commitments: plugging the implementation gap · •oil palm in se asia ... •large producers in...
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www.proforest.net
Supply chain ‘no deforestation’
commitments:
plugging the implementation gap
Dr Mike Senior
23rd November 2017
Supporting people
to transform
natural resource
production for
greater
sustainability
Proforest’s work on ‘No deforestation’
• Consultancy for companies:
• Responsible Sourcing
• Responsible Production: High
Conservation Value (HCV) and High
Carbon Stock Approach (HCSA)
assessments
• Policy level:
• Member of multistakeholder initiatives,
e.g. HCSA, HCVRN, Accountability
Framework
Developing policies
& methodologies for
‘no deforestation’
Identifying forest to
protect in new
agricultural/forestry
developments
Overview
• ‘No deforestation’ commitments
• Progress to date
• Implementation challenges
• Potential solutions
• Examples:
• Oil palm in SE Asia
• Beef in Brazil
• Role of the research community
Why forests & deforestation?
Kissinger et al 2012
• Climate change
• Habitat & biodiversity loss
• Loss of livelihoods, cultural
sites, displacement
• Deforestation drivers?
• Agricultural and timber
production a big part!
• Driven by growing
consumption &
populations
Origins of “No Deforestation”
• Consumer and NGO concerns about tropical
deforestation in commodity supply chains
• Primary concern/funding linked to climate change
• Producer governments not doing enough
• Leverage private sector exposure and resources
• Major campaigns against private sector!
• Push for ‘no deforestation’ in commodity supply
chains
Committing to ‘No deforestation’
• Commitments at many levels: governments,
private sector but driven by consumer
governments and ‘downstream’ companies
• High level declarations:
• New York Declaration on Forests (2014)
• Consumer Goods Forum Resolution (2010)
• Private sector responsible sourcing
commitments:
• Consumer Goods Companies (e.g. Unilever,
Mars, Mondelez)
• Producers/traders (e.g. Wilmar, APRIL etc)
“NDPE” = No deforestation, peat or exploitation
Private sector commitments
• Many commodity
traders, retailers and
consumer goods
companies have
committed to ‘No
deforestation’
• Especially palm,
timber, pulp & paper
• Mainly a response to
NGO campaigns…
Forest Trends 2016
Awareness & campaigns Vs drivers..
Henders et al, 2015
Implementing Responsible Sourcing
Commitments
Responsible sourcing to
responsible production
DEFINE
Successes so far
• Huge increase in awareness globally
• Huge number of “No deforestation” commitments:• Global, e.g. CGF, NYDF, SDGs
• Private sector commitments, e.g. NDPE covers “80% of palm oil”
• New approaches & tools to:• Define & identify forest, e.g. HCSA
• Monitor forests, e.g. GFW
• Results:• Avoiding deforestation in concessions of companies with NDPE
commitments…but how to secure forest protection?
2020!
New approaches to identify forest
• Identifying forests to protect:
• Integrated HCV-HCSA
assessments
• How does it work?
• Assessment before any development
• Biol & social surveys & mapping,
consultation
• Map ‘HCS and HCV’ areas to protect
• Who is using this?
• Large producers in palm (& timber)
plantation sectors
• ‘Fragmented landscapes’ in SE Asia
Outputs of an HCV-HCSA assessment
Legal buffer
zones
Community use
areasHigh Carbon Stock areasHigh Conservation Value areas
HCV
HCS
Community use
Legal reserve
How to close the implementation gap?
• But deforestation continuing..
• Two key barriers:
1. Identify & Protect & Monitor
2. Understand typology of deforestation (i.e. socio-political-
tenure context)
Ensuring long-term forest protection
Identifying forest doesn’t mean it will stay standing…
How do you actually protect forests?
• Forest definition, identification and
monitoring are mainly technical
• e.g. using RS/GIS technologies
• Scalable and can be applied from a
distance.
• Protection is very different:
• Highly context specific and
• Applied on the ground, w/
engagement of local actors,
• Must address variable, local socio-
economic drivers of deforestation
• Takes time!
What leverage do retailers and consumer
goods companies have over producers in
their supply chains?
The most effective approach to protection will vary depending on the context:
it must be based on a good understanding of deforestation typologies
Approaches for existing Vs ‘not-yet producers’
• Assumption has been that if you target companies then you
will stop future clearance..
• Target ‘not-yet-producers’ and find effective ways to
encourage forest protection and discourage forest clearing
What do I
get out of
protecting
forest?
Without a reasonable
answer to the main
question landowners
ask it is very difficult to
make progress
Practical and ethical challenge for small
producers and communities without other
resources:
How to ensure that those that opt to protect
the forest don’t lose out in the long term
compared to those that clear and can thus
generate an income from production?
Not just big, bad companies…
Unintended consequences
• Excision of forest from lease areas
• Leakage: Soy from Amazon Cerrado
• Split markets: How to retain influence in high risk landscapes &
over non-export commodities?
• Deforestation continues to pay for local actors
Forestry and
agricultural
concessions in
the Congo Basin
Identifying the right interventions
Strategies for different contexts
Example: cattle & soy in Brazil
• Deforestation down 80% 2004-12
• What has worked?
• No silver bullet! Combination of
solutions
• Legal requirements (Forest Code)
• Holistic socio-economic aspects:
• Credit withheld at jurisdictional &
property level
• Investment in downstream processing
• Compensation, e.g. Bolsa Floresta
• Strong enforcement (previously…) &
technology
• Multilateral private sector moratorium
• Risks: political change, leakage
Sector-wide challenges and supply chain
mapping limitations
Cattle production and deforestation
trends in Brazil
Gibbs et al. 2015
•
Drivers of Deforestation - Amazon
EII
Active, Pending, Cancelled
Source of images: SFB, 2016 and SFB, 2017
Mars: Rural Environmental Registry System
Example: palm in Indonesia
• Deforestation remains high
• Barriers:
• Lack of effective legal mechanisms
• Decentralisation & conflicting political
agendas
• No incentives to stop smallholder
deforestation
• Competition for palm fresh fruit bunches
• What is being tried now?
• Fire-Free Village Programs, e.g. APRIL
• Jurisdictional approaches, e.g. South
Sumatra
• Landscape-level company collaboration,
e.g. Leuser, West Kalimantan
Example: RSPO HCV app for smallholders
• Identifies ‘go’ and ‘no-go’ areas for
palm smallholders
• Simplifies RSPO certification through:
• Mapping property boundaries
• Automated HCV maps
• Automated management reqs
• What next?
• Launch the app…!
• Options for compensating SHs?
Role of the research community
• Engage with key initiatives: e.g. RSPO, HCSA, etc
• Understand social dimensions of deforestation
• Assess & predict macro-level outcomes of policies/
commitments:
• How can we save the most forest?
• Risk of split markets?
• Assess effectiveness of local-level interventions in
different ‘real-world’ conditions… less meta-
analyses (sorry)!
Some relevant reports
• Proforest: Delivering company commitments to zero
deforestation commodity supply chains
https://www.proforest.net/en/publications/delivering-company-
commitments-to-zero-deforestation-commodity-supply-chains
• Climate Focus: The Commodities and Forests Agenda 2020:
Ten Priorities to Remove Tropical Deforestation from
Commodity Supply Chains
http://www.climatefocus.com/publications/commodities-and-
forests-agenda-2020-ten-priorities-remove-tropical-
deforestation
