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Earn money by writing for Hubpages, just like me. HubPages is a great way to write about what you like. Share your knowledge and earn money while you're doing it. Give it a try and Signup now its free. A History of India by Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund (2004, Paperback,... Buy Now Commercialisation of Agriculture during British Rule in India By dialogue Revolutionary changes had occurred in the agrarian property relations towards the end of the 18th century. This was over a period of time, followed by a commercial revolution in the agricultural sector. Commercialization of agriculture became prominent around 1860 A.D. This brought about a change from cultivation for home consumption to cultivation for the market. Cash transactions become the basis of exchange and largely replaced the barter system. Various factors led to the commercialization of agriculture during the British rule in India. The chief factor was the colonial subjugation of India under the British rule. India was reduced to the supplier of raw materials and food grains to Britain and importer of British manufactured goods. Many commercial crops like, cotton, jute, tea, tobacco were introduced to meet the demand in Britain. Better means of communication (equipped with rapid development of railways and shipping) made trade in agricultural products feasible, especially over long distances. The emergence of grain merchants was a natural adjunct to this and greatly facilitated agricultural trade. Monetization of land revenue payments was another important casual factor for agricultural commercialization. Further, increasing demand for some of the commercial crops in other foreign countries gave impetus to commercialization of agriculture. The American Civil War also indirectly encouraged commercialization of agriculture in India: the British cotton demand was diverted to India. The demand of cotton was maintained even after the civil war ceased because of the rise of cotton textile industries in India. Coming to the impact of the commercialization of agriculture, normally speaking, it should have acted as a catalyst in increasing agricultural productivity. But, in reality this did not happen due to poor agricultural organization, obsolete technology, and lack of resources among most peasants. It was only the rich farmers; who benefited and this in turn, accentuated inequalities of income in the rural society. A significant feature of commercialization of agriculture in India was the substitution of commercial nonfood grains in place of food grains. George Byn records that between 189394 to 194546, the production of commercial crops increased by 85 percent and that of food crops fell by 7 percent. This had a devastating effect on the rural economy and often took the shape of famines. Regional specialization of crop production based on climatic conditions, soil etc., was an outcome of the commercial revolution in agriculture. Deccan districts of Bombay presidency grew cotton, Bengal grew jute and Indigo, Bihar grew opium, Assam grew tea,

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  • 3/22/2015 CommercialisationofAgricultureduringBritishRuleinIndia

    http://dialogue.hubpages.com/hub/CommercialisationofAgricultureduringBritishRuleinIndia 1/2

    EarnmoneybywritingforHubpages,justlikeme.HubPagesisagreatwaytowriteaboutwhatyoulike.Shareyourknowledgeandearnmoneywhileyou'redoingit.GiveitatryandSignupnowitsfree.

    AHistoryofIndiabyHermannKulkeandDietmarRothermund(2004,Paperback,...

    BuyNow

    CommercialisationofAgricultureduringBritishRuleinIndiaBydialogue

    Revolutionarychangeshadoccurredintheagrarianpropertyrelationstowardstheendofthe18thcentury.Thiswasoveraperiodoftime,followedbyacommercialrevolutionintheagriculturalsector.Commercializationofagriculturebecameprominentaround1860A.D.Thisbroughtaboutachangefromcultivationforhomeconsumptiontocultivationforthemarket.Cashtransactionsbecomethebasisofexchangeandlargelyreplacedthebartersystem.

    VariousfactorsledtothecommercializationofagricultureduringtheBritishruleinIndia.ThechieffactorwasthecolonialsubjugationofIndiaundertheBritishrule.IndiawasreducedtothesupplierofrawmaterialsandfoodgrainstoBritainandimporterofBritishmanufacturedgoods.Manycommercialcropslike,cotton,jute,tea,tobaccowereintroducedtomeetthedemandinBritain.

    Bettermeansofcommunication(equippedwithrapiddevelopmentofrailwaysandshipping)madetradeinagriculturalproductsfeasible,especiallyoverlongdistances.Theemergenceofgrainmerchantswasanaturaladjuncttothisandgreatlyfacilitatedagriculturaltrade.Monetizationoflandrevenuepaymentswasanotherimportantcasualfactorforagriculturalcommercialization.

    Further,increasingdemandforsomeofthecommercialcropsinotherforeigncountriesgaveimpetustocommercializationofagriculture.

    TheAmericanCivilWaralsoindirectlyencouragedcommercializationofagricultureinIndia:theBritishcottondemandwasdivertedtoIndia.ThedemandofcottonwasmaintainedevenafterthecivilwarceasedbecauseoftheriseofcottontextileindustriesinIndia.

    Comingtotheimpactofthecommercializationofagriculture,normallyspeaking,itshouldhaveactedasacatalystinincreasingagriculturalproductivity.But,inrealitythisdidnothappenduetopooragriculturalorganization,obsoletetechnology,andlackofresourcesamongmostpeasants.Itwasonlytherichfarmerswhobenefitedandthisinturn,accentuatedinequalitiesofincomeintheruralsociety.

    AsignificantfeatureofcommercializationofagricultureinIndiawasthesubstitutionofcommercialnonfoodgrainsinplaceoffoodgrains.GeorgeBynrecordsthatbetween189394to194546,theproductionofcommercialcropsincreasedby85percentandthatoffoodcropsfellby7percent.Thishadadevastatingeffectontheruraleconomyandoftentooktheshapeoffamines.

    Regionalspecializationofcropproductionbasedonclimaticconditions,soiletc.,wasanoutcomeofthecommercialrevolutioninagriculture.DeccandistrictsofBombaypresidencygrewcotton,BengalgrewjuteandIndigo,Bihargrewopium,Assamgrewtea,

  • 3/22/2015 CommercialisationofAgricultureduringBritishRuleinIndia

    http://dialogue.hubpages.com/hub/CommercialisationofAgricultureduringBritishRuleinIndia 2/2

    LandRevenueSystemsduringBritishRuleinIndiaZamindariSystemZamindariSystemwasintroducedbyCornwallisin1793throughPermanentSettlementAct.ItwasintroducedinprovincesofBengal,Bihar,OrissaandVaranasi.

    RyotwariSystemRyotwariSystemwasintroducedbyThomasMunroin1820inMadras,Bombay,partsofAssamandCoorghprovincesofBritishIndia.

    MahalwariSystemMahalwarisystemwasintroducedin1833duringtheperiodofWarrenHastings.ItwasintroducedinCentralProvince,NorthWestFrontier,Agra,Punjab,GangeticValley,etcofBritishIndia.

    India:AHistory.RevisedandUpdated

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    Punjabgrewwheat,etc.,

    Anotherimportantconsequenceofthecommercialrevolutioninagriculturewaslinkingoftheagriculturalsectortotheworldmarket.PricemovementsandbusinessfluctuationsintheworldmarketsbegantoaffectthefortunesoftheIndianfarmertoadegreethatithadneverdonebefore.Thefarmerinhischoiceofcropsattachedgreaterimportancetomarketdemandandpricethanhishomeneeds.Thecommercializationofagriculturehadmixedeffects.WhileitassistedtheindustrialrevolutioninBritain,itbroketheeconomicselfsufficiencyofvillagesinIndia.Nonetheless,thenewdevelopmentwasnotwithoutanybenefitsasitprovidedforanationaleconomyandalsobroughtaboutregionalspecializationofcropsonanefficientbasis.

    AlsoSee:EconomicImpactofBritishColonialRuleinIndiaTheIndianeconomyunderBritishruleunderwentaphaseofarresteddevelopment.Thiswasso,inspiteofthefactthatmostprerequisitesforeconomicdevelopmentweremetbyIndiaevenpriortotheBritishadvent.

    LandReformsinIndiaManylandreformswereinitiatedafterindependenceofIndia.ThepoliticalleadersespeciallyNehrualwaysdreamtforasocialistpatternofsocietyinIndia.

    LastupdatedonDecember23,2012


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