellow (NITROGEN)

Lower leaves reddish or yellow

CROP N K Ca Mg Na Cl B Zn

Deficient Adequate Deficient Adequate Adequate Adequate Excess Excess Deficient Adequate Excess Adequate

Below Below Over Over Over Over Over Below Over Over Over

% % % % % % % % PPM PPM PPM PPM

Almonds 2.0 2.2 - 2.5 1.0 1.4 2.0 0.25 0.25 0.3 25 30 - 65 85 18

Apples 1.9 2.0 - 2.4 1.0 1.2 1.0 - - 0.3 20 25 - 70 100 18

Apricots 1.8 2.0 - 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 0.10 0.10 0.2 15 20 - 70 90 16

Cherries - 2.0 – 3.0 0.9 - - - - 20 - - 14

Nectarines 2.3 2.4 – 3.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.25 0.20 0.3 18 20 - 80 100 20

Peaches 2.3 2.4 – 3.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.25 0.20 0.3 18 20 - 80 100 20

Pears 2.2 2.3 - 2.8 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.25 0.25 0.3 15 21 - 70 80 18

Plums - 2.3 - 2.8 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.25 0.20 0.3 25 30 - 60 80 18

Prunes 2.2 2.3 - 2.8 1.0 1.3 1.0 0.25 0.20 0.3 25 30 – 80 100 18

Walnuts 2.1 2.2 – 3.2 0.9 1.2 1.0 0.30 0.10 0.3 20 36 - 200 300 18

Critical Leaf Nutrient Analysis Levels








Report in % Report in Parts per Million

Sample Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Calcium Sodium Iron Manganese Boron Copper Zinc

Number N S P K Mg Ca Na Fe Mn B Cu Zn

1 Plums 3.44 0.24 0.22 2.37 0.9 1.92 0.03 300 38 51 10 40

2 Prune 3.97 0.25 0.32 1.86 0.71 1.42 0.03 185 68 51 10 30

3 Peach 4.06 0.24 0.21 2.07 0.87 1.52 0.04 262 67 39 9 23

4 Almond 2.11 0.14 0.15 2.24 0.72 2.34 0.09 213 35 59 5 14

5 Nect 2.9 0.17 0.18 2.19 0.7 2.36 0.04 471 46 59 8 15

6 Cherry 2.12 0.15 0.19 1.95 0.49 2.1 0.05 248 48 100 10 13

Sample Leaf Analysis Report

Parts Per Million %

Sample ID HCO3 Cl SO4 Ca Mg Na K Fe Mn Cu Zn PH

Organic Matter

1.1 TOP 182 764 1610 2278 189 54 97 8.11

1.2 MID 167 514 1858 355 182 506 42 5.148 7.453 1.105 0.709 8.13 6.04

1.3 SUB 182 571 1659 278 156 545 40 8.29 0.60 2.1 TOP 167 1371 2056 573 231 804 66 8.17

2.2 MID 167 614 1957 513 184 493 40 4.649 4.817 0.936 0.416 8.04 5.54

2.3 SUB 182 286 5449 1852 234 363 42 7.92 0.55

Sample Soil Analysis Report














COMMERCIAL ORCHARD MANAGEMENT - Integrated Orchard Systems

Kg/Hectare

N P2O5 K2O Ca Mg S

REMOVAL 34 - 56 34 - 68 84 - 135 9 - 15 6 - 9 11 - 18

TOTAL UPTAKE 101 - 135 51 - 90 168 - 269 56 - 90 22 - 36 22 - 36

Crop Nutrient % or PPM

Deficient Less Than

Low Range

Normal Range

High Range

Excess More Than

Apple N % < 1.6 1.6 – 1.9 2.0 – 2.4 2.5 – 3.0 > 3.0

Pear N % < 1.8 1.8 – 2.2 2.3 – 2.7 2.8 – 3.5 > 3.5

Apple/Pear P % < 0.10 0.10 - 0.14 0.15 – 0.20 0.21 – 0.30 > 0.30

K % < 0.8 0.8 – 1.0 1.1 – 1.5 1.6 – 2.0 > 2.0

Ca % < 0.7 0.7 – 1.0 1.1 – 2.0 2.1 – 2.5 > 2.5

Mg % < 0.18 0.18 - 0.24 0.25 – 0.35 0.36 – 0.50 > 0.5

Na % - - < 0.02 0.02 – 0.50 > 0.5

Cl % - - < 0.4 0.4 – 1.0 > 1.0

Zn ppm < 10 10 - 15 16 - 50 > 50

Mn ppm < 20 20 - 24 25 - 100 101 - 200 > 200

Cu ppm < 4 4 - 5 6 - 20 21 - 100

B < 15 15- 19 20 - 60 61 - 200 > 200







COMMERCIAL ORCHARD MANAGEMENT – Orchard Site Selection & Preparation

Soil pH affects the availability of nutrients in the soil solution

Nutrients and pH

NITROGEN (N)

PHOSPHORUS (P)

POTASSIUM (K)

SULPHUR (S)

CALCIUM (Ca)

MAGNESIUM (Mg)

IRON (Fe)

MANGANESE (Mn)

BORON (B)

COPPER (Cu) & ZINC (Zn)

MOLYBDENUM (Mo)

4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5

NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY THROUGH THE pH SCALE VERY ACIDIC NEUTRAL VERY ALKALINE







Market-Driven Fruit Sizing







COMMERCIAL ORCHARD MANAGEMENT – Market-Driven Fruit Sizing


Discuss:

What are the fruit size and weight criteria of your primary markets?







There are several factors that affect fruit size:

- Rootstock

- Variety

- Climate

- Individual orchard conditions

- Grower practices

Market-Driven Fruit Sizing – Fruit Size Factors








Rootstocks affect fruit size.

Example: Many apple varieties grown on M.9 apple roostock will be larger than the same varieties grown on MM.106 rootstock.


Genetics affect fruit size.

Although you may find large and smaller fruit within any variety, some varieties have been bred to produce larger fruit than others.








Climate affects fruit size.

Fruit cells divide exponentially after fruit set but then stop as cell expansion begins.

Cooler weather extends the period of cell division thus yielding a greater number of cells, each of which can expand, and the potential for larger fruit.









Fruit cell division and expansion


1000 cells

2000 cells








Individual orchard conditions

Nutrients may be more available to plants in some orchards than in others due to soil factors such as pH.

Irrigation water quantity and quality may be different.









Grower Practices

Tree structure

- A large tree structure with a complex branch system will often have fruit that is farther away from the nutrient source and smaller.

- A tree structure where fruit is kept close to primary scaffold limbs will produce larger fruit.









In high density systems, frequently renewed fruitwood is kept close to main scaffold limbs.









Grower Practices

Fruitwood thinning and renewal

- Too much fruitwood results in a lot of small fruit!

- Fruitwood should be thinned and renewed appropriately for each variety so as to maintain fruit size and quality.

- Some kinds of fruit do not bear large fruit on old fruitwood (apple, pear, etc).









Grower Practices

Fruit thinning


Before fruit thinning

At harvest after fruit thinning earlier in the season








Grower Practices

Fruit thinning

- Flowers may be mechanically or chemically thinned during bloom

- Use thumb and forefinger or pruning secateurs

- Early ripening varieties should be thinned earlier

- If in doubt, wait until after June drop

- Thin apples to one per 20 cm

- Thin peaches and plums to 15 cm

- High density systems, thin fruit to a number/tree









Grower Practices

Fruit thinning in medium and high density orchards


Trees / Hectare

Kg / Tree (30 Tons of Fruit)

Fruit / Tree (180 g fruit)

1000 30 167

1500 20 111

2000 15 83

2500 12 67








One of the primary goals of fruit sizing is to deliver to the market the size of fruit that will command the best price to cost ratio.

COMMERCIAL ORCHARD MANAGEMENT – Orchard Irrigation Management


It costs money to thin fruit and it is important to determine whether this will return a higher profit.

Smaller fruit may be marketed as children’s snacks while the largest fruit is often marketed for gifts.

It is best to identify the optimum fruit size for your market before you plan your orchard. This may affect your decisions about rootstocks, tree structure and trellising, etc.







Caution!

Failure to thin fruit on certain crops may negatively affect the subsequent harvest and lead to alternate bearing and/or decline.

Market-Driven Fruit Sizing – Caution!








Tree Training &

Trellising Techniques







DISCUSSION:

What is the primary purpose of tree training?

COMMERCIAL ORCHARD MANAGEMENT – Tree Training & Trellising Techniques

TREE TRAINING & TRELLISING TECHNIQUES

Tree training is the process of developing the tree structure so as to fill and keep filled the planned canopy space with healthy fruitwood for the life of the orchard.







TREE TRAINING



Tree training is primarily achieved through pruning and branch manipulation. Chemical sprays, girdling, and other techniques may also be used.







TREE TRAINING



There are three main kinds of pruning cuts:

Heading cuts – remove the top of a branch or limb

During dormancy – invigorate

During the season - devigorate

Thinning cuts – remove branches to enhance light penetration, maintain structure and eliminate disease.

Any time of the season

Renewal cuts – renew fruitwood (Dutch cut, bevel cut, etc)

Any time of the season







TREE TRAINING



Heading cut Thinning cut Renewal cut







What is the goal of tree support systems?



Tree support systems:

1. Support the tree and crop

2. Allow the grower to fill the planned canopy space faster








Trellis

Trees on dwarfing rootstock were planted without support and will result in poor tree structure and economic loss








Trellis

Branches were not adequately supported leading to breakage, poor tree structure and sunburn.







There are many, many tree training systems



Vertical trellis – 1 to 5 wires, with bamboo, etc.

V & Tatura trellis, open Tatura – 2 to 12 wires, etc

Lincoln trellis

Marchand trellis

Single Stake









Vertical Trellis + Stake (Netherlands)









Vertical Stake (Netherlands)








Vertical Trellis (Uzbekistan)









Vertical Trellis (USA, Washington)








TREE TRAINING & TRELLISING TECHNIQUES V Trellis (USA, California)








TREE TRAINING & TRELLISING TECHNIQUES V Trellis + bamboo support (Netherlands)









Trellis Design The trellis must be designed for the maximum anticipated yield. Failure to do so may lead to collapse. Adequate anchoring, post strength, post depth, wire size, wire knots, etc. must be used.









Trellis Design - Construction


This concrete post may not have cured adequately before installation or may have been poured using incorrect ratios.








Trellis Design Anchor systems - Helix earth anchor - ”Dead man” - Brace posts









Trellis Design - Helix earth anchor









Trellis Design - ”Dead man”









Trellis Design - Brace posts









Trellis Design Wire - 2.8 mm to 3.0 mm high tensile galvanized wire Knotted to anchor with multiple turns Unrolled using ”spinning Jenny” Tightened with wire strainer Must be able to slide through guides on inline posts









Trellis Design









Trellis Design – Wire Strainer










Trellis knots







TOMORROW:

Orchard floor management

Integrated orchard management group activity

Orchard visit

Assessment

Trouble-shooting

Tree training







O‘ZBEKISTON QISHLOQ HUDUDLARINI BARQAROR RIVOJLANTIRISH

УСТОЙЧИВОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ СЕЛЬСКОЙ МЕСТНОСТИ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS OF UZBEKISTAN

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