communication on child welfare (the indonesian experience ... · jjjje realized that the issues we...

Communication On Child Welfare (The Indonesian Experience)

By

Wagiono, NNajoan,

M Z Rachman &

LI Rilantono

Paper No.6

ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library

COMMUNICATION ON CHILD WELFARE (THE INDONESIAN EXPERIENCE)

THE INDONESIAN CHILD WELFARE FOUNDATION (ICWF)

I. INTRODUCTION

Ten years ago, when The Indonesian Child Welfare Foundation was

founded, there were many other charity foundations and social

organizations working in the field to improve and helping

children in their rehabilitation center or dorm. These children

are victims of conditions caused by health, family, social,

cultural and other problems j

While the other organizations continuing their fruitfull and

dedicative effort, The Indonesian Child Welfare Foundation come

with a question: Could we do something to improve these

situations ? ; Could we create circumstances that enable us to

prepare the coming of the new generations of Indonesian, healthy

in body and mind and ready to challenge the world of tomorrow ?

This question had triggered many others and the foundation has

responsed them with programmes and activities that reflect our

vision about what we have to do for the children today and in the

future.

jjjje realized that the issues we challenged are multi-faceted and

imposed many problems and obstacles. They are too huge to deal

with by only one organization. And, in the 10 years experience we

learn that the key to answer the problems and to overcome these

obstacles are communications.

With this understanding, we have been working in several

activities and pilot projects which are actually communication

programmes in nature. We have tried to communicate with people,

parents, governments, decission makers, international bodies arid

other child welfare organizations.

1


Through publications, library, information and document center,

seminars, workshops and conferences on national levels. We work

in cooperations with mass-media and publication houses and our

information center is opened for the media, students, profession

als, researchers, individuals and other child welfare organizat

ions .

We also published quarterly journal, report and books and we had

piloted the publication of family monthly magazine 'balita' (the

uhder-fives).

In spite of all the efforts, we know that there are more things

to be done, in term of the message we are trying to carry on, the

P t a r g e t s we aim and t h e r i g h t means of c o m m u n i c a t i o n s we u s e f o r a p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e .

To g i v e y o u a p i c t u r e o f s o m e s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n s t h a t

c o n d i t i o n e d a n y c o m m u n i c a t i o n a t t e m p t i n I n d o n e s i a , l e t u s

p r e s e n t s you w i t h some f a c t s and n u m b e r s .

I I . A PROFILE OF COMMUNICATION IN INDONESIA

A. G e o g r a p h y

Indonesia, a member of ASEAN, a regional organization in South

East Asia, is the fifth populous country in the world. It

consists of 13.667 islands, but only 9000 are inhabited. A

population of about 170 million is not distributed evenly.

Therefore the population density varies greatly from area to

area, from 19-690 per square kilometer. Of the five biggest

islands, Java Madura are the most populated. 62% of the total

population live on those two islands, which only comprise 7% of

the total land area. Indonesia is also often called a country of

waterways as it is surrounded by seas, straits and crossed by

rivers. The land area compared to the waterways stands 2 to 3.

C

2


Because of t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p e o p l e i n J a v a p r i o r i t y f o r t h e

main a c t i v i t i e s a r e g i v e n t o t h i s i s l a n d f o r t h e smooth r u n n i n g

of p r o g r a m m e s . I n g e n e r a l t h e m a i n w a y s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n b y

r o a d , w a t e r and a i r . S e v e r a l modern ways of c o m m u n i c a t i o n a r e a t

p r e s e n t b e i n g u s e d f o r a l l k i n d s o f b u s i n e s s , l i k e s e n d i n g

p r i n t e d m e d i a , e s p e c i a l l y n e w s p a p e r s , by a i r t r a n s p o r t t o t h e

p r o v i n c e s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d many p e o p l e a r e s t i l l u s i n g t h e

t r a d i s i o n a l way o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y i n r e m o t e a r e a s

w h e r e r o a d s a r e n o t y e t a v a i l a b l e a n d p e o p l e a r e s t i l l u s i n g

b o a t s on t h e r i v e r , o r j u s t do e v e r y t h i n g on f o o t .

S. Communication media w Any k i n d of media i s e x p e c t e d t o b e a b l e t o p e r f o r m t h e r o l e of

d y n a m i s a t i o n , m o t i v a t o r a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e a s o c i a l

s t a b i l i s a t o r . T h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n t k i n d s of mass m e d i a , p r i n t e d a s

w e l l a s e l e c t r o n i c s .

P r i n t e d Media

The r u r a l p r e s s p r o g r a m , p o p u l a r l y c a l l e d " K o r a n Masuk D e s a "

(KMD)— n e w s p a p e r s c i r c u l a t i n g i n v i l l a g e s which a l s o u s e t h e

l o c a l l a n g u a g e s and " S u r a t Kaba r Untuk Desa" (SKUD)— n e w s p a p e r

^ r v i l l a g e s — h a s b e e n i n t r o d u c e d a n d e n c o u r a g e d b y t h e

g o v e r n m e n t . In 1 9 8 7 / 1 9 8 8 , t h e t o t a l number o f n e w s p a p e r

c i r c u l a t i n g and e n t e r i n g t h e r u r a l a r e a s was 7 . 6 8 0 . 0 0 0 c o p i e s

i s s u e d by 50 p r e s s p u b l i c a t i o n c o m p a n i e s . T h i s shows a r a t i o o f

o n e n e w s p a p e r a g a i n s t s e v e n r e a d e r s o f e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l

g r a d u a t e s and u p .

The c i r c u l a t i o n of p r e s s p u b l i c a t i o n (Not i n c l u d i n g KMD and SKUD)

i n 1987 /1988 r e a c h e d 9 . 7 6 5 . 8 1 7 c o p i e s f o r e ach i s s u a n c e , of which

3 . 3 3 7 . 3 0 1 c o p i e s were of t h e d a i l y n e w s p a p e r s , 3 . 3 5 5 . 0 4 9 c o p i e s

o f t h e w e e k l y n e w s p a p e r s , 1 . 3 4 0 . 9 0 6 c o p i e s o f t h e w e e k l y

m a g a z i n e s , 1 . 0 3 4 . 8 2 4 c o p i e s o f b i - w e e k l y m a g a z i n e s , 6 7 1 . 2 9 7

3


copies of monthly magazines, 5000 copies of magazines published

three times a month and 21.440 copies of bulletines.

Electronic media

Radio

The state's "Radio Republic Indonesia" (RRI) is the largest radio

network in the country. The policy pursued by the Indonesia Radio

^Services * (RRI) is directed to | the improvement of broadcasting

Equality and is still steadily oriented to the rural communities,

particularly to improve the quality of the groups of the rural

broadcasting listeners, which constitute a part of the Groups of

listeners, viewers and readers (LVR Groups/ KLOMPENCAPIR). There

are 60.755 LVR Groups throughout Indonesia. LVR Groups play an

important role in the overall information strategy of the nation

in effort to create an equal and balanced flow of information and

at the same time develop the intellectual life of the people.

They also designed to improve the general comprehension of the

rural media audience and obtain feed backs on indications of the

audience's wishes and their real needs.

?Jp to 1987/1988, RRI had 49 broadcasting stations consisting of

five "Nusantara" radio co-ordinating stations in the cities of

Medan (Sumatra), Yogyakarta (Java), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan),

Ujung Pandang (Sulawesi) and Jayapura (Irian Jaya).

There are also 27 RRI stations in each of the 27 provinces, 17

stations in the districts and 109 regional broadcastings managed

by the local administrations.

4


Television

Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI) is the state owned television.

Up to 1987/1988, TV broadcasting stations totalled 10 namely one

in each of the towns of Medan, Palembang, Jakarta, Yogyakarta,

Surabaya, Denpasar, Balikpapan, Ujungpandang, Manado and Bandung.

TV transmitters increased from 236 in 1986/1987 to 240 in

1987/1988. Transmitters have been placed in various provinces and

enable the population at the border areas, transmigration

settlements and remote places to watch the national TV programs.

the government has made efforts to expand its TV broadcasting

etwork and since 1982, 10 mobile production units have been

available in 11 provinces.

/

A total of 115.40 million people were able to watch TV programs

in 1987/1988 and 8.948.195 TV sets were registered.

To spread information evenly to the rural areas, up to-1987/1988,

54.318 public TV sets were made available in the villages within

the reach of TVRI telecast.

Film

Film production is directed to educate the young generation to be

more aware of the national struggle of the Indonesian nation with

the production of heroic feature films.

There are 54 film titles produced by the State Film Production

Center <PPFN- Pusat Produksi Film Negara) such as "Jendral

Sudirman" (animation film) "To Preserve the Environment" (Puppet

film), Films on film strips, Documentary Films such as the

"Trisula Mopping Up Operation" in South Blitar, the "Indonesian

Communist Rebellion in Madiun" the "1987 General Election" and

the serial puppet film "Si Unyil" and others.


With the introduction of the "Palapa" communication satellite in

Indonesia, in 1976, the coverage of the electronic media, both

radio and television, has been expanded. By now, radio broadcast

reaches 80% of the population and TVRI more than 65%.

VIDEO

Video tapes and video cassettes which do not differ much from

films in their role as mass media may exert positive as well as

negative influence upon the way of life and culture of the

fociety and nation. I

The government has taken necessary steps to guard the national

culture from negative influence from cassette recordings. A

selective censorship has been imposed and repressive actions

against the illegal flow of video cassettes by individuals as

well as organized bodies have also been taken.

For the dissemination of development messages the Indonesian

community in general is still making use of informal leaders in

the surroundings, next to formal leaders. Usually the government

in trusting community leaders for motivating the community in

general for certain messages. Therefore communication follows

pertain stages., not directly to the community at large, but

through a small group, representing the community and they pass

it further on to their own followers. From data available at the

Department of Information, the government is employing

information officers, the number of which is not growing, while

the number of people who need information is increasing.


c. Ethnic group

Taking into consideration the extent of the area from west to

east, i.e. 5.193.230 km2, it is not surprising that there are

about 300 ethnic groups, using about 200 dialects or languages.

The official language though is The Bahasa Indonesia written in

the latin alphabet, but the majority speaks their own dialect

among each other.

d. Socio economic situation

Socially the community is divided into the rural and the urban

community. Their way of life is different, one from the other.

Also their standards of life. Daily expenses from the people

living in the rural areas are half of those living in the cities.

Among the younger generation especially the aspects of

consumerism are very obvious.

The urban community spends monthly an average of Rp 32.520,-

monthly (equiv. of around 18 US dollar) per person, while the

rural community only spends Rp 17.468,-, which is only half of

what is being.spent by the urban group (data 1987).

%

e. Education

Efforts to enhance the educational level of the community are

showing encouraging results.

Of the 26.444.756 children of 7-12 years of age 25.983.962 are in

elementary school.

Of the 11.899.025 children 13-15 years of age only 6.025.435 are

continuing their studies.

7


The situation gets more discouraging for the 16-18 years of age

group : of which there are 11.100.077 only 3.489.489 continue

high school.

Of the 19-24 age group which number 2.010.873 only 391.398 are in

university.

f. Constraints

Communication is still facing difficulties due to the

geographical, ethnis and language situation as well as the

different cultures.

Whenever a message reaches a certain area through the printed as

well as the electronis media, who ever has sent the message still

has to take into account:

a.l. Does the content of the message agree with the situation and

condition of the local people. Will they benefit from it.

a.2. Economic factors play an important role also. The price of

one copy of a newspaper varies from Rp 100,- -- Rp 350,-.

The price of TV sets and radio are still a meaningful

^ economic burden for part of the population

a.3. The educational level of the population is not yet

satisfactory. Though illetaracy has come down to 15% (data

1960), it is still not yet easy for those who have just

started to write dan read to understanf printed media like

newspapaer magazine and others.

Of the different communication activities , advertising has made

considerable progress in the last decade, but communication for

social welfare is still facing some constraint, particularly

concerning the availability of funds.


III. THE PROFILE OF CHILD WELFARE

A. IMR

The IMR of a country is often considered an indication of the

general status of health of a country. In Indonesia the IMR shows

a decreadse during 1971-1980 of 23.1% for the male infant and

23.7% for the female.

In 1985 the IMR was 78.3 for male infants and 63.3 for the female

infant.

According to a survey of the Department of Health (1980) the

Ja.jority of deaths has been caused by tetanus neonatorum. The

cause of death for babies between 1-11 month are mostly diarrhoea

and infections of the upper respiratory track.

One way of minimizing the IMR is by improving their nutrition

status.

According to data available at the Bureau of Statistics '1987)

the nutritional status of infants in Indonesia is improved

compared to previous years.

In 1987 the majority of infants (48.7) had a ?ood nutritional

status , 40.2% had a reasonable nutritional status, while 9.8%

was bad and 1.3% very bad. 3 • ' . . ' "

B. Education

The g e n e r a l p o l i c y f o r e d u c a t i o n i s t o improve t h e q u a l i t y and

e x t e n d p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r a t t e n d i n g e l e m e n a t r y e d u c a t i o n w i t h t h e

i n t e n t i o n t o a c h i e v e c o m p u l s o r y e l e m e n t a r y e d u c a t i o n a n d

e x t e n s i o n of p o s s i b i l i t y f o r c o n t i n u i n g e l e m e n t a r y e d u c a t i o n

u n t i l 9 y e a r s .

9


The percentage of school going age population who are in school

is used as a proximate of net enrollment ratio. This ratio shows

the participation of population of certain ages in a particular

educational level. In 1985 the number of children aged 7-12 years

(Primary school ages) is 21 million. This gives a ratio of 85.0%

For children in the 13-15 years age group or Junior High School

ages in 1985 there are 7,1 million persons (or 3,1%) who are

attending school.

In 1985 there are 3,6 million persons aged 16-18 rears (Senior

High School ages) who are attending school.

In the age group 19-24 years otf Higher education ages there are

more than 2 million persons who are in school with an average

participation of 10,9 % .

0. Maternal Mortality

Maternal mortality rate is still very high, 800 per 100.000 live

births (1980-1984).

In order to bring this figure down certain messages have to be

communicated in order that pregnant women are wrilling to come to

health personnel for regular check-ups, nc-::t to family planning

messages, urging families to keep the family small.

D. Diseases

Eleven diseases are the cause of infant deaths, i.e:

- diarrhoea

- respiratory track diseases

- tetanus

- perinatal disturbances

- neurological diseases

- other symptoms which are not very eiaer

- avitaminosis and other vitamin deficiencies

10


- other infections

- Hereditary abnormalities

- accidents

- diphtheria, pertussis, morbilli

Government is escalating the immunization programme in order to

lower the morbidity rate for infants, which is also very high

(17.43%) compared to the morbidity rate of other age groups (data

1985/1986).

E. SOCIAL PROBLEM

I

According to the 1980 census there are 1.573. 182 people with

handicapped, of which 2 5 4.134 are children (about 15%). The

handicapped are divided into the blind, the deaf and dumb,

physical handicapped and the mental handicapped.

According to a survey by the Central Bureau of Statistics. 50% cf

the 69 institutions for the care of the handicapped arv: privately

run, which is in line with government policies, which would like

to see that the community looks after the handicapped. The

majority of these institutions look after the blind. More

institutions which care for the other kind? of handicap need to

Ix- deve 1 o soed.

THE INDONESIAN CHILD WELFARE FOUNDATION {ICfc'F) PROGRAM

I. BACKGROUND AND FRAME OF THOUGHTS

Indonesia as the fifth largest populated country of the world has

n si"ty-fivo million children under fifteen years of age. This is

rui enormous number, and it will for sure be of great value as a

11


potentian for the development of human resources for the country;

but in contrary it will become a big burden for further

development, when these children are being neglected in their

growth and development. .

As a developing country. Indonesia faces many problems of

rehabilitation, like to lower the infant mortality rate, school

drops-outs linked to child labour caused by economic conditions,

many social problems due to social c o n d i t i o n s , negative

influences caused by advanced communication technology, and later

in the group of young adults unemployment is a rising problem.

It is true that we are to deal with thfes repressive efforts,

\ar ve should not forger, to start on preventive steps, taking

care for the total development of the child of quality, mentally,

physically and socially. It is therefore needed to settle a frame

of thoughts, on efforts to take care of the development of the

children population io achieve a better generation, compatable

-Lth the future challenging world.

IT. PROBLEMS FACED

;. A growing population de-spit •= the family planning

programme,also migration of the population to the big

e i t i e s .

2 . Th(• he t orcgenous edlicationa 2 back g r c und and t h e multi

ethnics of the population is a factor that should be looked

into, to enhance fruitfull communication.

3. Lack of awareness and knowledge concerning the perception of

the concept of vhild welfare. Motivation, commitment and

self-reliance of the community is needed.


III. OBJECTIVES and HOPES

It is only when the community itself understands, commits

and is motivated to take part in care of the children population

towards a potential human resource can be achieved. 7 h e

objectives of the foundation is to cissininate the idea to

enhance a national movement on child welfare, so that the 2oais

of the development of country and nation will be achieved through

the development of human resources of quality, to face the future,

world, providing they also will be convinced executors for the

Faneasila philosophy.

I

:V. THE PHILOSOPHY and BASIC OUT-LINE OF THE PROGRAMME

In the community many organized groups have been developed,

taking care of child welfare activities. These organized croups

take the form of foundations, religious groups, functional

groups., parents associations, professional associations. women

organization and many others including individuals. But they

might be lacking in generating the total education concept of

care and development of the child. One-- '--c have this concept

settled, this has to be communicated, disseminated, t :> individuals

as well as organized units in the eomir.unity so that e\ery effort

in the community will enhance a synorgestio effect and will have

an optimal outcome as a whole.

Non-governmental organizations are there to accelerate the

efforts and achievements, to fill in the gaps, and is a good

vehicle for feed-back from the community to have improvements in

optimalizing child welfare programmes ir. quantity and quality.

Since there was not such a body specifically for child

welfare in 1979, when in the International Year of the Child was

held and many achievement has been reached by the national

committee, the Indonesian Child welfare Foundation was founded

and started to snow-ball the above ideas. And for reason

i 3


mentioned as in the background, the programme of the Foundation has

not been types of activities at grass-root level, but functioned

as a think-tank, communicator, information center, as well

as experience several studies or: child welfare.

1. As a think tank, the foundation in cooperation with other

multidiciplinary organizations contribute in basic concepts

as well as practical programme designs. This is further

passed on to the diverse bodies and forums like, e.g.

political forums, decision m a k e r s , the parliament,

executives, and community leaders.

2. As a communicator, to generate promotive actions done by the

foundation herself, as weir as by other organizations to

highlight certain issues of child welfare.

3. Making efforts^ to create ar. information network or. child

welfare at local, nasional , regional as well as

international level.

4. To contribute in studies of different impacts on child care

and development.

V. ACHIEVEMENTS

In particular considering that the media is an important

vehicle for transfer and communication of ideas, and to condition

the community to enhance self-motivation, the Indonesian Child

Keifare Foundation has made specific efforts on communication

aspects through the media.

In the first five years programme, the foundation has worked

hand-in-hand with the media to campaign for the importance of the

under-five children. A further effort in '934 when the Foundation

organized a National Conference on Child Welfare, a sateiite

seminar on media has been a r r an ged t o e nh a :ic 2 a be t t e r


u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e p r o b l e m s of c h i l d w e l f a r e . T h i s i n i t i a t i o n

s t e p was t h e n f o l l o w e d by p e r i o d i c a l i n f o r m a l m e e t i n g s w i t h t h e

m e d i a . E v e r y y e a r s t a r t i n g 1985 t h e F o u n d a t i o n h a s d o n e a

s t u d y on t h e media a c t i v i t i e s in c o v e r i n g c h i l d w e l f a r e i s s u e s .

T h e s e s t u d i e s w e r e d o n e on s e l e c t i v e raedias who h a s a l a r g e

c o v e r a g e , c o v e r i n g a p e r i o d of G ( s i x ) m o n t h s . The r e s u l t was

t h e n h i g h - l i g h t e d on each N a t i o n a l C h i l d r e n ' s Day, J u l y 23 rd of

t h e y e a r , a n d '.. o t h e w i n n e r s h a v e b e e n s i v e n a p l a g u e o f

a p p r e c i a t i o n by t h e M i n i s t e r of I n f o r m a t i o n . A t h i r d s t e p i s t h a t

t h e F o u n d a t i o n h a s s t a r t e d t o c r e a t e an i n f o r m a t i o n d o e u m e n t a t i o n

<"• en t e r f c ; • t h e i n t e r e s t o f p u b l i c ' s s e r v i c e i n c l u d i n g t h e

s c i e n t i f i c s o c i e t y . T h i s c e n t e r i s s u p p o r t e d b y a l i b r a r y

c o n t a i n i n g a b o u t 5 .000 r e f e r e n c e s . At t h i s s t a g e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n

i c u m e n t f i t i o n c e n t e r i s t r y i n g t o c r e a t e a l o c a l i n f o r m a t i o n

ne twork a t t h e l o c a l l e v e l . A b u l l e t i n which h i g h l i g h t i s s u e s or.

t h e c h i l d h a s b e e n i s s u e d q u a r t e r l y s i n c e mid 1 9 8 7 . A f a m i l y

::ionth] y ' magaz ine " B a l i t a " ( t h e u n d e r - f i v e s 2 h a s been i s s u e d .

Many p i l o t s and s t u d i e s have been done such a s a s t u d : - or.

hi i d l a b o u r , a s t u d y on dock worke r f a m i l y i n Tan.iung P r i o k . a

p i l o t on s i m p l i f i e d p r e - s c h o o i e d u c a t i o n , e d u c a t i o n a l f i l m s f o r

p r e - s c h o o l c h i l d r e n w h i c h i s i n p r e p a r a t i o n , c r e a t i v i t y

a c t i v i t i e s f o r c h i l d r e n , y o u t h t r a v e l s .

P r o m o t i v e a c t i o n s a r e u s u a l l y done e v e r y y e a r in r e l a t i o n

v i t h t h e N a t i o n a l C h i l d r e n ' s Day b u t i n p a r t i c u l a r t o g e n e r a t e

a r e n e s s and m o t i v a t i o n o? t h e community f o r t h e c a r e of t h e

i i n d e r - f i v e . A c o n t e s t of u n d e r - f i v e c h i l d r e n h a s been done e v e r y

- e a r and s i n c e 1987 i t i s done a t a n a t i o n a l s c a l e c o v e r i n g t h e

2 7 th p r o v i n c e s of I n d o n e s i a .

M a n y b a s i c c o n c s p t s i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e f o r u m

c o m m u n i c a t i o n of c h i l d w e l f a r e c a l l e d CFCW ( c o n s i s t i n g of 61

members of n i u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y g r o u p s ) h a s been i n p a r t i c u l a r of

u s e f o r t h e b a s i c o u t - l i n e of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c o u n t r y

s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r C h i l d W e l f a r e f o r t h e n e x t f i v e y e a r s 1981-199 1.

S i n c e t h e d e c l a r a t i o n of "The Decade of The I n d o n e s i a n C h i l d " a


main outline of strategy has been settled. Further efforts in

lobby is continuously done with the diverse parties of executives

and leaders, to come to political decisions and strategies to

achieve more and more accelaraticn efforts for child welfare.

VI. HOPES and RECOMMENDATION

To e n l a r g e a c o m m u n i c a t i o n n e t w o r k i n i n f o r m a t i o n a t

r e g i o n a l a s w e l l a s i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l t o e n h a n c e b c t t •. • r

u n d e r s t a n d i n g on c a r e and d e v e l o p m e n t o f c h i l d r e n i n s e v e r a l

a s p e c t s t o a c h i e v e c h i l d w e l f a r e i n g e n e r a l , t o o b t a i n a f u t u r e

g l o b a l impac t f o r w e l f a r e , human k i n d and p r o s p e r i t y .

IC


REFERENCES

1. Indonesia 1989, an official handbook. Department of

information, Republic of Indonesia.

2. Statistical Year Book of Indonesia. 1987.

3. Statistical Profile of Mothers and Children in Indonesia,

1986. Central Bureau of Statistics, Jakarta - Indonesia.

4. Welfare Indicators, 1987.

5. Institution for Rehabilitation of the Handicapped and Their

Soeio-Economic Situation - Case Study.1985.

6. The Situation of the Children in the World, 1988. UNICEF

Report.

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