COMMON CARP COMMON CARP BREEDINGBREEDING

Common Carp has the largest history Common Carp has the largest history of culture as early as 475 BC.of culture as early as 475 BC.

Common Carp is world wide in Common Carp is world wide in distribution.distribution.

It is cultured in most of the countries It is cultured in most of the countries like Indonesia and Europe.like Indonesia and Europe.

It is non predatory, when cultured with It is non predatory, when cultured with Indian major Carps it competes with Indian major Carps it competes with C.C. mrigalamrigala only in feeding habit. only in feeding habit.

For the first time the spawning of Common For the first time the spawning of Common Carp was advocated in China. Carp was advocated in China.

It can be made to spawn in stagnant waters It can be made to spawn in stagnant waters provided that there must be some aquatic provided that there must be some aquatic vegetation for attaching its adhesive eggs.vegetation for attaching its adhesive eggs.

It breeds seasonally in temperate It breeds seasonally in temperate climate and round the year in tropics. climate and round the year in tropics.

The stimulus for spawning is a rise in The stimulus for spawning is a rise in water temperature. water temperature.

The oldest variation of this technique in The oldest variation of this technique in the Dubisch method, which is practiced the Dubisch method, which is practiced in Europe and Indonesia. in Europe and Indonesia.

The Common Carp is native of The Common Carp is native of temperate regions of Asia, especially temperate regions of Asia, especially of China.of China.

At present the Common Carp is of At present the Common Carp is of global distribution, temperate as well global distribution, temperate as well as tropical regions. as tropical regions.

COMMON CARPCOMMON CARP

Voracious Omnivorous feeders. Voracious Omnivorous feeders. Grows very fast in culture system.Grows very fast in culture system. It is non predatory.It is non predatory.

SpeciesSpecies

Cyprinus Carpio var. Communis - Scale Carp.Cyprinus Carpio var. Communis - Scale Carp. Cyprinus Carpio var. specularis - Mirror Carp.Cyprinus Carpio var. specularis - Mirror Carp. Cyprinus Carpio var. nudus - Cyprinus Carpio var. nudus - Leather Carp. Leather Carp.

..

Cyprinus Carpio var. Cyprinus Carpio var. Cyprinus Carpio var. specularis -Mirror CarpCyprinus Carpio var. specularis -Mirror Carp..

Cyprinus Carpio var. nudus - Leather CarpCyprinus Carpio var. nudus - Leather CarpCyprinus Carpio var. Cyprinus Carpio var. communiscommunis

BREEDING TECHNIQUESBREEDING TECHNIQUES It breeds throughout the year. It breeds throughout the year.

The gonado somatic index of female ranges The gonado somatic index of female ranges from 15-25% of the body weight. from 15-25% of the body weight.

The male have highly developed testes and The male have highly developed testes and some have the abdomen bulging as similar some have the abdomen bulging as similar to female so that some times, the weight of to female so that some times, the weight of the testes may be as high as 20-30% of the the testes may be as high as 20-30% of the total body weight.total body weight.

Breeding place-Breeding place-Naturally breeds in confined water shallow Naturally breeds in confined water shallow marginal weeds, weed infested area.marginal weeds, weed infested area.

Female GSI vary from 18.0-24% total weight Female GSI vary from 18.0-24% total weight of the fish. of the fish.

Male GSI vary from 20-30% of total body Male GSI vary from 20-30% of total body weight of the fish.weight of the fish.

Fertilized eggs, Small spherical demersal Fertilized eggs, Small spherical demersal and adhesive. and adhesive.

• DiameterDiameter - - vary from 1.0-2.0 mm.vary from 1.0-2.0 mm.• Yolk -Yolk - Yellow to light brown in Yellow to light brown in

colour.colour.

Hatching time-Hatching time- 7-1/2 days at temperature 12°C.7-1/2 days at temperature 12°C. 3-1/2 days at temperature 20°C.3-1/2 days at temperature 20°C. 2 days at temperature 28 to 32°C.2 days at temperature 28 to 32°C.

Breeding Behaviour Breeding Behaviour Breeds throughout the year with two-peak Breeds throughout the year with two-peak

seasonseason

• IIstst February & March, at temperature 18- February & March, at temperature 18-

20°C. 20°C. • IIIIndnd July & August, at temperature 18-30°C. July & August, at temperature 18-30°C.

Breeding systemsBreeding systems

Four breeding systems are Four breeding systems are followed:followed:

IndiaIndia EuropeEurope IndonesiaIndonesia ChinaChina

Breeding Technique followed in Breeding Technique followed in IndiaIndia

1. In India:1. In India:

Breeding of Breeding of CC. . CarpioCarpio is done by is done by three methods three methods

– In Hapa.In Hapa.– In Cement cisterns.In Cement cisterns.– In Pond it self.In Pond it self.

Pair- 1 Female: 2 Male of equal Pair- 1 Female: 2 Male of equal weight.weight.

Egg Collectors - NaturalEgg Collectors - Natural

Vallisneria, Potamogeton, Hydrilla, Vallisneria, Potamogeton, Hydrilla, Najas, Myriophyllum, Ceratophyllum, Najas, Myriophyllum, Ceratophyllum, Pistia and other floating aquatic Pistia and other floating aquatic vegetation. vegetation.

Egg Collectors - Artificial Egg Collectors - Artificial

Kakabans- made of coconut fibers. Kakabans- made of coconut fibers.

Kakabans- made of synthetic fibers of Kakabans- made of synthetic fibers of nylon.nylon.

Time of breedingTime of breeding

Two main peak of breeding have been Two main peak of breeding have been observed.observed.

Feb-April and July-August.Feb-April and July-August.

Breeding Technique Breeding Technique

Brood fishes are released in hapa or in Brood fishes are released in hapa or in cement cisterns preferably in the evening.cement cisterns preferably in the evening.

In pond it starts in the morning. It In pond it starts in the morning. It takes from 6-10 hours for spawning. takes from 6-10 hours for spawning.

Quantity of egg collectorQuantity of egg collector

2 kg of aquatic grass/ per set of 2 kg of aquatic grass/ per set of

brood of 1 kg body weight.brood of 1 kg body weight.

1 kg of egg collectors contains about 1 kg of egg collectors contains about 40-100,000 eggs at a time. 40-100,000 eggs at a time.

Brood CareBrood Care

Male and female breeders are Male and female breeders are segregated a few months prior to breeding segregated a few months prior to breeding season and stocked in separate brood season and stocked in separate brood pond. pond.

Brooders are fed regularly on artificial Brooders are fed regularly on artificial feed made of rice-polish and oil cake in 1:1 feed made of rice-polish and oil cake in 1:1 ratio at 2-3% of their body weightratio at 2-3% of their body weight

NEED OF ARTIFICIAL NEED OF ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATIONPROPAGATION

1.1. Practically it has been proved that natural Practically it has been proved that natural propagation of the common carp is propagation of the common carp is unsuccessful in most of the year in some unsuccessful in most of the year in some places. places.

2.2. Predatory and weed fishes destroy the Predatory and weed fishes destroy the eggs, larvae and fry. eggs, larvae and fry.

3.3. Large-scale seed production of this fish Large-scale seed production of this fish before and after its natural propagation.before and after its natural propagation.

4.4. Where carp breeding ponds are not Where carp breeding ponds are not available and the natural propagation is available and the natural propagation is limited limited by the lack of adequate breeding by the lack of adequate breeding facilities. facilities.

5.5. Transportation of eggs and larvae are easy Transportation of eggs and larvae are easy for culture purposes. for culture purposes.

6.6. Great number of small carp fingerlings are Great number of small carp fingerlings are needed for distribution. needed for distribution.

7.7. Some times number of males is insufficient Some times number of males is insufficient for successful natural propagationfor successful natural propagation

8.8. Natural carp if caught from river are Natural carp if caught from river are needed for propagation purposes, to needed for propagation purposes, to maintain maintain proper population density of this proper population density of this fish in natural water. fish in natural water.

9.9. Sudden change of weather or water Sudden change of weather or water temperature may kill the eggs and young temperature may kill the eggs and young larvae larvae in natural spawning. in natural spawning.

10.10. Improvement of carp strains are done Improvement of carp strains are done through through selective breeding, genetic selective breeding, genetic crossing crossing and hybridizationand hybridization..

The technique and procedure for artificial The technique and procedure for artificial propagation of the common carp may be propagation of the common carp may be described under 5 stages as follows-described under 5 stages as follows-

1. 1. Brood care Brood care

2. Preparation of brooders for 2. Preparation of brooders for hypophysation.hypophysation.

3. Hypophysation 3. Hypophysation

4. Striping of the sexual products; 4. Striping of the sexual products; fertilization of eggs up to fertilization of eggs up to

hatching.hatching.

5. Incubation of fertilized eggs up to 5. Incubation of fertilized eggs up to hatching. hatching.

(A) Preparation of breeders(A) Preparation of breeders

One or two days before One or two days before hypophysation breeders are kept for hypophysation breeders are kept for conditioning.conditioning.

When females are ripe then there is When females are ripe then there is no need of conditioning.no need of conditioning.

Males are ripe when milt comes out Males are ripe when milt comes out after light pressure. after light pressure.

Feeding with protein rich diet. Feeding with protein rich diet.

(B) Hypophysation(B) Hypophysation

1.1. Place where the hypophysed breeders are Place where the hypophysed breeders are to be kept.to be kept.

2.2. Hypophysis solution.Hypophysis solution.

3.3. If necessary, solution for anaesthetization If necessary, solution for anaesthetization the females.the females.

4.4. Anaesthetized males and females can be Anaesthetized males and females can be kept together or separate. kept together or separate.

Hypophysis solutionHypophysis solution

1.1. Acetone dried P.G. of fish one or 2mg/kg Acetone dried P.G. of fish one or 2mg/kg weight. weight.

2.2. The weight remains 2-4 mg after The weight remains 2-4 mg after preservation in acetone. preservation in acetone.

3.3. 1 hypophysis for 1 kg fish.1 hypophysis for 1 kg fish.

4.4. 1 hypophysis for male fish having 1 hypophysis for male fish having irrespective of its weight.irrespective of its weight.

5.5. Solvent 0.6-0.7% Nacl Solution.Solvent 0.6-0.7% Nacl Solution.

70 N. saline solution +30 parts 70 N. saline solution +30 parts glycerine. glycerine.

5.5. Quantity of solution is requiring 0.5 ml Quantity of solution is requiring 0.5 ml for 1 ball of P.G.for 1 ball of P.G.

6.6. Solution of homogenized is kept for Solution of homogenized is kept for settlement through gravity or by settlement through gravity or by centrifuge.centrifuge.

For anaesthetizing process the 0.5 gms For anaesthetizing process the 0.5 gms MS 222 in 50ml. solution.MS 222 in 50ml. solution.

SEXUALITYSEXUALITY

MaleMale

Pectoral fin rough to touch.Pectoral fin rough to touch.

Milt oozes when belly is pressed towards the Milt oozes when belly is pressed towards the vent. vent.

Vent deep pit like, not projecting out. Vent deep pit like, not projecting out.

Pectoral fin bigger in comparison to females at Pectoral fin bigger in comparison to females at full maturity.full maturity.

Pelvic fin is also bigger in comparison to female Pelvic fin is also bigger in comparison to female and reaches up to the vent. and reaches up to the vent.

FemaleFemale Pectoral fin soft to touch and small in Pectoral fin soft to touch and small in

comparison to male. comparison to male.

Pelvic fin shorter and do not cover the vent.Pelvic fin shorter and do not cover the vent.

Vent slightly projecting like a small papilla Vent slightly projecting like a small papilla with a narrow median slit.with a narrow median slit.

Egg comes out when belly is pressed Egg comes out when belly is pressed towards the vent.towards the vent.

Belly soft and bulging. Belly soft and bulging.

Maturation Maturation

Climatic factors like temperature is an Climatic factors like temperature is an important factor for the maturation of important factor for the maturation of common carp.common carp.

In Europe it attains maturity in 3rd year.In Europe it attains maturity in 3rd year.

In Japan it attains in 2nd year.In Japan it attains in 2nd year.

In India it attains with in 6 months but In India it attains with in 6 months but generally in first year.generally in first year.

Breeding period in tropical regionBreeding period in tropical region February to April.February to April. July to August.July to August.

FecundityFecundity It differs in different countries according to the It differs in different countries according to the

body weight.body weight.

RussiaRussia -15% of the body weight-15% of the body weight JapanJapan -3.1 to 16.4% average 10.4% of the -3.1 to 16.4% average 10.4% of the

body weight. body weight. In case of males the testes represent less than In case of males the testes represent less than

1% but in few cases testes constitute up to 20-1% but in few cases testes constitute up to 20-30% of the body weight. 30% of the body weight.

Ecological requirement for spawning Ecological requirement for spawning of Common Carpof Common Carp

Suitable egg collectors.Suitable egg collectors.

Water level, quality of water, light Water level, quality of water, light intensity, temperature, and rainfall.intensity, temperature, and rainfall.

Sudden flush of well oxygenated water.Sudden flush of well oxygenated water.

Optimum day temperature 18Optimum day temperature 18°°C to 20C to 20°°C.C.

Selection of BreedersSelection of Breeders

Methods adopted for breedingMethods adopted for breeding

Dubisch methodDubisch method

Sudanese methodSudanese method

Central Sumatra method Central Sumatra method

Methods followed in IndiaMethods followed in India

Hypophysation of Hypophysation of C. CarpioC. Carpio

Solution of Nacl and carbamide (urea) Solution of Nacl and carbamide (urea)

Co (NHCo (NH22) ) 22 prevents the eggs for prevents the eggs for sticking.sticking.

Hatching technique.Hatching technique.

Controlled breeding of Controlled breeding of C. CarpioC. Carpio

(1) Distilled water = 10 lit (1) Distilled water = 10 lit MS 222 (0.5g/50ml water) MS 222 (0.5g/50ml water)

30 gm = urea30 gm = urea

40gm = Sodium chloride (Iodine free). 40gm = Sodium chloride (Iodine free).

5 lit: 5 lit5 lit: 5 lit

(2) Tanin 15gm/litres of water.(2) Tanin 15gm/litres of water.

(3) Full cream powdered milk. (3) Full cream powdered milk.

(12 to 24 gm/liter of water)(12 to 24 gm/liter of water)

Fecundity =Fecundity =

No. of eggs in sub sample x total weight of No. of eggs in sub sample x total weight of ovaryovary

Total body weight of fish.Total body weight of fish.

Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) =Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) =

Weight of ovary x 100Weight of ovary x 100

Total body weightTotal body weight

Removal of stickiness of Removal of stickiness of eggseggs

A solution comprising 0.4% sodium chloride A solution comprising 0.4% sodium chloride and 0.3% urea is gradually added to the and 0.3% urea is gradually added to the eggs over a period of approximately one eggs over a period of approximately one hour during water hardening.hour during water hardening.

This has the effect of temporarily inhibiting This has the effect of temporarily inhibiting the development of adhesion while the development of adhesion while prolonging the fertilizing capacity of the prolonging the fertilizing capacity of the sperm for this treatment to be effective it is sperm for this treatment to be effective it is essential that the eggs should continuously essential that the eggs should continuously be stirred. be stirred.

The supernatant liquid is then decanted and The supernatant liquid is then decanted and the eggs washed twice with fresh hatchery the eggs washed twice with fresh hatchery water before treatment with a 0.16% water before treatment with a 0.16% solution of tannic acid. solution of tannic acid.

This solution is removed after This solution is removed after approximately 10 seconds and eggs washed approximately 10 seconds and eggs washed three 0times with fresh water. three 0times with fresh water.

Suspension of textile starts and mixtures of Suspension of textile starts and mixtures of full cream milk and clay at concentration of full cream milk and clay at concentration of 10-25 g/l have also been used to render the 10-25 g/l have also been used to render the eggs non-adhesive. eggs non-adhesive.

Controlled BreedingControlled BreedingSuturing Suturing

MS 222 (0.5g)/50 ml water used as MS 222 (0.5g)/50 ml water used as anesthetics anesthetics

0.6-0.7% NaCl solution for PGE0.6-0.7% NaCl solution for PGE

(1)(1) 2.5 mg - 3.5mg PGE in 2.5 mg - 3.5mg PGE in Nacl+ glycerin in the ratio of 70:30Nacl+ glycerin in the ratio of 70:30

(2)(2) 30g urea. 40 g sodium chloride. 30g urea. 40 g sodium chloride. {10 litres of distilled water}{10 litres of distilled water}

Artificial fertilizationArtificial fertilization

After ovulation, ova flow freely through the After ovulation, ova flow freely through the genital opening of the female carp.genital opening of the female carp.

The ova are collected in the dry vessel The ova are collected in the dry vessel before fertilization. before fertilization.

The fecundity varies from 1 lakh to 1.25 lakh The fecundity varies from 1 lakh to 1.25 lakh sperm is collected same way into lots of sperm is collected same way into lots of 200-300 g corresponding to the capacity of 200-300 g corresponding to the capacity of glass jar and sperm from three different glass jar and sperm from three different males is mixed for several minutes. males is mixed for several minutes.