communities with renewable energies in south …regsa-project.eu/downloads/public...

Communities with Renewable Energies

in South AmericaFeasibility studies on renewable electricity

generation technologies

OrganizersJos Baltazar Salgueirinho Osrio de Andrade Guerra

Luciano DutraWalter Leal Filho

COMMUNITIES WITH RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN SOUTH AMERICAFEASIBILITY STUDIES ON RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES

CREDITS

ORGANIZERS

Jos Baltazar Salgueirinho Osrio de Andrade Guerra (UNISUL)Luciano Dutra (UNISUL)Walter Leal Filho (Hamburg University of Applied Sciences - HAW Hamburg)

AUTHORS

Bolivia/Universidad Catlica Boliviana San PabloAdriana Bueno Lanchez Javier Aliaga Lordemann

Brazil/UNISULAlek Suni (Fulbright student)Ane Cristina Figueiredo Pereira de FariaChristopher BaileyDimitri Bobrovnikov Jos Baltazar Salgueirinho Osrio de Andrade Guerra Leandro Piazza dos Santos Luciano Dutra Norma Beatriz Camiso Schwinden Suely Ferraz de Andrade

Chile/Universidad de ChileGuillermo Jimnez Estvez Juan Pablo Kindermann Luis S. Vargas Manuel Diaz Romero

Germany/Hamburg University of Applied Sciences (HAW Hamburg)Julia GottwaldVeronika Schulte

COLLABORATORSAnthony Charles WilderDaniel Eduardo Mujica LandaNicolas Alejandro Eceizabarrena FigueroaOlga GladkovaRiley Macdonald

INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNMarina Cabeda Egger Moellwald e-mail: [email protected]

GRAPHIC DESIGNFred Trilhae-mail: [email protected]: www.fredtrilha.com

ISBN978-3-00-046576-5

CONTACTS

BoliviaUniversidad Catlica BolivianaInstituto de Investigaciones Socio-EconmicasProf. Dr Javier Aliaga, Adriana Bueno Lancheze-mail: [email protected]: www.ucb.edu.bo

BrazilUniversidade do Sul de Santa CatarinaProf. Jos Baltazar Salgueirinho Osrio de Andrade Guerra, Prof. Luciano Dutrae-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]: www.unisul.br

ChileUniversidad de ChileFacultad de Ciencias Fsicas y MatemticasProf. Dr. Luis S. Vargas, Dr Guillermo Jimnez Estvez, Manuel Daz Romeroe-mail: [email protected]

GermanyHamburg University of Applied Sciences (HAW Hamburg)Faculty of Life Sciences Research and Transfer Center Applications of Life SciencesProf. Dr. Walter Leal, Julia Gottwald, Prof. Veronika Schultee-mail: [email protected]

This book has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the REGSA project consortium and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.

For more information, please visit: www.regsa-project.eu

C72 Communities with renewable energies in South America : feasibility studies on

renewable electricity generation technologies / organizers Jos Baltazar Salgueirinho Osrio de Andrade Guerra, Luciano Dutra, Walter Leal Filho Florianpolis : REGSA, 2014.201 p. : il. color. ; 23 cm

ISBN 978-3-00-046576-5

1. Electric power. 2. Renewable energy sources. 3. Power resources. I. Guerra, Jos Baltazar Salgueirinho Osrio de Andrade, 1968-. II. Dutra, Luciano. III. Leal Filho, Walter.

CDD 21. ed. 333.794

Catalographic card elaborated by the Library of Unisul.
mailto:mahegger%40gmail.com?subject=Contato%20livro%20REGSAmailto:design%40fredtrilha.com?subject=Contato%20livro%20REGSAhttp://www.fredtrilha.commailto:abueno%40ucb.edu.bo?subject=http://www.ucb.edu.bomailto:luciano.dutra%40unisul.br?subject=mailto:baltazar.guerra%40unisul.br?subject=www.unisul.brmailto:gjimenez%40ing.uchile.cl?subject=mailto:regsa%40ls.haw-hamburg.de?subject=http://

3

FOREWORD

I am very pleased to introduce this book, prepared as part of the REGSA Project (Renewable Electricity Generation in South America). As we all know, there is a perceived need to foster the use of electricity from renewable sources in developing countries. This is also so in South America, where renewable energy can be useful as a tool towards energy security and poverty reduction in areas off the grid.

This report congregates the information, know-how and expertise from one of the work packages (WP4) which focused on feasibility studies on renewable electricity generation technologies.

It was meant to gather information on potential approaches and practices, on one hand, and to facilitate a dialogue among various stakeholders, on the other. They started from appraisal of the energy situation in the REGSA Projects countries (i.e. Bolivia, Brazil and Chile) and identified sustainable practices which are deemed as feasible.

The many examples of works documented in this report include how to generate and use energy resources more efficiently, how to develop sustainable energy generation and use strategies, and the important role to be played by information, education, communication and training.

We hope this report will provide a valuable support to international efforts to foster renewable electricity generation and help to develop the ability of other countries and regions to better capitalise from the many advantages that renewable electricity generation offers.

Walter Leal Filho December, 2014.

5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Bolivia ...................................................................................................... 9Introduction ....................................................................................... 9Background ..................................................................................... 10

National level ......................................................................................... 10Regional level ........................................................................................ 14Community level .................................................................................... 17

Planning .......................................................................................... 18Implementation .............................................................................. 21

Technical feasibility .............................................................................. 21Social feasibility .................................................................................. 38Financial feasibility ............................................................................... 39Legal feasibility ..................................................................................... 44Liability .................................................................................................. 45

Brazil ...................................................................................................... 47Introduction .................................................................................... 47Background .................................................................................... 47

National level ......................................................................................... 47Regional level ........................................................................................ 52Community level ................................................................................... 81

Planning .......................................................................................... 85Implementation ............................................................................... 89

Technical feasibility .............................................................................. 98Social feasibility ................................................................................ 112Legal feasibility ................................................................................... 115Liability ............................................................................................... 118

Chile ..................................................................................................... 123Introduction .................................................................................. 123Background .................................................................................. 125

National level ....................................................................................... 125Regional level ...................................................................................... 127Community level .................................................................................. 128

Planning ........................................................................................ 128

6

Implementation ............................................................................. 130Technical feasibility ............................................................................ 130Social feasibility .................................................................................. 137Financial feasibility ............................................................................. 140Legal feasibility .................................................................................. 141Liability ................................................................................................ 141

References ........................................................................................... 143

Appendices ........................................................................................... 151Coroico ........................................................................................... 152Blocks A, C. Agronomy classrooms, basketball court ..................... 155High school, chapel, classrooms and library block ........................ 159Cooperative blocks ......................................................................... 163Office and administration block ..................................................... 167Teachers block ............................................................................... 171Teachers block 2842 ...................................................................... 175Tourism, chapel block .................................................................... 179Electricity box without description ................................................. 183Sister Jane ..................................................................................... 187Computer room, dining room, library, kiosks block ......................... 191Dormitories .................................................................................... 195Dormitories block .......................................................................... 198

9

BOLIVIA

Introduction

The REGSA project aims to contribute to the increased use of electrical energy obtained by the generation of renewable energy in South America, as a way to improve the environmental conditions, increase energy security and alleviate poverty in the project areas, besides directly supporting sustainable energy options in Bolivia, Brazil and Chile.

To achieve this goal, the plan is to establish new electricity networks that integrate the use of renewable energy as electricity sources, which will be developed especially in rural areas. One of the reasons for the low productivity of Bolivian units is its reduced participation in the knowledge of economic fundamentals. Within the country, there are few research and development activities of new technologies and even less that link research work to the productive sector. Bolivia has not generated mechanisms for a better use of the technology generated abroad and there is evidence of insufficient flows of information and transfer of skills and knowledge to the production units, particularly the rural ones.

To address this situation, the Bolivian pilot project will be developed specifically in the Rural Academic Unit (UAC-CP, for its acronym in Spanish) of the Community of Carmen Pampa, Nor Yungas - La Paz, associated with the Catholic University. This unit offers graduation in Education, Nursing, Veterinary, Agronomy and Rural Tourism careers, aiming to meet the needs of rural people living in surrounding areas. The community, specifically the UAC-CP, was chosen in order to achieve sustainability goals of the project and to introduce its residents and students to the care, use and maintenance of equipment, for which they will be properly trained. The project intends to generate a supply of electric energy from renewable sources, using the hydraulic potential of the water supply of rivers near Carmen Pampa and solar radiation.

In this sense, the installation of micro hydro and solar heating will reduce energy costs and replace an equivalent amount of electricity generated from fossil fuels in the national grid. It aims to work directly inside the productive area of the Academic Unit, especially in the electricity demand for coffee production and pig farm. At the same time, the increase in the supply of thermal energy, in terms of hot water for bathing, improves the quality of life for students living on campus.

10

Communities with Renewable Energies in South America: Feasibility studies on renewable electricity generation technologies

Background

National level

The annual growth rate of electricity generation in Bolivia is 6.53%. In 2010, it reached 4.378.6 kbpe. However, the primary resource demand for electricity generation has a growth rate of 7.57%. This means that to produce an additional unit of electricity, a proportionately higher amount of additional primary energy is required.

Thereby, the growth rate:

for natural gas demand in electricity generation reaches 8.89%; for hydroenergy, 1.24%; for biomass, 7.96%; and, for diesel oil, 14.10%.

This means that the greatest growth occurred in systems where the global energy performance is lower than in hydroenergy plants. In this context, the share of renewable energy for electricity generation, over the total primary energy demand, changed from a peak of 33.5%, in 2001, to 17.2%, in 2010. The evolution of this indicator is a result of the application of subsidies to natural gas designated to generate electricity over the last 16 years.

Because of this phenomenon, the global energy efficiency (GEE) understood as the connection between the amount of electricity obtained from the output of the electricity generation systems and the amount of primary energy delivered to the input of the same systems in the national system of electricity generation has deteriorated, from 45.4% in 2000 to 41.2% in 2010. In environmental terms, this deterioration means the increase of specific emissions of CO2 from the Bolivian electricity system.

11

Bolivia

The evolution of electricity generation is demonstrated in the following figure:

Figure 1 - Evolution of the electricity generation and performance. Source: Bolivia (2013).

The figure above shows:

The dynamic growth of electricity production (6.53%/year); increased demand for primary resources (7.57%/year),

which means that to produce an additional unit of electricity a proportionately greater amount of additional primary energy is required. This rate of increase, for the 10 years analyzed, amounts to 2.7 times;

thus, the growth rate of demand for natural gas in electricity generation reaches 8.89%/year, hydropower, 1.24%/year, biomass, 7.96%/year and diesel oil, 14.10%/year;

the share of renewable energy for electricity generation, over the demanded primary total energy, went from 33.5%, in 2001 - its highest share to 17.2%, in 2010. The behavior of this indicator is the result of a natural gas incentive (subsidy) policy for the generation of electricity;

the Global Energy Efficiency (REG) in the national electricity generation system has deteriorated from 45.4%, in 2000, to 41.2%, in 2010. This deterioration does not mean anything other than the increase in specific CO2 emissions of the Bolivian electricity system.

12


Year Natural GasHydro power Biomass

Diesel Oil Electricity Offer REG

Renov/ Total

2000 3 635.59 1 190.13 222.00 77.09 2 326.62 5 124.81 45.4% 27.6%

2001 2 963.29 1 319.13 223.57 105.00 2 372.16 4 610.99 51.4% 33.5%

2002 3 166.29 1 364.79 223.28 111.38 2 488.64 4 865.74 51.1% 32.6%

2003 4 053.71 1 231.21 223.00 123.95 2 565.91 5 631.87 45.6% 25.8%

2004 3 917.44 1 331.33 231.00 129.76 2 686.89 5 609.53 47.9% 27.9%

2005 4 746.76 1 217.20 231.00 141.28 2 842.22 6 336.24 44.9% 22.9%

2006 5 035.10 1 335.36 246.87 191.74 3 074.45 6 809.07 45.2% 23.2%

2007 5 569.27 1 437.04 296.78 226.86 3 353.52 7 529.95 44.5% 23.0%

2008 6 388.72 1 431.03 393.25 214.13 3 663.69 8 427.13 43.5% 21.6%

2009 7 058.64 1 422.35 483.66 230.49 3 851.37 9 195.14 41.9% 20.7%

2010 8 518.91 1 346.83 477.58 288.41 4 378.61 10 631.73 41.2% 17.2%

Table 1 - National energy balance. Source: Own elaboration (2013).

The following graphs show the typical load curve of the Bolivian system in the winter. The influence of the distribution systems of La Paz, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz is also demonstrated, as well as the importance of generating electricity to natural gas.

13

Bolivia

Graph 1 - Power injections for generators. Source: Bolivia (2013).

Graph 2 - Power withdrawal per distributor. Source: Bolivia (2013).

14


Regional level

The National Interconnected System (NIS), in place since 1978, has an installed power of 1200 MW, reached in 2010, meaning 7061.7 GWh of electricity generation. NIS attends to the countrys major markets through a transport system length of more than 2000 km, through the departments of La Paz, Oruro, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Potos, Chuquisaca and, recently, part of Beni.

The maximum power demand of the NIS - 1.090 kW - has a growth rate of 6.05%, according to November of 2011. Records show that distributors of La Paz, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz are the biggest NIS applicants.

Since August of 2011, NIS has experienced an excess energy demand crisis during peak hours. Due to this crisis, authorities have proceeded to plan power cuts to different sectors in all the cities attended by the NIS. The direct reason for this crisis is the loss of power reserves during peak hours, representing less than the minimum recommended values (10%) and reaching 0 kW, in some occasions.

Graph 3 - Evolution of maximum demand. Source: Bolivia (2013).

15

Bolivia

This graph demonstrates that the maximum power demand in the National Interconnected System has a growth rate of 6.05% and reached, in November of 2011, 1.090 kW. The maximum demand comes from the participation of various areas, as can be seen in the following graph which demonstrates the participation of the distributers in the maximum demand. Sadly, there is no information to structure the coincidental demand per economic areas:

Graph 4 - Coincidental power demand. Source: Bolivia (2013).

Since August, 2011, NIS is going through a difficult crisis in power during peak hours. Because of this crisis, authorities have proceeded to schedule a series of supply cuts in different sectors of users in all cities served by the SIN.

The direct reason for this crisis is the loss of backup power during peak hours. The following charts show the percentage of time during peak hours in which a certain reserve of power is available in the system:

16


Graph 5 - Reserve power in time peek: 2005. Source: Bolivia (2013).

Graph 6 - Reserve power in time peek: 2011. Source: Bolivia (2013).

17

Bolivia

It can be seen that a minimum power of 10%, in 2005, was available for 94% of the peak hours. In the year of 2011, this period of time is reduced to 28% and worse than that, for 14% of the peak period (42 min), the total reserve is virtually 0 kW.

Isolated power systems are dedicated to serving capitals, intermediate cities and towns in the lowlands of the country (Amazon and Chaco) and are managed by local cooperatives. In the majority of cases, diesel generation systems are provided in medium voltage (MV) transmission networks and in medium and low voltage distribution networks.

Even though the departments of Beni and Pando consume only 22 million liters a year of electricity generation from diesel, meaning about 1.9% of total national consumption, this source of electric power generation proves to be the most expensive in the country, resulting in a clear disincentive for industrial, commercial and transport development in the region. The region is subject to possible stockouts of diesel, with serious consequences for producers and consumers.

Fifteen electricity generation systems have been identified in the Bolivian Amazon attending to 29,151 households, consuming 18.8 million liters of diesel per year, for the generation of 68,749 MWh/year of which 89% corresponds to the generation in three cities: Cobija, Riberalta and Guayaramern.

Installed capacity in identified generation systems continues to be relevant, as it reaches 23.1 MW in plants ranging from 24 kW, the smallest, to systems of 6.8 MW of capacity in the case of Guayaramern.

The critical characteristic of these isolated systems is that they rely heavily on a diesel discount subsidy, and therefore do not have a sufficient supply to meet the needs of urban, and even worse, rural populations. Another problem is that the rate for service provision, in some cases, may be higher than the rate of the NIS.

Community level

According to Bolivian laws, renewable energy will contribute to increase electricity coverage, expand its supply and achieve energy independence and sovereignty. It also mentions the need for renewable energy research. For all matters, the decision to promote renewable energy is associated with the expansion of electricity coverage in rural areas, especially in cases of isolated houses; it therefore takes into account small-scale projects.

There are also biomass, hydroelectricity and natural

gas systems.

Rates vary from a minimum of 0.124 US$/kWh and a

maximum of 0.231 US$/kWh, while the national average is

around 0.169 US$/kWh.

18


The only license for the production of electricity from renewable sources for the National Interconnected System to the Distribution Companies requires that owners of generation facilities use renewable resources as long as this capacity does not exceed fifteen percent (15%) of the maximum of their total demand.

Planning

The Bolivian electricity sector is governed by the Electricity Act of 1994, enacted as part of the liberal economic reforms that led to the privatization of this sector. During this process, the area was

divided into three subsystems from which companies were privatized. As a result of this process, the National Electricity Company (NSDS) was relegated to serving of small isolated systems in the Amazon.

By mandate of the Act, the Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energy is the entity responsible for the formulation of plans, politics and the primary sector. One the main tasks of planning is the formulation of the Benchmark Plan for Expansion of the Electric System, an instrument that should form the basis of the different players in the sector.

The same reform process created the Superintendence of Electricity, an entity responsible for regulating the electricity market in its three subsystems, as well as the National Committee of Load Dispatch, entity in charge of daily operative scheduling and supervision of the daily transactions of the electricity market.

After 16 years operating the system under this institutional framework, the Bolivian government enacted, on May 1st, 2010, the Supreme Decrees No. 493 and 494 which nationalized much of the

electricity sector. With these measures, the Bolivian government proceeded to the forced purchase of shares of power generation companies of the NIS, in addition to the distribution company Light and Electric Force

Cochabamba S.A. (ELFEC S.A.). It was strengthened and since that measure, it is responsible for the development of electricity generation projects.

Under this new management framework, the Superintendency of Electricity became the electricity authority and the government, responsible for hierarchical decisions of regulations. Operational management of the electricity market is still the responsibility of the National Committee of Load Dispatch, which also assumes planning tasks of the electricity sector.

Generation, transmission and distribution.

Corani, Guaracachi and Valle Hermoso.

19

Bolivia

Rural Academic Units (RAU) were founded in different rural regions of Bolivia, in 1988, under the academic and administrative guidance of the Bolivian Catholic University, with the intention of meeting the needs of the youth population of rural areas, as well as offering undergraduate careers, aiming to maximize the quality of life in these areas.

Carmen Pampa Rural Academic Unit is located in the municipal district of Coroico, 85 km from the city of La Paz. It was established to provide training in the fields of education and nursing. Nowadays, it also provides veterinary, agriculture and rural tourism careers. It was founded by Bishop Thomas Manning, and managed by Franciscan sister, Nolam Demon. Based on an interinstitutional agreement, the Rural Academic Unit of Carmen Pampa came to depend exclusively on the Diocese of Coroico in the department of La Paz. Nowadays, the Carmen Pampa RAU, structured in two campuses, provides educational services to 543 students of 6 different careers.

Each campus has a production unit intended for academic and productive activities. In the jurisdiction of Leahy Campus, there is a coffee processing plant and in Manning Campus, a pig farm dedicated to processed meat products, such as jam, for the local market, known as the Pork butcher.

The following tables demonstrate some data about this pig farm:

Animal Universe

Description Unit Quantity

Total number of pigs Head 130

Pigs for raise and sell Head 103

Pre begin: 2 to 6 kg. Head 42

Begin: 5 to 10 kg. Head 7

Growing: 10 to 30 kg. Head 26

Fatening: 35 to 80 kg. Head 12

Tesis: 18 to 30 kg. Head 16

Reproduction Head 27

Table 2 - Veterinary career. Source: Guzman (2013).

Leahy Campus and Manning Campus.

20


Disposals

There isnt a disposal treatment system for the pork butcher.

The disposals are collected, separating solid components from the liquid ones.

Solid: The solid (acids) in pools for its biodegradation. After that they are use for fertilization.

Liquids: Dumped directly into to the river.

Butching Register The quantity of animals is according to the production of the Plant. The rumen, blood and fluids go direct to the river.

Normal butch Head/month 8

Actual butch (low) Head/month 4

Water consumption

Minimum consumption per day

L/day 0

Maximum consumption per day

L/day 1000

Average consumption per day

L/day 400 500

Frequency of water use to wash animals

- Mothers and offspring daily to avoid illness

Time/day 1/1

- Big (reproduction and fatening)

Time/day

-

Table 3 - Administration of the UAC CP. Source: Guzman (2013).

21

Bolivia

Implementation

Technical feasibility

The Bolivian pilot module will be developed in the Nor Yungas Province of La Paz, represented in the following figure:

Figure 2 - Pilot geographic location. Source: Google Maps (2014).

As stated, the Pilot will be implemented in the Bolivian Catholic University Rural Academic Unit in the community of Carmen Pampa (RUA-CP):

Figure 3 - Municipal district of Coroico. Source: Ubicacin (2014).

22


The two campuses of the Carmen Pampa Rural Academic Unit, Leahy and Manning, provide living bedrooms for their students, to be used during their education, as well as places for practice.

Figure 4 - Leahy and Manning Campuses. Source: Ubicacin (2014).

Upstream from this RAU, a water conveyance that transports fluid from a small micro-watershed towards the community of Carmen Pampa was identified. This micro-watershed has an area of approximately 1km2 and provides a flow rate of just over 2.5 L/s.

The water conveyance discharges the water into a tank-filter about 200 m away from the RAU. The flow at this point has an energetic potential which is tapped for any purpose, it is discharged at atmospheric pressure in a sand filter and then transported through another adduction, towards the aforementioned community.

23

Bolivia

This is demonstrated in the following figure:

Point Point descriptionHeight Reference Pictures

Waterfall Origin. Water beginning

Waterfall, highest point reached walking, after this point theres no road.

2078 m

Water recollection chamber

Middle tank, water coming from the waterfall divides in two flows: one goes to the middle tank that helps to direct part of the water flow and another one that goes all the way to the road.

2050 m

continues...

24



Take work Pipe line beginning, at this point water goes through a 2 pipe line, which goes its way to the filter tank.

2035 m

Water adduction

View from the pipe line road.

No reference

continues...

25

Bolivia


Filter tank Filter tank. 1938 m

Water pipe Pipe line at road level.

1919 m

Water tank Town water recollection tank, point that reaches after the filter tank.

1887m

continues...

26



Campus Campus LEAHY.

1860 m

Campus Campus MANNING.

1688 m

Figure 5 - Water conveyance. Source: Guzman (2013).

The hydraulic potential has been evaluated and estimated, for the month of October, 2013, as a power total of 1.2 kW in generation terminals.

The following tables demonstrate the available height, flow and potential related to the hydraulic energy:

Point Design Unit Height

Waterfall Origin. Water beginning.

0 M 2078

Water recollectio chamber 1 M 2050

Take work 2 M 2035

Outcrop Tank 1 3 M 1938

continues...

27

Bolivia

Point Design Unit Height

Outcrop Tank 2 4 M 1887

Available height 1 (2 3)

CM1 M 97

Available height 2 (2 4)

CM2 M 148

Table 4 - Height of hydraulic energy. Source: Guzman (2013).

Position (X [m]) Tie (Y [m]) H [m] Caudal Q [m3/s]

0 0.010

0.1 0.012 0.0110 0.00017

0.2 0.011 0.0115 0.00018

0.3 0.010 0.0105 0.00016

0.4 0.009 0.0095 0.00013

0.5 0.014 0.0115 0.00018

0.6 0.018 0.0160 0.00029

0.7 0.013 0.0155 0.00028

0.8 0.020 0.0165 0.00031

0.9 0.018 0.0190 0.00038

1 0.023 0.0205 0.00043

Total m3/s 0.00250

Table 5 - Flow of hydraulic energy. Source: Guzman (2013).

Scenary Unit Power

E1 (CM1) kW 1.19

E2 (CM2) kW 1.82

Table 6 - Potencial of hydraulic energy. Source: Guzman (2013).

28


According to the height table two possible sites for construction of the powerhouse are identified: CM1 and CM2. This definition depends on the agreements between the UAC, the Pilot project and the community. The potential will be calculated, provisionally, for both cases.

According to the flow table, it is assumed that the October flow corresponds to the most critical time of year. The throughput estimation model corresponds to a landfill thick wall.

Under these conditions and an overall energy efficiency of 50%, the expected potential reaches 1.19 kW, in CM1 and 1.82 kW, in CM2, according to the potential table.

The total electricity consumption in the Carmen Pampa RAU reaches 97.569 kWh/year, which demands a cost of 19.535 $us/year. The mentioned consumption and cost per campus are described in the following table:

Campus Leahy total energy consumption kWh/year 50688

Campus Leahy total amount energy consumption Bs/year 68340.55

Average fare $us/year 9962.18

Bs/kWh 1.35

$us/kWh 0.20

Campus Mannig total energy consumption kWh/year 46881

Campus Manning total amount energy consumption Bs/year 65668.34

Average fare $us/year 9572.64

Bs/kWh 1.40

$us/kWh 0.20

Table 7 - Electricity consumption: campuses. Source: Guzman (2013).

The following graph shows the annual distribution of the mentioned consumption:

29

Bolivia

Graph 7 - Annual electrical consumption. Source: Bolivia (2013).

As expected, the consumption distribution is correlated with the academic calender of the unit.

The electrical system of the Carmen Pampa RAU is composed of various independent circuits, each one with a measuring unit placed in both campuses. The grouping of all measuring units, by categories, shows that the consumption average fare is 1.37 Bs/kWh and that the vast majority of consumption occurs in the General Minor and General Major commercial categories as shown in the following table:

CategoryConsumption Amount Average fare Participation (%)

kWh Bs Bs/kWh Consumption Cost

Domiciliary 693 661.11 0.95 0.7% 0.5%

Domiciliary 2 24289 32300.31 1.33 24.9% 24.1%

General Major 35554 49453.48 1.39 36.4% 36.9%

General Minor 37033 51594.00 1.39 38.0% 38.5%

Total 97569 134008.89 1.37 100.0% 100.0%

Table 8 - Electricity consumption: category. Source: Guzman (2013).

30


Detailed research of the average fare in the different measuring units shows that the average real fare, by consumption unit, is diverse and has wide variations, even when it comes to consumption in the same category. The result is an increase of the specific energy cost in certain units; the electricity cost increases although the service delivered (kWh) is the same.

The following table and graph demonstrate an analysis of the consumption per categories:

UAC

Category Consumption kWh

Price Bs Average rate Bs/kWh

Participation (%)

Consumption Cost

Home 693 661.11 0.95 0.7% 0.5%

Home 2 24 289 32 300.31 1.33 24.9% 24.1%

Major General

35 554 49 453.48 1.39 36.4% 36.9%

Minor General

37 033 51 594.00 1.39 38.0% 38.5%

Total 97 569 134 008.89 1.37 100.0% 100.0%

Table 9 - Consumption per categories. Source: Guzman (2013).

Figure 6 - Register of Carmen Pampa electricity bills. Source: Guzman (2013).

31

Bolivia

Figure 7 - Register of Carmen Pampa electricity bills. Source: Guzman (2013).

Campus Leahy

Place Description Category Price (Bs) Average rate (Bs/kWh)

Teachers home Minor General 437.3 8.31

Home Area Minor General 604.3 2.45

Micaelas former home Minor General 593.7 1.77

Mechanic and Carpenter place Minor General 1137.5 1.48

Teachers home Minor General 1219.2 1.43

Virgen del Carmen University dining room

Minor General 1312.7 1.38

Without Description Major General 35553.5 1.35

Ladies Area Minor General 5101.8 1.34

DEF Area, little Cooperative, Docs home, Of. Storage


BLOCK 5 Teachers home and former boarding school


Pig farm, Coffee Plant Minor General 4315.9 1.28

Administration Offices Home 661.1 0.95

Table 10 - Campus Leahy. Source: Guzman (2013).

32


Campus Manning

Place Description Category Price Average rate (Bs/kWh)

Biosidas Laboratory entomology Minor General 708.6 23.26

Without Description Minor General 720.5 2.92


BLOCK 4 Hna. Teresa Office, Psychology CEDI y beekeeping


Computers room, dining room, library and stores

Major General 13900.0 1.50


Trocaire Project Minor General 1206.6 1.42

Lic. Maras former home, Hna. Jean Office


Tourism area, temple, court Home 2 32300.3 1.33



Table 11 - Campus Manning. Source: Guzman (2013).

This results from an inappropriate selection or assignment of the category by the distributor and the influence of fixed charges for service, a fact that must be attended to and renegotiated by the administrative unit of the RAU.

Although research could not identify the amount of the installed power, it has to be noted that the electrical system of the RAU priority attends the demands of illumination and water heating. The installed capacity for illumination is distributed among all units. However, in

the case of water heating, there is a marked concentration which is located only in the house of teachers (95%). It establishes that there is, to say at least, a serious deficit of thermal energy supply for hot water service for the houses of students.

The objective of the installed capacity study responds to the hypothesis of the project design concept, identified in the pre-diagnosis. It must be assumed, in the theoretical model, that the

The installed capacity in both services exceeds 200 kW, of which 82% are dedicated to water heating.

33

Bolivia

maximum demand may exceptionally reach the installed capacity of electricity produced and water heated, according to the following tables and graphs:

Illumination

Campus Leahy Manning Total (kW)

Fluorescent lighting (kW) 17.64 15.96 33.60

Halogen lighting (kW) 0.80 2.00 2.80

18.44 17.96 36.40

Table 12 - Illumination. Source: Guzman (2013).

Water heating

Campus Leahy Manning Total (kW)

Electricity (kW) 100.00 65.00 165.00

Gas (kW) 0.00 6.00 6.00

100.00 71.00 171.00

Table 13 - Water heating. Source: Guzman (2013).

Graph 8 - Energy Diagnosis. Source: Guzman (2013).

34


Graph 9 - Energy Diagnosis. Source: Guzman (2013).

The analysis of the preceding tables and graphs demonstrate some relevant details:

In a short term, the demand mainly linked to electricity and capable of being served by electricity from renewable sources is concentrated on lighting and water heating;

the demand dedicated to electronic office equipment is not significant and has been integrated into the study of the load curve;

the demand for coffee processing could not be assessed due to logistical constraints in the diagnostic phase;

it is well known that there is no supply of power for heating water in the area of the students houses, since it is concentrated in the area of the teachers building.

The energy assessment equipment measured a week of the electricity consumption in Leahy Campus. The measurement was performed with the Veris brand network analyzer, which took readings of electrical parameters every 10 minutes during the week. The registered parameters are energy consumed, active power, reactive and apparent demands, voltage level and current flow in each phase.

35

Bolivia

The objective of this research responds to the following hypothesis of the project concept design, identified in the pre-diagnosis:

At low cost, an intervention can be made to achieve a hydraulic use of the existing water source;

Since the total potential identified as available in the watershed is small, it is not possible to think of a transmission network of great length. Therefore, the user system must be close to the generation point;

The small transmission network could not attend more than a portion of the electricity consumption in Leahy Campus.

The research aims to identify the consumer position replaced by a renewable source and evaluate its feasibility. This could be done by measuring electrical parameters that show the power curve and the power portion to be replaced.

The results of the measurement in the main area of Leahy can be seen in the following graph:

Graph 10 - Energy diagnosis measurement. Source: Guzman (2013).

There is not a defined pattern for the occurrence of the maximum power. Apparently, this happens when showers are used simultaneously with the high peaks of the lighting system. There is a base power of less than 1 kW.

36


A deeper study of this curve shows the following results:

Total energy registered kWh/week 239.1

Daily consumption kWh/day 34.1

Table 14 - Electricity consumption registered on Leahy Campus. Source: Guzman (2013).

As it can be deduced, the energy registered during measurement represents only 25% of the total energy billed on campus. This difference leads us to assume several hypotheses, as follows:

The pattern of consumption registered in the measurement can be repeated only three months every year. This fact is consistent with the turnover recorded in the study file of the electricity consumption;

there is, at another time of the year, consumption that exceeds the consumption patterns identified during the measurement period and it is likely that such a power consumption demands higher hydraulic potential than the already identified;

some consumption units were not operating during the measurement.

The evolution of power demand during the diagnosis period supports the hypothesis of the project concept design.

Graph 11 - Curve power: duration (Leahy Campus). Source: Guzman (2013).

37

Bolivia

This graph shows that the demands above 4 kW of power occur promptly, less than 3.3% of the total time. This demand occurs approximately 5 hours a week. Moreover, it is interesting to observe that the demands lower to 1kW of power occur almost 56% of the measured time. This time equates to 94 hours/week, or nearly 4 days a week. During the measurement week, the coffee processor did not go into operation, since, according to collected information, it operates only during the coffee harvest period.

This analysis clearly shows two scenarios:

An investment in civil work for absorbing peak demands would imply a cost, and its usage time would be minimum.

An investment intended to absorb lower powers would be more economically efficient, since it is not only reducing the cost of investment, but it is increasing its usage time.

The study of various consumption centers in operation during the energetic diagnosis has been done for the various purposes, such as to identify the average power demanded and the consumption centers in which they present the highest peak power.

A result of the study can be seen in the following table:

Description of the Consumer Centre Maximum Power (kW)Average Power (kW)

Leahy Campus

Blocks A, C. Agronomy classrooms, basketball court 6,40 2,49

High school, chapel, classrooms and library block 3,40 0,74

Cooperative blocks 0,21 0,05

Office and administration block 3,20 0,84

Teachers block 6,10 0,11

Teachers block 2842 3,65 0,20

continues...

38


Description of the Consumer Centre Maximum Power (kW)Average Power (kW)

Manning Campus

Tourism, chapel block 7,00 2,30

No description 7,00 0,40

Sister Jane 5,00 0,44

Computer room, dining room, library, kiosks block 2,65 0,90

Dormitories 0,06 0,03

Dormitories block 5,60 0,05

*For more details regarding the content of this table, check out the appendices at the end of this book.

Table 15 - Electricity consumption registered on both campuses. Source: Guzman (2013).

Social feasibility

The affluence of water corresponds to the water supply for the university. There are two more waterfalls spots that belong to the community. In this sense, the RUA-CP is totally in agreement with the implementation of the Pilot in order to improve the quality of life of their students and the energy supply.

A set of questions and answers addressed to the community stakeholders follows:

Do we need meetings with the rural community or with their authorities?No, we dont need any more meetings, because the source of water that will be used in the Pilot project belongs to RUA-CP.

Will this be prejudicial for the community?There will be no prejudice for the community, because the water from the waterfall used for the mini hydro can still be used as drinking water and it doesnt affect in any negative way the community needs.

What do people think about building a renewable energy source? The community, students and stakeholders, are very interested in the introduction of renewable energy in order to preserve their nature and provide access to electricity at lower costs. The main electrical system has a higher cost to reach the community and is limited.

39

Bolivia

Are there any social objections i.e. noise pollution, visual pollution - or cultural issues? As mentioned, the use of the water to produce the energy will not affect its drinking quality. The community had no objections towards the Pilot project.

Are there business or political objections i.e. threatened local interests that could be an opposition to the project?The community has no problems with the implementation of the mini hydro. On the contrary, this is perceived as an opportunity to improve their production and life quality.

Financial feasibility

The project will seek to generate an offer of electric and thermal supply from renewable sources, taking advantage of the hydraulic potential of the drinking water supply of Carmen Pampa and solar radiation.

The installation of the hydropower micro-center and a solar heater will allow the reduction of energetic costs, the replacement of an equivalent amount of electricity generated from fossil sources in the National Interconnected System. At the same time, the increase of the thermal energy offer, in terms of hot water for personal cleanliness, will improve the comfort for students. Finally, the installations and appropriate curriculum will improve the quality of the higher education in Carmen Pampa.

The hydraulic potential identified, as noted, comes from a water source used for the drinking water supply of the population and whose adduction is generated a non used energy amount and intends to take advantage with the proposed project. The potential has been evaluated approximately in 1.2 kW of electrical power.

Following the pattern of weekly consumption registered during the energetic diagnosis, it should be expected that a hydropower micro-center of 1.2 kW achieves to replace the 61% of daily consumed energy. Now, since the registered pattern does not represent the total of the consumed energy in Leahy Campus, it is estimated that the real potential replacement is at least 15%.

The probable results of a micro-central hydropower in the Campus Leahy intends to evaluate the increase of electricity supply from renewable source and to replace, in the SIN, a certain amount of power from fossil source. This will bring energy, environmental and economic impacts, so, the approach has to take that into consideration.

40


In scenario 1, the interconnection of the hydroelectric plant through an intelligent controller is feasible. In this context, this is expected:

The hydroelectric plant has a constant supply of 1,2 kW; surplus demand will be sourced from the network; surplus power hydroelectric plant, in case of a lower

demand, is dissipated through a resistor bank and used to generate a small supply of hot water.

The operation of the system in this scenario can be seen in the following graph and table:

Graph 12 - Measures from the energetic diagnosis. Source: Guzman (2013).

Daily consumption kWh/day 34.09 100%

Energy taken from the net kWh/day 13.16 39%

Energy taken fron the hydro kWh/day 20.93 61%

Heating energy kWh/day 7.87

Table 16 - Measures from the energetic diagnosis. Source: Guzman (2013).

41

Bolivia

The hydroelectric plant could absorb up to 61% of consumption, if that occurs according to the detected pattern during the measurement week. The amount of recorded energy during the diagnosis does not represent the totality of consumption on Manning Campus. Therefore, under this scenario, the hydroelectric plant could replace 61% of 25% of the energy consumed in the year (the minimum replacement potential is 15%). Under these definitions, the savings potential of the hydroelectric plant would be estimated at $ 1,500 U.S./year.

In Scenario 2, taking into consideration that a control unit cannot be achieved with the benefits mentioned above, the hydroelectric plant can operate as an isolated system, supplying electricity to certain units. For example, those in which the average billed rate is higher than the contract rate.

Since the system is isolated, with a less flexible performance, the offer of water heating will be higher. If the supply of hot water increases, the extreme powers arising from the use of electric showers will decrease in amount of energy. Therefore, the potential for energy savings is greater. In any case, the potential to replace fossil power source is increased with the water heating energy from a renewable source.

The curves of two units are shown in the following graph, as an example:

Graph 13 - Measures from the energetic diagnosis. Source: Guzman (2013).

42


Taking all of this into consideration, this is the logical framework proposed:

Development Indicators Sources of verification Assumptions and risks

Specific objective :

Increase the electrical and thermal energy offer from renewable sources as a way to enhance the environmental conditions, increase energetic security, reduce energetic costs and increase opportunities for experimentation and study in the Carmen Pampa PAU.

R.1

The hydropower micro-center has been installed and put into operation.

I11. The hydropower micro-center is installed and operating.

I12 Hydro replaces at least 15% of the weekly consumption of Leahy campus.

Construction report. The community accepts and supports the use of hydraulic potential drinking water adduction.

R2.

Thermal demonstration facility has been installed.

I21 The thermosolar system is installed and operating.

I22 The peak electrical demands have been replaced.

I23 The students of Leahy campus access the heated water service.

Installation Report. It is possible to adapt a point of 6-point supply of hot water for showers.

R21

Design and experimentally implement a curricular design to complement the regular study with a module of renewable energy study.

I21 The curricular design documents.

I22 Report of the experimental application of the curricular design in renewable energy.

Notes on the training sessions.

The academic administrtaion of the Carmen Pampa PAU accepts the incorporation of the curricular design developed in the project.

Table 17 - Logical framework. Source: Guzman (2013).

The main activities involved in the Pilot project implementation are presented in the next table:

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Bolivia

Description Unid Quantity Cost (Bs) Cost ()

Preliminary work GLB 1 5.841,02 653,04

Water intake structure GLB 1 3.880,11 433,81

Adduction m 461 30.182,66 3.374,51

Machine house GLB 11.769,43 1.315,86

Electromechanical equipment GLB 1 25.000,00 2.795,08

Power lines m 300 16.000,00 1.788,85

Solar system GLB 1 25.000,00 2.795,08

Total Cost Bs 117.673,22 13.156,22

Table 18 - Pilot implementation. Source: Guzman (2013).

A more detailed set of information can be seen in the following tables:

GEOREFERENCIATION OF ELECTRIC WIRE

Point Description South Latitude (S) West Longitude (W) Height (m)

UAC E1 UAC Tank, place were the machine room will be installed

-16 15 22.58028 -67 41 26.64956 1903.522

UAC E2 -16 15 24.35064 -67 41 27.19724 1901.839

UAC E3 -16 15 24.66415 -67 41 28.32065 1899.196

UAC E4 -16 15 26.87054 -67 41 28.76120 1895.351

UAC E5 -16 15 25.11044 -67 41 28.90423 1891.986

UAC E7 -16 15 26.71363 -67 41 29.58407 1886.939

UAC E8 -16 15 27.34760 -67 41 29.71503 1883.094

UAC E9 -16 15 28.14874 -67 41 30.72287 1879.249

UAC E10 -16 15 28.33191 -67 41 30.87103 1875.163

UAC E11 -16 15 29.28453 -67 41 31.63958 1873.721

UAC E12tra

Power intake, electricity boxes room

-16 15 29.52834 -67 41 32.12117 1872.519

Table 19 - Georeferenciation of electric wire. Source: Guzman (2013).

44


OPTION TAKEN

Description Unit Quantity Unit Price (Bs) Total price (Bs)

Power lines one via, single phase (a covered cable live line, a bare cable earth), low voltage include the following materials: 6 treated eucalyptus poles 9 meters high 300 meters 4 AWG wire Insulators and other required material

Transport and Installation in Carmen Pampa

Accomplish SEYSA requirements

Global 1 16 000.- 16 000.-

Table 20 - Option taken. Source: Guzman (2013).

These activities will be developed with the supervision of a consultant expert in renewable energies to ensure the smooth implementation of the Pilot project.

There is a possibility of changing the costs in power line and in adductions. During the implementation, the possibilities of cost reductions will be checked.

Legal feasibility

As auto-producer, there is not a maximum output allowed because the RAU-CP will use its own source of energy to produce the electricity. In this condition, the electricity cannot be sold, meaning that it can only be used by the owners of the resources. This responds to a regulation that forbids introducing energy into the national main electrical system.

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Bolivia

The Pilot project will be developed within the property of the Academic Unit, according to its resources. For this reason, the Pilot does not have to pay any kind of taxes or licenses.

Liability

The Bolivian Catholic University (BCU), as a representative of the REGSA Project in Bolivia, documents the agreement with the Carmen Pampa Rural Academic Unit, that grants the responsibility of the Pilot project to the BCU as long as the existence of the REGSA Project. Once finished, the legal responsibility will be transferred to the RAU-CP.

47

BRAZIL

Introduction

It is increasingly common to read about issues relating to renewable energy in Brazil, not only because this theme has become internationally relevant, but also due to the incentives of funding agencies supporting clean and renewable energy projects. In Santa Catarina, a state in the South Region of Brazil, several projects have been developed and implemented in this field, aiming to contribute to a more environmentally-friendly country. Due to favorable geography, Brazil has available many sources capable of generating energy, such as: wind, hydro and thermal.

Background

National level

Brazil is the ninth largest energy consumer in the world, and the third largest in the Western Hemisphere, standing only behind the United States and Canada. The total primary energy consumption in Brazil has increased by a third in the last decade due to sustained economic growth. Almost half of the total energy consumption in Brazil - 46 % - is renewable. Hydroelectric plants generate most of Brazils electricity (83%) and 22% of the fresh water resources of the whole planet can be found in Brazil, as well as the largest biomass potential. It is a giant producer and consumer of energy and this behavior is expanding at an exponential rate.

Power consumption in Brazil is growing every year in all sectors. According to data from the Resenhas Mensais do Mercado de Energia Eltrica (Monthly Reviews of Electricity Market) (EPE, 2012), the total electricity consumed in 2011 was 430.100 GWh of the network, 3.6% higher than in 2010.

48


The trade and services sector experienced the largest growth in consumption, increasing 6.3% in relation to 2010. The commercial sector amounted to 73.500 GWh of energy consumed in 2011. Throughout 2011, this consumption was less significant, reflecting measures adopted by the government, at the end of 2010, seeking credit containment.

Social improvements that have continued to occur in Brazil strongly influenced this growth profile, considering the drop in unemployment and the increase in household income as two main factors. This favored the expansion of the tertiary sector, with new shopping malls, shops and services, which increased by 4.4%, the number of commercial consumers in the year of 2011. (EPE, 2012).

Monthly, the commercial sector led the expansion of the electricity consumed in the country, amounting, in 2011, to 3% more than in 2010, the equivalent to 6.500 GWh, the lowest expansion of the sector in the year. Although performance has been relatively weak in the Southeast Region of Brazil, in the South, in December of 2011, consumption grew 9% more than in 2010. This indicates a 93 GWh increase in consumption, representing almost half of the expansion in consumption in this sector across the country, which totalized 190 GWh. The states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (both sothern states) contributed together to the majority of this total, with 73 GWh.

The increase in jobs created in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul was 6.3%, higher than the national rate of 5.8 %. Economic expansion in the North and Central-West regions accounts for their high growth rates in electricity consumed in the commercial sector, 10.5% and 7.1%, respectively. The residential sector had a slightly more modest increase, of 4.6%.

Still according to the Resenhas Mensais do Mercado de Energia Eltrica (EPE, 2012), in 2011, the growth in residential energy consumed was approximately 4.6%, representing a demand increase of 112.000 GWh/year.

Although the purchasing rate of household appliances, as well as computer and communication equipments, has been increasing since 2005, this does not necessarily represent an increase in devices in use, as frequently most new applicances sold are replacing older, less efficient models. The industrial sector showed a much more modest growth rate, not exceeding 2.3%, representing a total energy consumption of 183.600 GWh, in 2011. The largest rate of increase in energy consumed in the period occurred in the Central-West Region, closing the year of 2011 16.6% higher than in 2010.

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Brazil

Two factors contributed to this outcome:

the coming into operation of a mineral extraction company, called Ferronickel, in the state of Gois; and,

the rebound of the activities in cold-storage units in the state of Mato Grosso.

In the North Region, the industrial sector also increased its energy consumed in the year 2011, amounting to 7%. This was mainly due to the new activity by Ferronickel in the mining sector.

In the Northeast Region, energy consumed by industry decreased 2.9%, in comparison to the values of 2010.

Two factors contributed to this outcome:

closing the aluminum company called Novelis, in the state of Bahia; and,

the interruption of electricity supply in the beginning of 2011, which affected the restoration of industrial production for several months.

The Southeast Region had the lowest growth in industrial energy consumed in 2011, only 1.9%. This happened, in part, due to electricity self-production by two steel industry companies in the state of Rio de Janeiro, which had its industrial consumption decline by 5.4% that year. The state of So Paulo obtained an annual growth rate of 2.2%.

The South Region had around a 3.6 % growth in industrial energy consumption in 2011. The states of Paran and Rio Grande do Sul had 4.0% of increments.

In monthly energy consumption rates, according to EPE (2012), the industry showed the lowest variation in December of 2011, with only 0.4%, equivalent to 15.200 GWh, compared to December of 2010. Therefore, there was a general slowdown in industrial activity in the country, except for the Central-West Region, which had a 29.4% increase in energy consumption.

Brazil has improved its total energy production in the last years, particularly oil and ethanol. Oil production growth has been a long-term target of the Brazilian government, and recent discoveries of offshore oil deposits (pre-salt) could turn Brazil into one of the largest oil producers in the world. The rise of Brazil as the preeminent economic power in

44%, in the state of Gois, and 23% in the state of Mato

Grosso, more specifically.

50


South America can be largely attributed to the its natural resources. Because of Brazils growth, the demand for energy also increased and, consequently, the need for greater energy production, as well as the search for more alternative and renewable energy sources.

These are some sectors of the Brazilian energy market:

Crude oil; Ethanol; Natural gas; Hydroelectricity.

According to the Annual Energy Outlook 2012 with projections to 2035 (EIA, 2012), Brazils oil reserves exceeded 14 billion barrels, since 2012, second only to Venezuela in South America. Most of the Brazilian oil reserves are located in Campos and in basins of Santos, at the southeast coast. Based on recent industry forecasts, the total net production for 2012 is supposed to reach 2.8 million barrels per day, and, in 2013, 3 million barrels per day, an expected rise of

about 7%. The largest producer in Brazil is Petrobras, with more than half of the entire crude oil in the country. Despite this dominance, international oil companies are also present in the Brazilian oil production.

Brazil ranks as the second largest ethanol producer in the world, behind the United States. In 2010, Brazil produced 486.000 barrels/day of ethanol, versus 450.000 barrels/day produced in 2009. In 2011, a combination of higher sugar prices, a low crop of sugarcane, as well as underinvestment, resulted in an approximate 20% decrease in ethanol production, to about 390.000 barrels/day. In response to shortages of ethanol, the Brazilian government reduced the mandatory percentage of ethanol added to gasoline requirement of 25% to 20%.

However, according to Joel Velasco, from the Union of Sugarcane Industry (Unio da Indstria de Cana-de-Acar UNICA), this temporary reduction in the levels of ethanol is an attempt to show that the Brazilian government is doing something about the situation. According to Velasco, the reduction was unnecessary, an attempt to calm down the ethanol market. Recently, Petrobras promised to invest billions of dollars in the hope of expanding its production capacity from 1 billion liters to 5.6 billion liter, in 2015. (ETANOL, 2012).

Such as Chevron and Shell, whose daily production value is 75.000 and 85.000 barrels, respectively.

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Brazil

Natural gas accounted for only 7% of national energy consumption in 2010. Brazil has significant proven reserves, totaling 14.7 trillion cubic feet. Despite those reserves, the natural gas sector in Brazil has had a slow growth rate due to low prices. Brazil passed new legislation in 2009 to simplify private investments in natural gas, due to the relatively poor production in the country, as well as its desire to become independent of imports, mainly from Bolivia. Additionally, Petrobras has been active in the construction of new pipelines and expects to be able to produce approximately 1.7 million barrels a day by 2020, which is well above the 0.634 million barrels produced in 2013. (RENN, 2012).

There are several renewable energy generators in Brazil, but the electricity sector has been dominated by hydropower. Based on the International Energy Agency, this is the most used technique of renewable energies, comprising over 16% of electricity production in the world. In the Amazonian region, Brazil is building an impressive amount of barrages very quickly. This means that there wont be a major competitor in South America, at least for the immediate future. In the next decade, the Brazilian government hopes to build at least 20 major hydropower projects. To understand the magnitude of these projects, the investments that are being made should be taken into consideration. A pertinent example is the investment of over US$ 12 billion in an effort to divert the Xingu River, in order to proceed with the construction of Belo Monte.

The rapid and unprecedented development of dams in Brazil has led to concerns about the environment. Therefore, these important projects raised a substantial amount of environmental issues. Some criticized isues were the displacement of indigenous peoples and the negative effects on fish and fauna. Government officials insist that the construction of dams is necessary to meet the growing demand for energy, that will increase 56% during the next decade. Therefore, the dams seem to be a priority for the government, despite the environmental and social problems presented.

Traditional thermal generation in Brazil represents only about 12% of total energy supply. Natural gas and biomass are the largest sources of thermal generation, the latter is mainly a byproduct of ethanol plants. Nuclear energy remains a small presence, accounting for only 3% of the total energy supply. Besides the two nuclear plants that are currently in full operation, Eletrobras intends to build five more plants by the year of 2030.

Belo Monte will be the third largest dam in the world, behind the Three Gorges

Dam, in China, and the Itaipu Dam, in Brazil.

52


Regional level

The state of Santa Catarina can be separated into six mesoregions:

Florianpolis Metropolitan Area (Grande Florianpolis); North (Norte Catarinense); Itaja Valley (Vale do Itaja); Mountain Range (Serrana); South (Sul Catarinense); and, West (Oeste Caterinense).

According to FECAM (MESORREGIES, 2014, own translation),

Mesoregions are subdivisions of states that group together various municipalities with economic and social similarities in a geographic area. They were created by IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) for statistical and planning purposes and do not, therefore, constitute a political or administrative area.

These regions can be seen in the following map:

Microrregies de Santa Catarina

Figure 8 - Mesoregions of the State of Santa Catarina. Source: Mesorregies (2014).

Several types of renewable energies are used according to the particularities of each region. However, the most prominent kind of energy distributed over the whole territory of Santa Catarina is generated

53

Brazil

by hydropower plants. They represent 85.11% of all the power generators in operation today. In addition, there are other sources, such as: wind, biogas, photovoltaic solar power and thermo generation.

The distribution of the several types of renewable energy power plants in Santa Catarina is presented below:

Hydropower plants (Usinas Hidreltricas de Energia UHE); Hydropower generation stations (Centrais geradoras

hidreltricas - CGH); Small hydropower stations (Pequenas Centrais

Hidreltricas - PCH); Windpower generation stations (Centrais geradoras

eolieltricas - EOL); Thermo power plants (Usinas termeltricas de energia UTE); Photovoltaic energy plants (Usinas fotovoltaicas - UFV); Biogas plants (Centrais geradoras a biogs CBG).

According to Agncia Nacional de Energia Eltrica (National Agency of Electrical Energy - ANEEL), Santa Catarina has its power generation capacity installed and distributed as follows:

Enterprises in Operation

Type Quantity Power (kW) %

CGH 91 57.669 0,81

EOL 13 236.400 3,31

PCH 57 399.724 5,60

UHE 9 5.376.242 75,38

UTE 57 1.062.130 14,89

Total 227 7.132.165 100

Table 21 - Power plants in operation. Source: ANEEL (2012).

The following table shows the potential increase in production due to the installation of new power plants:

54


Enterprises under construction

Type Quantity Power (kW) %

PCH 17 129.247 42,08

UHE 1 177.900 57,92

Total 18 307.147 100

Table 22 - Power plants under construction. Source: ANEEL (2012).

For a broader account of the individual historical and economic elements of the hydropower plants, they will be contextualized by area, specifically in five regions.

The classification criterion, adopted by ANEEL is presented as follows:

Hydropower plants (UHE) have above 30,000 kW in capacity and can only be built by concessions sanctioned through public tender;

Hydropower generation stations (CGH) have an equal or below 1,000 kW capacity and are released from concession, permission or authorization that needs to be communicated only to the conceding power;

Small hydropower stations (PCH) have above 1 MW and below 30 MW of installed capacity, with a total dam equal or below 3.0 km, according to the authorization of ANEEL.

Each red diamond on the following map represents a hydropower plant:

Figure 9 PCHs of Santa Catarina. Source: Own elaboration (2014).

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Brazil

The triangles represent the hydropower generation stations:

Figure 10 CGHs of Santa Catarina. Source: Own elaboration (2014).

The numbers inserted in the bigger triangles indicate the quantity of stations in that region. Hydraulic power offers a great potential source of energy in the state due to wide rivers and water flows.

The squares represent the small hydropower stations:

Figure 11 PCHs of Santa Catarina. Source: Own elaboration (2014).

The numbers on each square represent the quantity of enterprises in the region. Small hydropower stations are a viable alternative for the production of energy in small rural areas. As the CGHs, they are abundant in Santa Catarina due to the extensive fluvial network, which makes their use possible.

56


The metropolitan area of Florianpolis also has an installed hydropower park and some plants under construction. However, the potential of new plants are already committed with the industry, as in other regions of the state, because they are independent producers of energy. The following tables demonstrate the installed powerplants in operation and the plants under construction in the region, highlighted by the PCHs:

Plant Power (kW)Energy Destination Owner Municipality River Type

Garcia 8920 SP 100% for Celesc Gerao S.A.

Angelina - SC Garcia PCH operating

Barra Clara 1540 PIE 100% for BC Service Energtica S.A.

Angelina - SC Engano PCH operating

Coqueiral 3164 PIE 100% for Coqueiral Energtica Ltda.


Santa Ana 6304 PIE 100% for Santa Ana Energtica S.A.


Angelina (Antiga Portobello - Corredeira do Encano)

26270 PIE 100% for Lumbrs Energtica S.A.

Angelina - SC

Major Gercino - SC

Garcia PCH operating

Varginha Jelu 1000 PIE 100% for Hidreltrica Jelu Ltda

Anitpolis - SC

Brao do Norte

PCH operating

Aguti 3893 PIE 100% for COTESA Geradora de Energia PCH Aguti Ltda.

Nova Trento - SC

Alto Brao

PCH operating

Rio do Poncho II 883 REG 100% for Cooperativa de Eletrificao Rural de Armazm

So Bonifcio - SC

Ponche CGH operating

continues...

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Brazil


Rio do Poncho I 1000 REG 100% for Cooperativa de Eletrificao Rural de Armazm

So Bonifcio - SC

Ponche CGH PCH operating

Total power: 52.974 kW

Caption SP Public Service REG Register PIE Independent Energy Production

Table 23 Power plants in operation. Source: ANEEL (2012).


So Sebastio 9900 PIE 100% for So Sebastio Empreendimentos S.A

Major Gercino - SC

Boa Esperana

PCH in construction

So Valentim 2448 PIE 100% for COTESA Geradora de Energia - PCH So Valentin Ltda

Nova Trento - SC

Alto Brao

PCH in construction

So Sebastio 3699 PIE 100% for COTESA Geradora de Energia - PCH So Sebastio Ltda.

Nova Trento - SC

Alto Brao

PCH in construction

Nova Trento 4680 PIE 100% for COTESA Geradora de Energia PCH Nova Trento Ltda.

Nova Trento - SC

Alto Brao

PCH in construction

Total power 20.727 kW

Caption PIE - Independent Energy Production

Table 24 Power plants under construction (Florianpolis metropolitan area). Source: ANEEL (2012).

58


With a strong heritage of German immigration, the North of Santa Catarina, rich in native and reforested forests, contains the states timber and wood products center.

Large companies are present, including WEG company (an electric motor manufacturer and supplier of complete industrial electrical systems), which, besides supplying equipment and systems, also aims to become a solar

energy generator. There are ongoing studies for using the roof of its industrial park in Jaragu do Sul to generate solar energy and serve as a laboratory for the companys internal research.

The North mesoregion also has a significant hydraulic potential from PCHs, distributed as follows:


Rio Timb 5500 APE 100% for Companhia Bom Sucesso de Eletricidade

Irinepolis - SC

Porto Unio - SC

Timb PCH operating

Itapocuzinho 480 REG 100% for DELMAX - Papelo e Embalagens Ltda

Jaragu do Sul - SC

Itapoc CGH operating

Pira 780 SP 100% for Celesc Gerao S.A.

Joinville - SC Pira PCH operating

So Loureno 504 SP 100% for Celesc Gerao S.A.

Mafra - SC So Loureno

CGH operating

Cachoeira do Pinheirinho

551 REG 100% for NB Gerao de Energia Ltda

Mafra - SC Lana CGH operating

Bituva 480 REG 100% for Companhia Volta Grande de Papel

Mafra - SC

Rio Negrinho - SC

Bituva CGH operating

Salto Pintado

736 REG 100% for Faerber Gerao Ltda.

Porto Unio - SC Salto Pintado

CGH operating

continues...

The biggest cities in this mesoregion are Joinville - with 500 thousand inhabitants -, Jaragu do Sul, Rio Negrinho, So Bento do Sul, Canoinhas, Corup, Mafra, Trs Barras and Porto Unio.

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Brazil


Tamandu 38 REG 100% for Irmos Faerber Ltda

Porto Unio - SC

Tamandu CGH operating

So Domingos

180 REG 100% for Faerber Gerao Ltda.

Porto Unio - SC

Salto Pintado

CGH operating

Rio Preto 360 REG 100% for Companhia Volta Grande de Papel

Rio Negrinho - SC

Rio Preto CGH operating

Salto Grande 500 REG 100% for Companhia Volta Grande de Papel

Rio Negrinho - SC

Preto CGH operating

Rio Itaiozinho

900 REG 100% for Hidreltrica Sens Ltda

Santa Terezinha - SC

Itaiozinho CGH operating

Rio Vermelho 2320 PIE 100% for Usina Rio Vermelho de Energia Ltda.

So Bento do Sul - SC

Vermelho PCH operating

Bracinho 15000 SP 100% for Celesc Gerao S.A.

Schroeder - SC Bracinho UHE operating

Salto do Timb

960 APE 100% for Brasenerg - Geradora de Energia Eltrica Ltda

Timb Grande - SC

Timb CGH operating


Caption SP Public Service REG Register

PIE - Independent Energy Production

APE Autoproduction of Energy

Table 25 Power plants in operation (North of Santa Catarina). Source: ANEEL (2012).

60


Plants Power (kW)Energy Destination Owner Municipality River Type

Pardos 10000 PIE 100% for Hidroeltrica Pardos Ltda.

Matos Costa - SC

Porto Unio - SC

Pardos PCH in construction

Rio Bonito 1530 PIE 100% for Rio Bonito Energia Ltda.

Porto Unio - SC

Bonito PCH in construction

Baitaca 2700 PIE 100% for Rio Bonito Energia Ltda.

Porto Unio - SC

Bonito PCH in construction


Caption PIE - Independent Energy Production

Table 26 PHC plants under construction (North of Santa Catarina). Source: ANEEL (2012).

Itaja Valley, situated between Grande Florianpolis and the North mesoregions, also known for its German immigrant tradition, has the textile industry as its main economic activity, along with ports and tourism. Its hills, rivers and waterfalls attract many ecotourists, in addition to being a great potential for the small hydropower stations. The biggest power plant in the region is Salto Pilo.


Agropel 492 REG 100% for Agropel Indstria de Papel e Madeira Ltda.

Agrolndia - SC

Carrapato CGH operating

Salto Pilo 191890 PIE 60% for Companhia Brasileira de Alumnio

20% for DME Energtica S.A

20% for Companhia Gerao de Energia Pilo

Apina - SC Ibirama - SC Lontras - SC

Itaja UHE operating

continues...

Some important municipalities in the mesoregion are Blumenau, Gaspar, Pomerode, Indaial, Brusque and Rio do Sul.

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Brazil


Alto Benedito Novo

2544 APE-COM PIE

100% for Cooperativa Geradora de Energia Eltrica e Desenvolvimento Santa Maria

Benedito Novo - SC

Benedito PCH operating

Alto Benedito Novo I

15000 PIE 100% for CEESAM Geradora S/A

Benedito Novo - SC


Santa Maria

2430 PIE 100% for Cooperativa Geradora de Energia Eltrica e Desenvolvimento Santa Maria

Benedito Novo - SC

Santa Maria

PCH operating

Benedito Alto

954 REG 100% for Hidreltrica Sens Ltda

Benedito Novo - SC

Benedito CGH operating

Salto (Salto Weissbach)

6280 SP 100% for Celesc Gerao S.A.

Blumenau - SC

Itaja-Au PCH operating

Salto Donner I

1880 PIE 100% for Cooperativa de Gerao de Energia Eltrica Salto Donner

Doutor Pedrinho - SC


Salto Donner II

2890 PIE 100% for Cooperativa de Gerao de Energia Eltrica Salto Donner

Doutor Pedrinho - SC


Mafrs 4000 PIE 100% for Mafrs Energia e Reflorestamento Ltda.

Ibirama - SC Itaja do Norte

PCH operating

Ibirama 21000 PIE 100% for Ibirama Energtica S/A.

Ibirama - SC Itaja do Norte

PCH operating

guas Negras

900 REG 100% for guas Negras S.A

Ituporanga - SC

Itaja do Sul

CGH operating

Acearia Frederico Missner

270 REG 100% for Acearia Frederico Missner S.A

Luiz Alves - SC

Luis Alves CGH operating

Mirim Doce 845 REG 100% for Jorge Goetten de Lima

Mirim Doce - SC

Tai CGH operating

continues...

62



Antunes 1000 REG 100% for Antunes Energia Ltda

Rio do Sul - SC

Lajeado dos Antunes

CGH operating

Cedros (Rio dos Cedros)

7280 SP 100% for Celesc Gerao S.A.

Rio dos Cedros - SC

dos Cedros

PCH operating

Palmeiras 24602 SP 100% for Celesc Gerao S.A.

Rio dos Cedros - SC

dos Cedros

UHE PCH operating

Bruno Heidrich Neto (Antiga Cachoeira do Rio do Rauen)

2540 PIE 100% for Heidrich Gerao Eltrica Ltda

Tai - SC Rauen PCH operating

Curt Lindner

2000 PIE 100% for Heidrich Gerao Eltrica Ltda

Tai - SC Rauen PCH operating

Salto do Tai

412 APE 100% for Agro Industrial Bruno Heidrich S/A

Tai - SC Tai PCH operating

Erna Heidrich

700 REG 100% for Heidrich Gerao Eltrica Ltda

Tai - SC Ribeiro da Vargem

CGH operating

Usina do Brilhante

400 REG 100% for Heidrick S/A Cartes Reciclados

Tai - SC Ribeiro Vargem

CGH operating

Usina da Estao

400 REG 100% for Heidrich S/A Cartes Reciclados


CGH operating

Bruno Heidrich

750 REG 100% for Heidrich Industrial Mercantil e Agrcola S/A


CGH operating

Alto Palmital

191 REG 100% for INDUMA S/A Indstria de Papel e Papelo

Tai - SC Ribeiro Pequeno

CGH operating

Total power 291.650 kW

Caption SP Public Service REG Register

PIE - Independent Energy Production

APE Autoproduction of Energy

Table 27 Power plants in operation (Itaja Valley). Source: ANEEL (2012).

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Brazil


Karl Kuhlemann

1750 PIE 100% for Hydro Kuhlemann Gerao Ltda

Dona Emma - SC Presidente Getlio - SC

Krauel PCH in construction

Helena Kuhlemann

1440 PIE 100% for Fibra Gerao Ltda

Presidente Getlio - SC

Krauel PCH in construction

Potncia total:

3.190 kW

Legenda PIE Independent Energy Production

Table 28 Power plants under construction (Itaja Valley). Source: ANEEL (2012).

The southern mesoregion is strongly influenced by decendents of Italian immigrants. Tourists can visit vineyards and enjoy Italian culture and typical festivals. Mineral extraction and the ceramics industry are its main economic activities. This mesoregion is rich in biodiversity and has hydrothermal stations, canyons and other natural attractions.

The main renewable energy sources found in this area comes from PCHs. However, biogas is also present, due to the intense swine breeding activity. In Brao do Norte, there is a pilot project of the German company Biogastec, supported by the distributor SCGs, for the construction of the Biogas Plant of So Maurcio, which is to use swine manure from 25 properties to generate around 160 kwh, producing 600 kwh.


Theodoro Schlickmann

371 REG 100% for Indstria de Esmaltados Werner Ltda

Brao do Norte - SC

Brao do Norte

CGH operating

Corujas II 450 REG 100% for Fundao de Apoio Educao, Pesquisa e Extenso da Unisul FAEPESUL

Brao do Norte - SC

Corujas CGH operating

continues...

Its main cities are Cricima, Tubaro, Gravatal, Ararangu

and Urussanga.

64



Teodoro Schlickmann

951 REG 100% for Pequena Central Hidreltrica Teodoro Schlickmann Ltda

Brao do Norte - SC

Brao do Norte

CGH operating

Ilha Grande 490 REG 100% for Jovawind Gerao de Energia Eltrica Ltda.

Gro Par - SC

Pequeno CGH operating

Brao Esquerdo

330 REG 100% for Jovawind Gerao de Energia Eltrica Ltda.

Gro Par - SC

Brao esquerdo

CGH operating

So Jos 970 REG 100% for Jovawind Gerao de Energia Eltrica Ltda.

Gro Par - SC

Brao Esquerdo

CGH operating

Fortuna 880 REG 100% for Jovawind Gerao de Energia Eltrica Ltda.

Gro Par - SC

Pequeno CGH operating

Pinheiros I 350 REG 100% for Energtica Rio Pinheiro Ltda

Orleans - SC Pinheiros CGH operating

Rio Palmeiras I

1500 PIE 100% for Antnio Fornasa Administradora de Bens Ltda

Orleans - SC

Urussanga - SC

Palmeiras PCH operating

So Maurcio 2500 PIE 100% for Geradora de Energia So Maurcio S/A

Rio Fortuna - SC

Brao do Norte

PCH operating

Nova Ftima 4100 PIE 100% for Geradora de Energia Nova Ftima S/A

Santa Rosa de Lima - SC

Brao do Norte

PCH operating

Morro do Cruzeiro

85 REG 100% for Stang Indstria de Embalagens para Ovos Ltda.

So Ludgero - SC

Riacho Mar Grosso

CGH operating

JE Ltda 850 REG 100% for Central Geradora Hidroeltrica JE Ltda.

So Martinho - SC

Gariroba CGH operating

continues...

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Brazil


Rio Sete 500 REG 100% for MCH Konrad Stortz Ltda.

So Martinho - SC

Sete CGH operating

Rio Palmeiras II

1380 PIE 100% for Antnio Fornasa Administradora de Bens Ltda

Urussanga - SC

Palmeiras PCH operating

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