Communication TechnologyCommunication Technology

ByBy

Bhupendra Ratha, LecturerBhupendra Ratha, LecturerSchool of Library and Information Science School of Library and Information Science

Devi Ahilya University, IndoreDevi Ahilya University, Indore

Email: Email: bhu261@gmail.combhu261@gmail.com

What is the Communication?What is the Communication?

A word communication has been drives from the Latin A word communication has been drives from the Latin word “Communicare” which means to word “Communicare” which means to communicate, the word used for exchange the communicate, the word used for exchange the information.information.

Communication needs languages as the channel for Communication needs languages as the channel for communication between two or more than two communication between two or more than two person.person.

Basic requirements and Process of a Basic requirements and Process of a good communicationgood communication

Sender

Message

Language

ChannelReceiver

Channels of communicationsChannels of communications

Body languageBody language Oral communicationOral communication Verbal communicationVerbal communication Audio-visual communicationAudio-visual communication Mass communicationMass communication Tele-communicationTele-communication Wireless communicationWireless communication

Types of communicationsTypes of communications

One to one communicationOne to one communication

Centralized communicationCentralized communication

Circular communicationCircular communication

Free flow communicationFree flow communication

One to OneOne to One

Hy, Raj How are

you

Fine, I hope you also

fine

Centralized communicationCentralized communication

Circular communicationCircular communication

Free-Flow communicationFree-Flow communication

Communication TechnologyCommunication Technology

Use the modern technology for communicate Use the modern technology for communicate the information by different channels and the information by different channels and medias are called communication technology medias are called communication technology such as electronic telegraph, telephone, radio, such as electronic telegraph, telephone, radio, TV, computer, wireless and networking etc.TV, computer, wireless and networking etc.

Tele-communicationTele-communication

Tele-communication is the part of Information and Tele-communication is the part of Information and Communication Technology because in the very Communication Technology because in the very short time we can get information at the short time we can get information at the international level. It is the process of exchange international level. It is the process of exchange the information to long-distancethe information to long-distance

Characteristics of Tele-communicationCharacteristics of Tele-communication

Any one can use the Tele-communication Any one can use the Tele-communication technology for exchange the information.technology for exchange the information.

The message may be send in coding language The message may be send in coding language which understand only sender and receiver.which understand only sender and receiver.

Information are easily exchange in the Information are easily exchange in the different format such as text, numerical, different format such as text, numerical, graphical, audio-visual etc.graphical, audio-visual etc.

Cont…Cont…

It can exchange information globally or each It can exchange information globally or each and every area of the world.and every area of the world.

Save the time, money and human power.Save the time, money and human power. It make the privacy of message.It make the privacy of message.

History of Tele-communicationHistory of Tele-communication

3000 BC Smoke signals, Drums, Pigeon etc.3000 BC Smoke signals, Drums, Pigeon etc. 490 BC Heliographs490 BC Heliographs

1837 AD Telegraph by Samuals F B Morse1837 AD Telegraph by Samuals F B Morse

1876 AD Telephone by Allexander Grahmbell1876 AD Telephone by Allexander Grahmbell

Cont…Cont…

1894 AD Radio by Marconi1894 AD Radio by Marconi

1926 AD T. V. by J. L. Baird1926 AD T. V. by J. L. Baird

1963 AD Audio tape by Phillips com.1963 AD Audio tape by Phillips com.

1969 AD Internet by ARPANET1969 AD Internet by ARPANET

Cont…Cont…

1977 Fiber optical telephone cable.1977 Fiber optical telephone cable.

19801980 WWW by Terner LeeWWW by Terner Lee

1981 Walkman by Sony comp.1981 Walkman by Sony comp.

19901990 htmlhtml

Tele-communication mediaTele-communication media

Bounded/Cable media Boundless/Wireless Media

Fiber-Optical Cable

Twisted-Pair Cable

Coaxial Cable Radio Wave

Microwave

Satellite

Bounded/Cable MediaBounded/Cable Media When connect the telecommunication component with When connect the telecommunication component with

the cable and exchange the information they call the cable and exchange the information they call bounded/cable media.bounded/cable media.

There are three types of cable media very commonly There are three types of cable media very commonly used and they are;used and they are;

1. Coaxial Cable1. Coaxial Cable 2. Twisted-Pair Cable2. Twisted-Pair Cable 3. Fiber-Optic Cable3. Fiber-Optic Cable

Coaxial CableCoaxial Cable Coaxial cable gets its name because two conductors

share a common axis; the cable is most frequently referred to “coax”. A type of coaxial cable that we may be familiar with is our television cable. Its components are as follows;

A center conductor An outer conductor An insulation layer A plastic encasement (Jacket)

A Center conductorA Center conductor

A center conductor, although usually solid A center conductor, although usually solid copper wire is sometimes made of standard copper wire is sometimes made of standard wire.wire.

A outer conductorA outer conductor

A outer conductor forms a tube surrounding A outer conductor forms a tube surrounding the center conductor. This conductor can the center conductor. This conductor can consist of braided wires, metallic foil or both. consist of braided wires, metallic foil or both. The outer conductor, frequently called the The outer conductor, frequently called the shield, serves as a ground and also protects shield, serves as a ground and also protects the inner conductor from EMI.the inner conductor from EMI.

An insulation layerAn insulation layer

An insulation layer keeps the outer conductor An insulation layer keeps the outer conductor space evenly from the center conductor.space evenly from the center conductor.

A plastic encasement (Jacket)A plastic encasement (Jacket)

A plastic encasement protects the cable from A plastic encasement protects the cable from damage.damage.

Classification of Coaxial CableClassification of Coaxial Cable

Thinnet :- 0.25 inch (6mm) 610 feetThinnet :- 0.25 inch (6mm) 610 feet

Thicknet :- 0.50 inch (13mm) 1650 feetThicknet :- 0.50 inch (13mm) 1650 feet

Twisted-Pair CableTwisted-Pair Cable

Twisted pair cable is popular very much Twisted pair cable is popular very much because of its inexpensiveness and ease of because of its inexpensiveness and ease of installation. A basic twisted pair cable consists installation. A basic twisted pair cable consists of two strands of copper wire twisted together. of two strands of copper wire twisted together. The twisting reduces the tendency of the cable The twisting reduces the tendency of the cable to radiate radio frequency noise that interferes to radiate radio frequency noise that interferes with nearby cables and electronic components, with nearby cables and electronic components, because the radiated signals from the twisted because the radiated signals from the twisted wires tend to cancel each other out.wires tend to cancel each other out.

Classification of TPCClassification of TPC

Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable (STPC)Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable (STPC)

Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable (UTPC)Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable (UTPC)

Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable (STPC)Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable (STPC)

Shielded Twisted-Pair Cabling consists of one Shielded Twisted-Pair Cabling consists of one or more twisted-pair of cables enclosed in a or more twisted-pair of cables enclosed in a foil wrap and woven copper shielding. Early foil wrap and woven copper shielding. Early LAN designer used STPC because the shield LAN designer used STPC because the shield performed double duty, reducing the tendancy performed double duty, reducing the tendancy of the cable to radiate EMI and reducing the of the cable to radiate EMI and reducing the cables sensitivity to outside interferencecables sensitivity to outside interference

Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable (UTPC)(UTPC)

UTPC doesn’t incorporate a braided shield UTPC doesn’t incorporate a braided shield into its structure. However characteristics of into its structure. However characteristics of UTPC are similar in many ways to STPC, UTPC are similar in many ways to STPC, differing primarily in EMI.differing primarily in EMI.

Fiber-Optical CableFiber-Optical Cable

The center conductor of a fiber-optic cable is a fiber The center conductor of a fiber-optic cable is a fiber that consist of highly refined glass or plastic designed that consist of highly refined glass or plastic designed to transmit light signals with little loss. to transmit light signals with little loss.

A glass core supports a longer cabling distance, but a A glass core supports a longer cabling distance, but a plastic core is typically easier to work with.plastic core is typically easier to work with.

The fiber is coated with a cladding that reflects The fiber is coated with a cladding that reflects signals back into the fiber to reduce signal loss. A signals back into the fiber to reduce signal loss. A plastic sheath protects the fiber.plastic sheath protects the fiber.

Cont…Cont…

Fiber optic network cable consist of two Fiber optic network cable consist of two strands separately enclosed in plastic sheaths. strands separately enclosed in plastic sheaths. One strands sends and the other receivers. One strands sends and the other receivers.

Two types of cable configurations are Two types of cable configurations are available; available;

1.1. Loose configurations.Loose configurations.

2.2. Light configurations. Light configurations.

Loose configurationsLoose configurations

Loose configurations incorporate a space Loose configurations incorporate a space between the fiber and the plastic encasement, between the fiber and the plastic encasement, this space is filled with a gel or other material.this space is filled with a gel or other material.

Tight ConfigurationsTight Configurations

Tight configurations contain strength wires Tight configurations contain strength wires between the conductor and the outer plastic between the conductor and the outer plastic encasement.encasement.

Comparison of cable mediaComparison of cable media

Cable typeCable type CostCost InstallationInstallation CapacityCapacity RangeRange

CoaxialCoaxial

Twisted PairTwisted Pair

Fiber-OpticFiber-Optic

Less than Less than TPCTPC

Lowest Lowest

HighestHighest

Inexpensive / Inexpensive / easyeasy

Fairly easyFairly easy

Expensive / Expensive / DifficultDifficult

10 mbps10 mbps

100 mbps100 mbps

100mbps 100mbps to aboveto above

500 m500 m

100 m100 m

10 km10 km

Boundless/Wireless MediaBoundless/Wireless Media

When the information transmission without When the information transmission without cable media they are called boundless/wireless cable media they are called boundless/wireless media.media.

There are many types of wireless media ;There are many types of wireless media ;

1. Radio wave1. Radio wave

2. Microwave 2. Microwave

3. Satellite 3. Satellite

Radio waveRadio wave

In radio transmission a radiating antenna is In radio transmission a radiating antenna is used to convert a time-varying electric current used to convert a time-varying electric current into an electromagnetic wave, which freely into an electromagnetic wave, which freely propagates through a no conducting medium propagates through a no conducting medium such as air or space. In a broadcast radio such as air or space. In a broadcast radio channel, an omnidirectional antenna radiates a channel, an omnidirectional antenna radiates a transmitted signal over a wide service area.transmitted signal over a wide service area.

MicrowaveMicrowave

Microwave is the most important media of Microwave is the most important media of telecommunications. The transmission path of telecommunications. The transmission path of microwave links can be established between microwave links can be established between two land-based antennas or tower.two land-based antennas or tower.

SatelliteSatellite

In 1954 the satellite technique has established. In 1954 the satellite technique has established. It is also most important media of It is also most important media of telecommunication. Easily and authentic data telecommunication. Easily and authentic data transmission by this media. Most transmission by this media. Most telecommunication satellite have been placed telecommunication satellite have been placed in Geostationary Orbit (GEO), a circular orbit in Geostationary Orbit (GEO), a circular orbit 35,785 km above the earth.35,785 km above the earth.

Modes of TelecommunicationsModes of Telecommunications

Serial and parallel Serial and parallel Simplex, Half duplex and full duplexSimplex, Half duplex and full duplex Modulation-demodulationModulation-demodulation Radio waveRadio wave Microwave Microwave Satellite wave Satellite wave

Serial and parallelSerial and parallel

In serial communication, only one bit transmitted In serial communication, only one bit transmitted at a time and it is the suited for slow and long at a time and it is the suited for slow and long distance communication, whereas distance communication, whereas in parallelin parallel transmission group of bits as transmitted at a time, transmission group of bits as transmitted at a time, which is suited for high speed and short distance which is suited for high speed and short distance communication.communication.

Simplex, Half duplex, Full duplex Simplex, Half duplex, Full duplex

SimplexSimplexTelevision

Half duplexHalf duplex

Full duplexFull duplex

Or

and ComputerComputer

Modulation-demodulationModulation-demodulation

Analog Input

AnalogOutput

A/DConverter

(Modulation)

DigitalSignals

D/AConverter

(Demodulation)

DigitalInput

Signals

DigitalInput

Signals

Mode of Radio wave Mode of Radio wave communicationcommunication

Electromagneticsignals

Electronicsignal

MasterStation

Mode of Microwave communicationMode of Microwave communication

Atmospheric signals

(Air and Surface)

MasterStation

Inputsignals

Transmitter

Outputsignals

Repeater

Receiver

Mode of Satellite Wave Mode of Satellite Wave CommunicationCommunication

Satellite

MasterStationMaster

Station

Inputsignals

Outputsignals

Component of TelecommunicationComponent of Telecommunication

The basic components are follows;The basic components are follows;

1.1. Sender/TransmitterSender/Transmitter

2.2. MessageMessage

3.3. LanguageLanguage

4.4. MediaMedia

5.5. ReceiverReceiver

Other Component of Other Component of TelecommunicationTelecommunication

ModemModem RepeaterRepeater HubHub BridgeBridge RouterRouter SwitchSwitch BrouterBrouter GatewayGateway

ModemModem

MODEM is contraction of Modulator/ MODEM is contraction of Modulator/ Demodulator, which allows a computer to Demodulator, which allows a computer to transmit the information over a telephone line transmit the information over a telephone line to another computer.to another computer.

The modem converts the digital signals into The modem converts the digital signals into analog signals and analog signals to digital analog signals and analog signals to digital signals.signals.

RepeaterRepeater

A networking component that extends a A networking component that extends a network by boosting the signal so that it can network by boosting the signal so that it can travel farther along the cabling.travel farther along the cabling.

A repeater is a form of digital amplifier that A repeater is a form of digital amplifier that works at the physical layer of OSI mode for works at the physical layer of OSI mode for regenerate of signals.regenerate of signals.

HubHub

Hub is also called wiring concentrators, Hub is also called wiring concentrators, provide a central attachment point for network provide a central attachment point for network cabling.cabling.

Hubs can be divided in three categories;Hubs can be divided in three categories;

1. Passive Hub1. Passive Hub

2. Active Hub2. Active Hub

3. Intelligent Hub3. Intelligent Hub

BridgeBridge

A network component used either to extend or A network component used either to extend or to segment networks. Bridges work at the OSI to segment networks. Bridges work at the OSI data link layer. They can be used both to join data link layer. They can be used both to join dissimilar media.dissimilar media.

Bridges come in three basic types;Bridges come in three basic types;

1. Local bridges1. Local bridges

2. Remote bridges2. Remote bridges

3. Wireless bridges3. Wireless bridges

RouterRouter

Router works at the network layer of OSI Router works at the network layer of OSI model for networking to move packets model for networking to move packets between using their logical addresses are the between using their logical addresses are the destination host.destination host.

SwitchSwitch

Bridge with more efficiency is called switch. Bridge with more efficiency is called switch. A switch may act as a multi-bridge to connect A switch may act as a multi-bridge to connect devices in a LAN. Switch has a buffer for each devices in a LAN. Switch has a buffer for each link to which it is connected.link to which it is connected.

Brouter Brouter

Any network device having the capabilities of Any network device having the capabilities of both a bridge and a router. Usually, a brouter both a bridge and a router. Usually, a brouter will act as a router for one protocol and a will act as a router for one protocol and a bridge for all other protocols. Brouters are not bridge for all other protocols. Brouters are not common in network. common in network.

GatewayGateway

Gateway is used to connect the different protocol Gateway is used to connect the different protocol based networks (like TCP/IP, Apple Talk etc,) A term based networks (like TCP/IP, Apple Talk etc,) A term for a broad category of network components that for a broad category of network components that allow communication between different networking allow communication between different networking architectures and different protocols. Gateways architectures and different protocols. Gateways generally operate at the higher levels of the Open generally operate at the higher levels of the Open Systems Interconnection. Systems Interconnection.