Communication Systems

Dr inż. ZDZISŁAW PÓLKOWSKI

University of PitestiDolnośląska Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Techniki

w Polkowicach

Dobrica Adrian

• Definition• History• Goals• Characteristics• Examples of communication systems.• Transmitting and receiving in communication systems.• Other information processes in communication systems.• Issues related to communication systems.

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DEFINITION

Communication systems are the various processes, both formal and informal, by which information is passed between the managers and employees within a business, or between the business itself and outsiders. 

http://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/communication-systems.html

• In the early years of corporate America, business managers operated on a strict basis of top-down communications. Whatever the boss or owner of the company said was the law. In most cases, strategies for doing everything from selling product to dealing with employees would be discussed behind closed doors. Once those decisions were made by managers, lower-level employees were expected to put them into effect. Employees had little input; they did as they were told or found work elsewhere. Such management attitudes, particularly when they applied to worker safety issues in such places as coal and steel mines, led to the growth of labor unions. If nothing else, unions had the power in many cases to slow or shut down production until management listened to the demands of the workers.

http://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/communication-systems.html

History

• In today's business environment, most corporations encourage employees to take an active role in the company. Employees who notice ways to improve production are encouraged, and usually rewarded, for passing those ideas on to managers. Employees who submit ideas that withstand intense study can be rewarded with a percentage of the savings to the company. Employees who are harassed on the job are strongly encouraged to report such harassment as far up the chain of management as necessary to stop it. Regular employee meetings are held where the lowest-level employee can stand up and ask the highest-level manager a direct question with the full expectation that a direct answer will be offered in return.

http://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/communication-systems.html

The goal of any form of communication is to promote complete understanding of a message. But breakdowns in communication can occur at any step in the process. Business managers need to understand and eliminate the common obstacles that prevent effective communication. Some of the causes of communication problems in business settings include:

• A lack of basic language skills• Differing expectations and perceptions on the part of senders and receivers• Selectivity or the tendency for individuals to pick and choose what they

retain when they receive a message from another person• Distractions such as ringing telephones, scheduled meetings, and

unfinished reports

Goals

http://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/communication-systems.html

Characteristics

Characteristics of communication systems.

www.tutorvista.com

• The essential components of communication system are information source, input transducer, transmitter, communication channel, receiver and destination.

(1) Information source : We know that a communication system serves to communicate a message signal or information. The information or message signal is originated from information source. Source of information generates message signal examples of which are human voice, telephone pictures, teletype data, atmospheric temperature and pressure in the above example.

(2) Input Transducer : A transducer is a device which converts one form of energy into another form. The message from the information source may or may not electrical in nature. In a case when the message signal produced by information source is not electrical in nature, an input transducer is used to convert it into a time varying electrical signal. (3) Transmitter : The function of transmitter is to process the electrical signal from different aspects. The signal received from the information source after converting it into electrical signal is not suitable for transmission over the channel. All these processing of the message signal are done just to ease the transmission of the signal through the channel.

http://meaningofcommunication.blogspot.fr/2010/04/communication-system.html

(4) Channel : The physical connection between transmitter output and receiver input is provided by the channel. There are mainly two types of channels.(5) Receiver : The signals received at the output of the channel consists of noise along when information carrying signals must be separated from carrier wave and noise introduce by the channel. The receiver performs the estimation of original message signal. This operation of receiver is called demodulation.(6) Destination : Destination is the final stage which is used to convert an electrical message signal into its original form. For example in radio broadcasting, the destination is a loudspeaker which works as a transducer i.e. it converts the electrical signal form of original sound signal.

http://meaningofcommunication.blogspot.fr/2010/04/communication-system.html

Examples of Communication Systems

Typical examples of communication systems are line telephony and line telegraphy, radio telephony and radio telegraphy, radio broadcasting, point-to-point communication and mobile communication, computer communication, radar communication, television broadcasting, radio aids to navigation, radio aids to aircraft landing etc.The earliest communication system namely line-telegraphy originated in eighteen forties (1840s). In addition to this, line telephony came a few decades later whereas radio-communication could become possible in the beginning of twentieth century on invention of triode valve. Radio communication was further greatly improved during World War II. It becomes more widely used through the invention of transistor, integrated circuits (ICS) and other Semiconductor devices in the subsequent years. Also in recent years, communication has become more widespread with the use or satellites and fiber optics. Today, there has been an increasing emphasis on the use of computer in communication.

http://meaningofcommunication.blogspot.in/2010/04/communication-system.html

https://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/list-example-constituents-and-standards-cns-domain

Example of communication systems

Transmitting and receiving in communication systems

Transmission of information from a source to a destination can be performed in many ways by the use of electrical signals and electric-electronic circuits. To design a communication system is primordial to define some parameters, such as, the physical medium in which the signal will be transmitted, the way in what the signal would be generated and the nature of signal, it means if the signal will be analogical or digital. In this work, a communication system was designed, built up and debugged to transmit and receive two kinds of signals by the use of an unique transmit medium in a simultaneously way. One of these signals is an analogical NTSC video signal and the other is a digital data signal from a PC application.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4470525&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4470525

The purpose of this system is to transmit, in a safe and efficient way, coded information from a PC to another by the combination of signals with the Time Division Multiplexing technique (TDM), using a coaxial cable as the physical medium of transmission. To achieve this purpose the system is conformed by hardware elements such as, the PIC16F874 micro-controller and software elements implemented as a communication protocol to identify the information transmitted. This document shows all the information about circuits, tests and images from oscilloscope related with the communication system.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4470525&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4470525

en.wikipedia.org

Issues related to communication systems.

Issues related to communication systems.

When communicating electronically such factors remain largely unknown. In cyberspace relationships can be built on common interests and needs. Information and knowledge is shared between people who may never physically meet. People who would not (or could not) normally communicate face-to-face can freely express and share their ideas and knowledge online. These people are free to converse without prejudice. However all is not perfect, this freedom can easily be abused by the unscrupulous. Electronic communication systems, and in particular the Internet, allow information to be shared quickly and relatively anonymously.

http://msciptcommunications.weebly.com/issues-related-to-communication-systems.html

Unscrupulous persons are able to masquerade as trusted others in order to fraudulently obtain personal information such as credit card or banking details. Most people presume their email messages to be private; in reality network administrators and others with suitable access rights are able to view and monitor emails. Those in control of networks are able to restrict and monitor the activities of users. Such power relationships are often legitimate, however as is the case with all such relationships power can be abused. The Internet has removed national and international boundaries. We are free to communicate and trade internationally. Individual governments have little control over international trade and furthermore enforcing international laws is expensive and often ineffective in cyberspace. For example sending spam (mass electronic junk mail) is illegal within Australia; however Australian law has no control over spam sent from off shore locations. To cover all possible issues arising when using communication systems is clearly not possible.

http://msciptcommunications.weebly.com/issues-related-to-communication-systems.html