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: Commons vs Crisis

Bonefeld, W., 2001. 2009. Primitive Accumulation and Capitalist Accumulation:

Economic Categories and Social Constitution,

- 2010. History and Human Emancipation: Struggle, Uncertainty and

Openness, Journal of Socialist Theory Volume 38, Issue 1.

Caffentzis, G 2004. A Tale of Two Conferences: Globalization, the Crisis of

Neoliberalism and Question of the Commons.

- 2010. The Future Of The Commons: Neoliberalisms Plan B Or The Original

Disaccumulation Of Capital? New Formations. is. 69 imperial ecologies, pp23-41.

Chandra P., Basu D., 2007. Neoliberalism and Primitive Accumulation in India,

The need to go beyond capital.

Coase, R.H., 1988. The Problem of Social Cost. In The rm, the market and

the Law. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

De Angelis, M., 2001. Marx and primitive accumulation: The continuous

character of capitals enclosures, Commoner n. 02.

- 2006. Enclosures, Commons and the Outside. Paper presented at theannual meeting of the International Studies Association, Town & Country

Resort and Convention Center, San Diego, California, USA, Mar 22, 2006.

- 2009. The tragedy of the capitalist commons, turbulence 5, London:

turbulence.

- 2010 The Production of Commons and the Explosion of the Middle Class,

Antipode Vol. 42 No. 4 2010 pp 954977.

De Angelis, M. and Stavrides 2010. On the Commons, A Public Interview,

e-ux j. 17Federici, S., 2011. Feminism And the Politics of the Commons, he

Commoner.

Hardin G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons, Science, 162: 1243-1248.

Harvey, D., 2011. The future of the commons, Radicale History Review issue

109.

Linebaugh, P., 2008. The Magna Carta Manifesto: Liberties and Commons for

All, University of California Press.

Luxemburg R., (1971) The Accumulation of Capital, London: Routledge and


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Kegan Paul Ltd.

Marx K. [1867] 2009. , (. .), : -

.

- [1844] 1975, , (. . -

), : .

Marx, K., Engels F. 1980. Die heilige Familie, MEW 2, Dietz, Berlin.

Midnight Notes Collective and Friends, 2009. Promissory Notes: From Crises

to Commons

Negri A 2008. commonwealth, (. .),

: .Ostrom, E., [1990] 2002. , (.

.), : .


25/161

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.

- .

, ,

, .

,

-

. ,

,

-

. ,

,

. -

,

.

- (distorted


69/161

69

commons),

. , -

- -

(distorted commons).

-

. , -

, -

-

(non-commodied common spaces and

resources). , -

-

.

. , -

.

,

-

, . -

.

-

-

, -

(- ,

..).

,

.


70/161

70

commons vs crisis

,

,

. ,

-

.

.

. -

, -,

- ,

-

.

-

.

. ,

:

, . , :

- . , -

:

-

. , ,

- , - -

(distorted)

. , -

, -

(, -

, , )- :

.


71/161

71

(reclaiming commons)2

, ;

. ,

. , -

:

. ,

-

, -

-

.

(.. ) - .

-

-

,

2. reclaim

,

-

- (

-),

, -

.


72/161

72

commons vs crisis

. ,

, , .

-

;

,

;

-

- - -

(distorted commons). ,

( -

) .

,

. -

,

, , -

. .

,

-

- .

:

( ) .


73/161

73

4. -: -

1

Werner Bonefeld2

3

, , .

.

(Caffentzis, 1999). -

, (Federici, 1997). -

--

(Dalla Costa, 1995a,

1. : The

Commoner 2, 2001, http://www.commoner.org.

uk/02bonefeld.pdf, . , AthensIndymedia (6 2005).

2. Werner Bonefeld -

York ,

Open Marxism

K (1991), What is to Be done (2002),

Subverting the Present, Imagine the Future (2010).

3. Massimo De Angelis

.


74/161

74

commons vs crisis

1995b). Marx

,

(Marx, 1983, p. 707),

.

-

. ,

, -

,

. ,

. ,

. , ,

-

.

. , , -

-

,

.

-

- . -

. -

.

, -

- .


75/161

75

, -

- , -

(clearing of the estates)-

: . , ,

-

. -

, -

.

,

Luxemburg (1963), -

(capitalism proper) -

-

. Luxemburg, ,

, , ,

. , ,

(original accumulation)

, , -

:

-. , , -

-

.

Luxemburg -

, , -

.


76/161

76

commons vs crisis

Amin, 1970,

: -

- ,

. -

, , ,

(Amin, 1974, p. 3).4

-

-

, , ,

-

. Marx (1973, p. 515) ,

- -

- -

(propertylessness) . -

- -

.

Marx

[ ]

.5

4. de Angelis (1999). -

De Angelis -

. Bonefeld

(1988; 2001).

5. Marx (1966, Ch. 48).


77/161

77

-

.6 Marx, ,

, , , -

, []

(Marx, 1972, p. 508) , , -

(Marx, 1962, p. 90).7

,

, , (Marx, 1972, p. 515).

:

-

(Marx, 1966, p. 391). -

; -

(.., p. 818). , , -

,

. ,

. -

, Marx, [

6. Marx (1966, p. 880; 1972, p. 491).

7. verrckt form,

absurd form (Marx, 1983, p. 80). absurd. -

, verrckt : verrckt (mad/)

ver-rckt (displaced/). , perverted forms

mad displaced. -

perversion / perverted /

.


78/161

78

commons vs crisis

] [ -

] (Marx, 1962, p. 95). .8 -

:

,

,

,

, -

,

(Marx, 1973, p. 489).

. -

.

- . , -

, ,

(Marx, 1972, p.

272). -

(..).

Marx, -

. ...

( )

.

8.

.


79/161

79

( )

(.., p. 89). -

, , -

(Krahl, 1971,

p.223). ,

[] ...[] (Marx, 1972, p. 272).

-

(Marx, 1972, p. 422)

[ ]

(..). -

, ,

-

, . , -

(Marx, 1966, p. 880).

(..).

,

,

,

(..). , -

(aufgehoben)

. , , -

. ,

-

-


80/161

80

commons vs crisis

, , -

, -

(Marx, 1973, p. 460). , -

-

. , ,

- -

(Marx, 1983, p. 585).

, -

.9 -

,

-- (wage-labouring commodity).

,

, ,

.

Marx:

-

.

, -

.

,

9. : Negt Kluge (1981).


81/161

81

, , . , , -

, -

,

, -

(Marx, 1983, pp. 77-8).

, ,

: -

. -

.

, -

, .

, , -

, , - .

,

, (Marx, 1973, p. 162).

(.., pp. 163-64).

, , - , , ,

.

,

,

.

(cf. Negri, 1984)

, , ,


82/161

82

commons vs crisis

(Marx, 1983, p.

555). . , ,

.

, [ ] -

,

(..).

, ,

.

-

(Marx, 1963, p.

408). ,

-

(Gambino, 1996, p. 55).

- -

,

- , , ,

(Marx, 1973, pp. 452-53). -

(Marx, 1972,

p. 422). , Marx,

(..).

, Marx

, , -

, ,


83/161

83

, . ,

-

, -

(.. 422).

(.. p. 271).

, , -

-

. , -

. Marx

, [bildet] [Begriff]

(Marx, 1966, p. 246). -

-

(Marx, 1978, p. 116) -

,

(Marx, 1983, p. 85). -, ,

,

.10 , , -

-

(pre-positing) .11

: - -

-

,

. ,

-

10. Holloway (1995).

11. Psychopedis (1992).


84/161

84

commons vs crisis

(Clarke, 1982, p. 80).

12

-

, ,

.

. -

, ,

.

, ,

-

, , -

(

) (Marx, 1966, p. 246).

, -, -

.

-

,

,

, .

,

, -, , , ,

, ,

, [] -

. -

-

12. , Bonefeld (1993).


85/161

85

, , -

, , , , -

[ ]

, ...,

, -

(Marx,

1972, pp. 475-76). -

. . -

,

.

, ,

[] .

, [] , [

] - , -

,

, ,

, -

, , ,

,

-

(Marx, 1972, pp. 507-8).

, , -

,

[Dasein] . ,

,

,


86/161

86

commons vs crisis

. ,

-

(Marx, 1973, p. 458).

, , . -

,

(..).

,

,

.

() () .13

Horkheimer (1985, p. 246),

.

, ,

. ,

, .

(Negri, 1992, p. 70).

,

.14 -

, ,

13. , , Brenner (1998), -

.

14. Bonefeld (1999) Lebowitz (1999).


87/161

87

. Marx

: -

. ,

, ! , ,

, ,

,

,

a person apart.

(Marx/Engels, 1980, p. 98). Marx (unreected) -

:

. ,

Marcuse ,

,

(1988, p. 151).

-

- , , -

. , ,

,

(Jessop, 1991).

- , -

:

-

-

(Negri, 1992, p. 70). -

:


88/161

88

commons vs crisis

(Marx, 1972, p. 492)

-

, ,

(Marx, 1983, p. 555).

(.., p. 568)

,

.

, , ,

[ ]: ,

,

[]

, -

. ,

, sine qua non -

(.., pp. 535-36). -

, , -

.

Marx,

-

,

(Marx, 1972 p. 272, Marx,

1983, p. 688). -

(Marx, 1973, p. 507).

, (object-

less labour) (.., p. 508).

, -


89/161

89

. ,

- (.., p. 555)

.

(Urquhart, Marx, 1983, p.

343), , -

-

,

[Mensch] (cf. Marx, 1977, p. 155). , ,

,

(Marx, 1983,

p. 317).

-

.

(Marx, 1973, p. 399).

. -

, -,

.

. -

, ,

.15 - -

15. ,

,

, . ,

(actual) ... -


90/161

90

commons vs crisis

,

, , , Marx

. -

, -

(Gewalt),

, ,

,

, ,

, , , , , -

-

,

.

, -

, ,

-

- . , (value form)

. -

(cf. Marx, 1973, p. 105).

-

, , ,

[Mensch], , ,

...

[] .

,

, , , ,

(Marx, 1966, p. 820). -

Wildcat Holloway (Wildcat, 1999).


91/161

91

,

. -

.

,

(Dalla Costa, 1995a,

p. 21). -.

-

,

-

, -

.

(Dalla Costa, 1995a,b, Caffentzis, 1995) -

.

- -

-

. (cf. Agnoli, 2000)

(cf.

Godelier, 2000),

. Marx (1983, p. 447)

, ... , . -

:

. -

. -

. -

, .


92/161

92

commons vs crisis

, ,

forces propres

(Marx, 1964, p. 370). Marx

,

.

. -

(, , )

-

- -

(Marx and Engels, 1962, p. 74).

Adorno (1975, p. 44), -

. , ,

-

.

.

. -

, , ,

,

, (dignities)

, -

(cf. Marx, 1983,p.85). -

, .


93/161

93

, , , (Marx,

1983, p. 309). , ,

-

, , ,

,

, (cf.

Marx, 1975, p. 182). ,

(object-less labour). -

, ,

.

.

Adorno, T. (1975), Gesellschaftstheorie und Kulturkritik,Suhrkamp, Frankfurt.

Agnoli, J. (2000), The Market, the State and the End of History,

in Bonefeld, W. and K. Psychopedis (eds) The Politics of Change,

Plagrave, London.

Amin, S. (1974), Accumulation on a World Scale. A critique of the

theory of Underdevelopment, Monthly Review Press, New York.

Bonefeld, W. (1988), Class Struggle and the Permanence of

Primitive Accumulation, Common Sense no. 8.Bonefeld, W. (1993), Crisis of Theory, Capital & Class, no. 50.

Bonefeld, W. (1999), Notes on Competition, Capitalist Crises and

Class, Historical Materialism, no. 5.

Bonefeld, W. (2001), Labour, Capital and Primitive Accumulation:

Class and Constitution, forthcoming in Dinerstein, A. and M.

Neary (eds) The Labour Debate, Ashgate, Aldershot.

Brenner, R. (1998), The Economics of Global Turbulance, New

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Caffentzis, G. (1995), The Fundamental Implications of the Debt

Crisis for Social Reproduction in Africa, in Dalla Costa, M. andG.F. Dalla Costa (eds) Paying the Price, Zed Books, London.

Caffentzis, G. (1999), The End of Work or the Rennzissance of

Slavery?, Common Sense, no. 24.

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Common Sense no. 17.

Dalla Costa, M. (1995b), Capitalism and Reproduction, in

Bonefeld, W. etal. (eds.) Open Marxism: Emancipating Marx,

Pluto, London.de Angelis, M. (1999), Marxs Theory of Primitive Accumulation: a

Suggested Reinterpretation

Federici, S. (1997), Reproduction and Feminist Struggle in the

New International Division of Labour, in Dalla Costa, M. and

G.F. Dalla Costa (eds) Women, Development and Labour

Reproduction, African World Press, Lawrenceville.

Gambino, R. (1996), A Critique of the Fordism and the Regulation

School, Common Sense no. 19.Godelier, M. (2000), The Disappearance of the Socialist System:

Failure or Conrmation of Marxs View on the Transition from

One Form of Production and Society to Another?, in Bonefeld,

W. and K. Psychopedis (eds), The Politics of Change, Palgrave,

London.

Holloway, J. (1995), Capital Moves, Capital & Class no. 57.

Horkheimer, M. (1985), Zur Kritik der instrumentellen Vernunft,

Fischer, Frankfurt.Jessop, B. (1991), Polar Bears and Class Struggle, in Bonefeld, W.

and J. Holloway (eds) Post-Fordism and Social Form, Macmillan,

London.

Krahl, J. (1971), Konstitution und Klassenkampf, Verlag Neue

Kritik, Frankfurt, 4th ed. 1985.

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Luxemburg, R. (1963), The Accumulation of Capital, Routldege,


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Marcuse, H. (1988), Philosophy and Critical Theory, in ibid.Negations, Free Association Press, London.

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Wishart, London.

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Wishart, London.Marx, K. (1973), Grundrisse, Penguin, Harmondsworth.

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Law. Introduction, Collected Works, vol. 3, Lawrence & Wishart,

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Holloway - A Debate on Marxism and the Politics of Dignity,

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96

commons vs crisis

5. : 1

Midnight Notes2

-

-

. -

.

,

, , .

: 2008 .

1. Promissory Notes: From Crisis to Commons,

Midnight Notes Collective 2009: http://www.midnightnotes.

org/Promissory%20Notes.pdf, -.

2. Midnight Notes Collective 1979 ,

George Caffentzis, Silvia Federici, Ian Boal,

Peter Linebaugh, .., 3

, , -

, , , - ,

.

Midnight Notes Collective http://www.

midnightnotes.org/


97/161

97

: ,

, -

.

. , ,

.

. ,

, -

, , , .

,

, .

-

.

, - .

, 2008 ( -

).

-

.

;

,

-

.

,

-

. ,


98/161

98

commons vs crisis

,

[hedge-funds]

. , -

,

,

.

-

.

21

19 ,

, -

,

.

, , -

. , -

.

(

).

. ,

: , -

, .

-

, , -

. 1930, -


99/161

99

,

, .

, -

. ,

-

. -

,

. ,

. -

...

, (-

, ,

) -,

.

-

: ,

;

, -

, 19 : . 1848:

...,

.

, ,

,

.

:


100/161

100

commons vs crisis

,

. , .

, ,

.

-

.

, -

. :

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. (commoning).

.

5. .

1. : -

-

New Deal. ,

New Deal.

, .

, -

.

, . ,

-


101/161

101

,

. -

-

.

-

, -

-

, .

, , 80 90.

, -

. ,

, -

, ... -

. . -

-

( ),

-

.

-

, !

, -

[nancialization] -

, ,

,

.

-

-


102/161

102

commons vs crisis

,

.,

( )

-

,

New Deal.

. , -

-

. , /

: -

, .

.. (

,

.)

. ,

New Deal. New Deal )

-

, ) -

)

. New Deal

, ,

,

.

. -

,

-

30. (


103/161

103

..)

New Deal, -

,

60 70

New Deal.

,

,

, -

-

. , ,

-

. ,

( ) 70.

, 70

-

-

-.

80

-

:

.

, -

.

30 ,

.

, , -

.

-

, -


104/161

104

commons vs crisis

( 19 ). -

,

: -

, ,

-

,

(. MN, 1997).

( ) ,

( P.M, 1985) A-deal ( -

),B-deal ( ) C-deal (

).

A-deal:

1981,

- 1985, -

(

).

B-deal: -

, -

-

.

C-deal: ,

()

() .


105/161

105

, ,

. -

,

.

.

,

90

-

sweatshops .

, -

1997 -

.

,

.

- . -

,

. , -

hedgefunds .

,

. , -

( )

( ).

-

.

, .

-


106/161

106

commons vs crisis

( )

. . , , -

: -

,

-

; / / /

:

/ 100%.

, 50%. ;

,

.

-

. , -

,

. -

,

.

,

;

,

: -

) )

( )

. , -

-

. , , -


107/161

107

.

, , ) ).)

, -

( , -

),

. ,

.

. , ,

,

.

400% 1996-2006,

300% 1990-2005,

2000 2005.

.

-

.

1/10

-

100%. 1/5

. , -

,

50%.

, -

, -

. -


108/161

108

commons vs crisis

, ,

-

-

1997, One

No and many Yeses (, 1997).

(

, -

)

.

.

, Gucci.

-

, -

.

:

-

-

.

-

. ,

, , . , ,

,

.

) /

. -

,

. ,


109/161

109

,

, , ,

(GM),

.

, -

.

, -

,

Monet.

. -

-

,

.

-

,

.

, , -

,

,

... ;

- .

;

-

. ,

, -


110/161

110

commons vs crisis

.

,

.

,

, -

,

., , -

-

, (

)

.

2. :

.

, ,

, -

:

. ,

, ;

.

30,

,

. , -

. ,


111/161

111

, . -

, ,

, . -

-

( )

-

, ,

(

, ...). ,

70, OPEC

-

.

() 1975 -

.

.

,

- . -

,

.

-

-


112/161

112

commons vs crisis

-

.

70 ,

,

,

.

. , :

1.

.

2.

/ .

3. (

).

4. - (, , ).

5.

.

6. , ,

-

.

1.

, ,

. -

GATT ( ) -


113/161

113

() 1994. ,

.

. -

, , ,

:

)

-

80, 1989, 1994.)

,

, , G8.

)

(

) , -

, ,

. .

. , Doha

, -

-

.

1998-2008 -

(

, ).

, ,

-

,


114/161

114

commons vs crisis

-

, -

.

2. -

-

1999. ,

, (, 2002). -

-

,

. -

-

. , ,

, , :

(OPEC) -

. , -

, , -

.

( -

). , ,

2011,

! ,

-

,

.


115/161

115

3.

-

1973.

-

,

70.

(.. ) .

, , ,

, , -

. ,

,

.

,

-

, . , .

-

, -

1997 (. , 1997).

,

, -

.

4. -

,

.

-

, -


116/161

116

commons vs crisis

.

, -

. , -

- (common

land) (

), -

.

-

. -

, -

,

(Movement for

the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, MEND). -

, - . ,

-

, .

Hubbert.

5. -

, . , -

, -

.

/ / /

; / -


117/161

117

/

-

;

, ,

-

, .

:

[subprime mortgages], ,

, -

401(k). ,

-

,

. ,

. -

, -

( , ), - . , , -

. -

,

. ,

(, -

, ...) .

,

.

.

.

,

.


118/161

118

commons vs crisis

,

. , -

-

/ /.

( )

.

.

, -

. -

,

, - .

,

(

), -

. ,

. ,

,

,

. ,

$1000 ,

. $1.000.000.000

, .

, 1.000.000


119/161

119

$1000 ,

!

.

, ,

. -

(

, -

) . , ,

,

,

. , -

.

[intra-class], [omni-class],

[inter-class]

.

6. -

(, ,

, )

, -

.

21 - ,

,

. ,

, ,

; , -

, ,

, ,

-


120/161


121/161

121

. (

) ,, ,

.

3.

-

: ) -

, )

) ,

, ,

.

:

I. -

;

,

.

-

, .

-

.

(

)

( -

,


122/161

122

commons vs crisis

, , -

offshore !) -

, ; -

,

-

,

;

-

-

,

(

) -

multipurpose (Citygroup),

(AIG), (BearStearns)

.

GM Chrysler -

AIG,

.

,

21 ,

: ) - , -

(

,

) -

) -

,

.


123/161

123

-

, Bubble Act 1720

, -

,

1720, Glass-Steagall Act

1929.

-

, -

.

, -

-

:

( ) ,

, ,

. 21 ,

20 , -

(

);

, - (

). -

. ,

(

) -

.

, -


124/161

124

commons vs crisis

. -

, -

(

)

.

.

II.

, 19 -

,

. 1860:

,

. ,

- , .

. -

(

).

. -

, (

) -

, , , ,

.

,

,

.

, 19 .


125/161

125

,

. ,

.

-

,

. , 19 ,

-

( ) .

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* Midnight Notes -www.midnightnotes.org.

Abramsky, Kolya. 2008. A Gathering of Dignied Rage.

http://zapagringo.blogspot.com.

De Angelis, Massimo. 2007. The Beginning of History: Value

Struggles and Global Capital.

commons vs crisis

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