commonwealth period
TRANSCRIPT
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1919-1934- Filipinos
campaigned for independence
and sent twelve independence
missions to America.1935- the Commonwealth of
the Philippines was finally
established.
July 4, 1946- this was the
preparatory step to the
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o . 1899-1901-Its was realize for a brief timewith the established for the First Philippine
Republic, only to be lost in a war against
Americans.oDefeated in a war, the people accepted
American rule, trained in the presence of
democracy, assimilated American politicaland cultural legacies. But they never ceased
to aspire for freedom.
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1907- the Philippine Assembly andthe later the Philippine Legislature
passed resolution expressing the
Filipino desire for independence. The Nacionalista Party won every
election because of its stirring cry:
Immediate Complete, and AbsoluteIndependence.
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During the First World War the Filipinostemporarily stopped their independence
campaign and supported the United States
against Germany. After the war they resumed
their independence drive with greater vigor. On
March 17, 1919, the Philippine Legislature
passed the famous Declaration of Purposes,
which stated the inflexible desire of the Filipinopeople to be free and sovereign.
February 28, 1919- Senate President Quezon,
left Manila to Washington. It consisted of 40
prominent Filipinos representing the political,
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President Wilson, in his farewell address toCongress on December 2, 1920,
recommended the granting of Philippine
Independence. Unfortunately, theRepublican Party then controlled
Congress, so that the recommendation of
the outgoing Democratic president was notheeded.
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The failure of the First IndependenceMission did not discourage the Filipino
people. In subsequent years other
indepence missions were sent across thePacific. The Second mission was sent in
1922, thre third in 1923, the fourth in
1924, the fifth in 1925, the sixth in 1927,
the seventh in 1928, the eight in 1930,
the ninth in 1931(OSROX MISSION), the
tenth (one-man mission consisting of
Benigno Aquino) in 1932,the eleventh in
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The OsRox Mission (1931) was a campaign for
self-government and United States recognition ofthe independence of the Philippines led by
former Senate President Sergio Osmea and
House Speaker Manuel Roxas. The mission
secured the HareHawesCutting Act, which
was rejected by the Philippine Legislature andManuel Quezon.
The OsRox Mission was the 9th IndependenceMission in a series of missions lasting from 1919
to 1933.[1] While the previous missions gave
good impressions of the Filipinos in the minds of
Americans, they were marked by
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The OsRox Mission stayed in the US the longest and
secured the passage of the HareHawesCutting
Act. It would establish the Philippine
Commonwealth as a transition government for 12years before receiving independence on July 4,
1946.[It separated the Philippine Legislature in two
"camps", the Antis and the Pros.The Pros were led
by Osmea and Roxas, who supported the act as
they believed it was the best one they could get out
of the US Congress.Senate President Manuel
Quezon led the Antis and objected the act due to its
"objectionable features.]He also believed that the
act did not truly grant the Philippines independence.
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The Philippine Legislature ended up rejecting the
OsRox Mission's work for the following reasons:
1.The provisions affecting the trade relationsbetween the United States and the Philippines
would seriously imperil the economic, social and
political institutions of the country and might
defeat the avowed purpose to secureindependence for the Philippines at the end of
the transition period.
2.The immigration clause was objectionable andoffensive to the Filipino people.
3.The powers of the High Commissioner were too
indefinite.
4.The military, naval and other reservations
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The HHC-act proved to be a disruptive factor in
the Philippine politics because it divided thepeople into two opposing camps theAntisandthe Pros. The Antis, led by Senate PresidentQuezon, opposed the act because of itas
objectionable features. The Pros, headed bySenator Osmea and Speaker Roxas, upheld iton ground that it was the best independencemeasure that could be obtained from Congress.
Before the final passage of the HHC-act, SenatePresident Quezon, who was in Manila,expressed his objections to the pendingindependence legislation. In December 1932, he
sent a one-man mission (Aquino) to Washingtonwith definite instruction re ardin his
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The following year Quezon left Manila at head of
the eleventh mission. The home-bound OSROX
Mission met the Quezon Mission in Paris. Thetwo missions failed to come to an understanding.
With strained relations, they returned together to
Manila.
It eclipsed the famous Osmea-Quezon fight in
1921, which split for the first time the
Nacionalistas into two warring factionsthe
unipersonalistas(Osmea Wing) and theColectivistas(Quezon Wing). On October 17,
1933, the Quezon-controlled Philippine
Legislature rejected the HHC-act. The following
month, Quezon himself led the twelfth mission to
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Following a series of conferences with President
Franklin D. Roosevelt and various Congressional
Leaders, Quezon was able to win Congress to
his side. A new independence measure, called
the Tydings-McDuffie Law (so named after itssponsors Senator Millard E. Tydings and
Representative John McDuffie), was passed and
signed by President Roosevelt on March 24,
1934. It was a revised copy of the spurned HHCact of 1933. The only difference from the HHC
act were the change in the title, the eleminetion
of military reservations, and the modification of
certain vague provisions.
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April 30, 1934Senate President Quezon
proudly returned to Manila with a copy of theTydings-McDuffie Law.
May 1The Philippine Legislature accepted the
law.
This did not end the controversy between the
Antis and the Pros, for the latter insisted that the
TydingsMcDuffie Law was the same as the
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law. June 5, 1934-the issue was presented to the
people in the general election. The Pros down in
defeat. Quezon and his men surged to power by
popular vote. Osmea and Roxas were reelected
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The Tydings-McDuffie Law authorized thePhilippine Legislature to call a
constitutional convention to draft the
Constitution of the Philippines.
May 5, 1934-the Philippine Legislature
passed an act setting the election of 202
delegates to the convention.
Governor-General Frank Murphy-
designated July 10 as the date of election
of delegates to the convention.
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Of the 202 delegates the majoritywere lawyers, including many who
had been judges, legislator, andcabinet men. Others were
educators, scholars, writers,
physicians, farmers,businessmen, labor leaders, and
religious ministers. With the
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TEODORO SANDIKO(74 YEARS OLD)
WENCESLAO VINZONS(25 YEARS OLD)
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At 10:30 am in the morning of July 30, 1934- the convention
met in inaugural session at the hall of the House of
Representative, Legislative Building, Manila. The Batanes
delegates were delayed in coming to Manila because of the
difficulty of transportation. A vast crowd jamming the SessionHall to witness the opening ceremonies.
The convenmtionb was formally opened by Senater President
Quezon. A solemn invocation over, President Quezon
delivered a short speech, after which he oprdered the callingof the roll of delegates. A quorum was declared Jose P.
Laurel, delegate from Batangas, was chosen temporary
chairman, and he presided over the election of the
Convention officers.
The elected officers of the Convenmtion were Claro M. Recto,
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The convention was too unwieldy a body to draft
a constitution. It was therefore, divided into two
committees. There were sevebn standing
commitees on the organization and the functionof the Convention and forty committees of the
constitution. The largest and the most powerful
of these committees was the Sponsorship
Committee of 87 members, with Delegate
Filemon Sotto as chairman.
According to the rules adopted by the
Convention, any delegate could submit
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After working for sometime over the numerousproposals received from the different committee,
the Sponsorship Committee found out that it
could not work fast enough owing to its large
membership. Accordingly, on October 8, 1934, itcreated a Sub-Committee of Seven to draft the
Constitution. This body was composed of
Filemon Sotto (chairman), Manuel A. Roxas,
Norberto Romualdez, Manuel C. Briones,Condrado Benitez, Miguel Cuaderno, and
Vicente Singson Encarnacion, they were called
the seven wise men by the press.
October 20, 1934- the sub-committee of seven
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January 31, 1935- the convention approved the
draft, with certain amendments.
February 8, 1935- the constitution was approvedby the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. Twenty-
two members were absent. One member had
died in August 1934. The only dissenting vote
was cast by Delegate Tomas Cabili of Lanao. The drafting of the constitution lasted six months-
from July 30. 1934 to February 1935, amidst
impressive ceremonies.
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The establishment of theCommonwealth of the
PhilippinesThe Philippines during the
Commonwealth EraAgrarian Unrest in Central
Luzon
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Reorganization of the Government Filipinization of the Judiciary
Granting of Woman Suffrage
Creation of New Charted Cities
The Adaptation of a National Language Promotion of Social Justice
Promotion of the Education of the Filipinos
Compulsory Military Training of Able-Bodied Filipino Youths
Creation of the JPCA(Joint Preparatory Committee on PhilippineAffairs
Agricultural Development
Enhancement of Domestic Trade
Passage of Three Amendments to the 1935 Constitution
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