COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

CRITICALGUIDELINES

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center

The Partnerships for Disaster Reduction - South East Asia Phase 3 (PDRSEA3) program is jointly implemented by (ADPC) and the UNESCAP with funding support from the European Commission Humanitarian Aid Department (ECHO) under its ‘Fourth DIPECHO Action Plan for Southeast Asia’. The one-year project, which commenced in February 2005, aims to establish an improved, enabling environment for CBDRM through promoting ownership in national programs and local entities, enhancing the capabilities of CBDRM practitioners and the expansion of new and strengthening of existing partnerships in Southeast Asia particularly in the target countries Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Timor Léste and Vietnam.

The Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), established in 1986 is a regional, inter-governmental, non-profit organization and resource center based in Bangkok. ADPC is Thailand mandated to promote safer communities and sustainable development through the reduction of the impact of disasters in response to the needs of countries and communities in Asia and the Pacific by raising awareness, helping to establish and strengthen sustainable institutional mechanisms, enhancing knowledge and skills, and facilitating the exchange of information, experience and expertise.

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC)P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, ThailandTel.: (66-2) 516-5900 to 5910 Fax: (66-2) 524-5360E-mail: mailto:adpc@adpc.netWebsite: www.adpc.net

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific is the regional arm of the United Nations Secretariat for the Asian and Pacific regions, located in Bangkok, Thailand. UNESCAP is committed to materialize the visions of the United Nations Millennium Declaration, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in September 2000. The current PDR-SEA project is being implemented jointly by UNESCAP and ADPC at the regional level.

For more information, please contact:UNESCAPUnited Nations Building, Rajadamnern Nok Avenue, Bangkok 10200, ThailandTel.: (66-2) 288-1450Fax: (66-2) 288-1059Website: http://www.unescap.org/

The European Commission Humanitarian Aid Department (ECHO) oversees and coordinates the European Union’s humanitarian operations in non-member countries, in partnership with non-governmental organizations, specialized agencies of the United Nations, and other international bodies. DIPECHO is the Disaster Preparedness program set up by ECHO in 1996 to prevent and prepare for natural disasters.

For more information, please contact:European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office200 rue de la loi B-1049 Brussels, BelgiumTel.: (32 2) 295 4400Fax: (32 3) 295 4572E-mail: echobangkok@ECHO-Bangkok.org

CRITICAL GUIDELINES

COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

viCRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

For more information on this publication and to order a copy, write to:

Vicky Puzon-DiopenesInformation ManagerPartnerships for Disaster Reduction - Southeast Asia (PDRSEA)Asian Disaster Preparedness CenterPO Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, ThailandTel: +66 2 516 5900 to 10, Ext 408Fax: +66 2 524 5360Cell: +66 7 052 4216Email: vicky@adpc.netURL: www.adpc.net

© ADPC 2006Bangkok, Thailand

Design and Layout: Lowil fred Espada

CRITICAL GUIDELINESCommunity-based Disaster Risk Managment

Published by the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center through its Partnerships for Disaster Reduction - Southeast Asia Phase 3 (PDRSEA3) Project jointly implemented by ADPC and UNESCAP with funding support from DIPECHO

This booklet on “Critical Guidelines of CBDRM” was drafted by Ian Davies and Zubair Murshed through a consultative process with stakeholders and particularly as a result of the “Regional Workshop on Standards of Community Based Disaster Risk Management” held on 24-27 January 2006 in Bangkok Thailand.

i

The Asian Disaster Preparedness Center celebrates its 20 year anniversary in 2006. I would

like to take this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation to all its partner institutions,

national governments, numerous UN organizations and other international organizations for their

collaboration and support to ADPC during the past two decades. The work of all stakeholders in

disaster management, including ADPC staff and alumni have contributed to making communities

and countries better prepared, safer, and more resilient in face of disasters. ADPC is proud to

have been a pioneer in some of the significant changes-in paradigm, concepts, and practices

paving the way to reduction of the impacts of natural disasters.

ADPC was established in 1986 under late Colonel Brian Ward’s illustrious leadership to address

the disaster management needs of countries in Asia. In its twenty years ADPC responded

dynamically to the paradigm shift in disaster management, readily and actively adjusting its

operational strengths to address the evolving developments in disaster risk management by

structuring its technical focus on climate risk management, disaster management systems, urban

disaster risk management and public health in emergencies. This vigorous and comprehensive

approach is further reinforced by ensuring that ADPC’s projects and programs enhance institutional

capacities, apply community-based disaster risk management practices, and promote and

support mainstreaming of disaster management into the development processes. These activities

complement ADPC’s involvement in building national and provincial disaster management systems,

identifying disaster risk management needs, and developing strategic solutions. ADPC’s standing

and twenty years of experience in the region is confirmed by the substantive encouragement and

support from various multi-lateral and bi-lateral development and donor agencies; as manifested

in the implementation of our extensive array of projects and programs.

preface

20 years of commitment to safer communities andsustainable development through disaster reduction

iiCRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

As it moves forward beyond its twenty years of operations, ADPC will continue to build upon its

operational and technical strengths and to evolve in its role as a regional resource center, and

to act as a regional early warning center. ADPC will further pursue operational partnerships and

collaborations with all stakeholders in disaster risk management into sustainable development

policies and practices throughout the Asia and Pacific regions.

In closing, permit me to express my gratitude to our staff and consultants who have shared

commitment, dedication and loyalty to ADPC’s goals and mission.

As its Executive Director, it is my honor to be part of this fine organization. I am confident that

ADPC will continue to be responsive to the priorities of our key stakeholders in governments and

the international community overcoming challenges to serve the region and beyond.

Message From Dr. Suvit YodmaniExecutive Director, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center

contents

iii

contents

i Preface

iii Contents

01 Introduction

one.GENERAL GUIDANCE

08 BACKGROUND 08 Purpose and Scope

09 Key Activities

12 SOURCE MATERIALS12 Purpose and Scope

14 PRINCIPLES OF PERFORMANCE AND OUTCOME INDICATORS

15 Proposed Principles, Based on the Four Levels

15 Level 1: Ethical Principles

16 Level 2: Strategic Principles

16 Level 3: Tactical Principles

17 Level 4: Implementation Principles

18 KEY DEFINITIONS

20 ELEMENTS OF RISK REDUCTION 20 Structural and Non-structural Measures

ivCRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

22 A RESILIENT COMMUNITY22 Aim of Resilience

22 The Nature of Resilient Communities

25 Indicators of a Resilient Community

two.GUIDELINES FOR GOOD PRACTICE IN COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

28 PROCESS INDICATORS28 Process 1. Undertake Groundwork for CBDRM

30 Process 2. Select Communities for CBDRM Through Risk Assessment

36 Process 3. Build Rapport and Understand the Community

38 Process 4. Participatory Disaster Risk Management Planning

41 Process 5. Community- managed Implementation of Risk Reduction Measures

44 Process 6. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation

46 OUTCOME INDICATORS46 Outcome 1. Community-based Organization (CBO)

48 Outcome 2. Community Disaster Risk Reduction Fund

50 Outcome 3. Community Hazard, Vulnerability, Capacity Map (HVCM)

51 Outcome 4. Community Disaster Risk Management Plan

52 Outcome 5. CBO Training System

53 Outcome 6. Community Drills System

54 Outcome 7. Community Learning System

55 Outcome 8. Community Early Warning System

56 REFERENCES

APPENDIX58 1. Terminology Proposed by UNISDR

61 2. List of Participants Attended in the ADPC Regional Workshop on Standards of CBDRM

introduction

1

introduction

The importance of community-based approaches has been recognized since long in promoting a culture of safety through reducing local vulnerabilities and building capacities. These approaches have been practiced by various community groups, national and international organizations and government departments, in some cases, for over two decades now.

The practice of community-based approaches has remained diverse due to a host of factors. They include the organizational mandates of the concerned organizations, socio-cultural context of the communities, levels of economic development of communities, political structures in a country and multiplicity in funding cycles of donor organizations. This diversity has raised concerns about the quality in practice and the need for promoting good practices.

Another key trend in the recent years has been the efforts by NGOs, UN and other international organizations to mobilize government support for CBDRM in policy, planning and programming. This is sometimes also known as integration of CBDRM. In this regard the organizations have adopted various approaches including national and local advocacy, capacity building, integrating risk factors into development planning and joint implementation of CBDRM activities with government departments. These efforts to gain governmental support have also necessitated the need for common national frameworks about community-based approaches so as to convince the authorities. The development organizations find it difficult to mobilize support from the authorities in the absence of a common reference point. The ADPC’s own experience under the Partnerships for Disaster Reduction South East Asia (PDRSEA3) program demonstrated the need for development of regional guidelines.

The development of minimum standards in other disciplines like the humanitarian sector, as well have played a catalytic role in creating a demand within the disaster risk reduction community to formulate minimum standards for practice in the area of community-based disaster risk management.

2CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

In an effort to address the above issues, the initiative on drafting of Critical Guidelines of Community-based Disaster Risk Management was undertaken by the ADPC and the UNESCAP under the jointly implemented Partnerships for Disaster Reduction South East Asia (PDRSEA3) project.

It is expected that the availability of these Critical Guidelines will enable development practitioners to follow common principles, processes and approaches in the identification, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of community-based projects on disaster risk management, thus contributing to the improvement in practice.

The Critical Guidelines were developed through a consultative process. Professor Ian Davis and Mr. Zubair Murshed, program manager PDRSEA3 prepared the first draft of the guidelines. In developing this draft inputs were provided by Mr. Loy Rego, Director DMS team, and Mr. Shesh Kanta Kafle, Training Manager PDRSEA3, among others. The draft was subjected to a review by CBDRM practitioners from about 10 countries. Based upon the recommendations from the workshop the draft was further revised and finalized by Ian Davis and Zubair Murshed.

The Regional Workshop in Bangkok in January 2006 proved invaluable in reviewing the first draft of the guidelines and providing recommendations in establishing the function, format and focus of these guidelines. The text of this document is the product of these discussions and agreements. The workshop was attended by about 25 leaders drawn from regionally based international, national and local NGO’s to discuss the first draft of these guidelines and seek confirmation over the overall directions. The ADPC is grateful to all these individuals who spent their valuable time in the review. They included Frank Elvey (Timor Léste), Chandra Lukitasari (Indonesia), Banu Subagyo (Indonesia), Bernie O’Neill (Cambodia), Keo Chanthalangsy (Lao PDR), Moloy Chaki (Bangladesh), Paul Venton (UK), Emmeline Managbanag (Philippines), Rene Jinon (Thailand), Krishna Karkee (Nepal), Uzma Hoque (Thailand), Pablo Taebola (Thailand), David Sandilands (Vietnam), Christel Rose (Thailand), Joseph Chung (Thailand), Danilo Atienza (Indonesia), Leigh Vickery (Lao PDR), Raul de la Rosa (Timor Léste), Delna de Jesus (Timor Léste), Ngo Cong Chinh (Vietnam), Supaporn Khrutmuang (Thailand), Wantanee Kongomboon (Thailand), Edlin S.Lumanog (Thailand), Muhibuddin Bin Usamah (Thailand), and Le Huu Ti (Thailand). ADPC is grateful to UNDP India for providing funding support for this workshop.

The consultative process followed in the development of the guidelines helped establish a minimum consensus amongst the practitioners in establishing benchmarks for the CBDRM practice, which is an encouraging development towards improvement of quality in the CBDRM practices. These critical guidelines are by no means exhaustive. This output should be considered as ‘work in progress’, which has been formulated upon the basis of experiences of participating organizations and individuals. Other individuals and organizations may have different experiences. The application of these guidelines in the field should allow further refinement.

The document is divided into two parts. The first part titled as General Guidance describes the background, source materials and principles if performance and outcome indicators, key definitions, elements of risk reduction, and the concept of resilient community. The second part is titled as “Guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management”. It is divided into two sections. The first section is about Process Indicators, while the second is about Outcome Indicators. The Process Indicators discuss six process steps in the implementation of CBDRM programs and projects. For each process step, i) aim, ii) steps in this process, iii) key outcome indicators, vi) and guidance notes to implement CBDRM are discussed. The purpose of the first section is to describe the essential elements of a good CBDRM process. The purpose of the second section is to discuss the expected outcomes of a good CBDRM process. The Outcomes are about institutional arrangements and product outputs that a CBDRM program/project must endeavor to establish in the local community in order to ensure the continuity of community initiatives for

introduction

3

disaster risk reduction after the completion of externally sponsored development initiatives. These Outcome Indicators can also serve as markers to gauge the success of an externally supported CBDRM process in developing capacity of local community to achieve sustainable development. If an externally supported process was able to establish the institutional arrangements described in the outcome indicators, that initiative could be described as a successful initiative, an otherwise assessment would mean more efforts were required to develop community capacity. The ADPC and UNESCAP are grateful to DIPECHO South East Asia for the generous support provided for implementation of the PDRSEA3 program and two previous phases of the program since 2001. These Critical Guidelines have been prepared under the third phase of the PDRSEA, primarily for users in the South East Asian region. The PDRSEA 3 was jointly implemented by the ADPC and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP).

one

GENERALGUIDANCE

6CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

”“If you cannot measure results, if you cannot show what you’ve done, other partners will be found. Why is that? Doing good is not enough. We have to show what kind of good we’re doing, in which sectors, in which communities, and whether the good has bad consequences, or bad side effects, that no one anticipated.

Andrew Natsios, USAID (2003)

”“

Evaluation reports (of disaster assistance) were so consistent in their criticism of agency monitoring and evaluation practices that a standard sentence could almost be inserted into all reports along the lines of: It was not possible to assess the impact of this intervention because of the lack of adequate indicators, clear objectives, baseline data and monitoring.

ALNAP, (2003)

”“

Countries that develop policy, legislative and institutional frameworks for disaster risk reduction and that are able to develop and track progress through specific and measurable indicators have greater capacity to manage risks and to achieve widespread consensus for engagement in and compliance with disaster risk reduction measures across all sectors of society.

Para 16

Performance Indicators

1. general guidance

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Mainstreaming DRR into Government and NGO Sectors, Development Plans and Actions

”“

Staff ‘ownership’ of both risk reduction and the process of mainstreaming itself is key to attaining ‘full integration’…Organizations are run by people and hence mainstreaming risk reduction will be totally dependent on enthusiastic and well- informed staff continually promoting it. If staff ‘own’ risk reduction as their responsibility, it has an excellent chance of becoming sustainable within the organization.

Sarah la Trobe and Ian Davis (2005)

”“An integrated, multi-hazard approach to disaster risk reduction should be factored into policies, planning and programming related to sustainable development, relief, rehabilitation, and recovery activities in post-disaster and post-conflict situations in disaster-prone countries.

Hyogo Framework of Action (2005) Priorities for Action p.9

”“An ability to recover quickly from or adjust easily to misfortune, change or disturbance…The capacity of a system, community or society to resist or to change in order that it may obtain an acceptable level in functioning and structure.

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2002)

Resilient Communities

8CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

background

Purpose and Scope

These Guidelines have been devised to improve the quality and overall effectiveness of Community-based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM). The guidelines are intended for officials in local governments, NGO’s, civil society organizations and community leaders as they devise CBDRM projects and programs. The guidelines are concerned with general principles, defining an approach and strategies to provide a framework for tasks that will need to take place at the local level. Thus the guidelines are more a ‘nutritional guide’ rather than a ‘cook book’. The reason for this focus concerns the variability and cultural diversity of local communities that require locally specific indicators to match any local situation.

The aim of this document is to provide a series of practical, simple and relevant templates that can be developed and adapted for use at specific local levels. Eventually these templates may become accepted international tools to measure the quality of performance and outcomes through appropriate indicators for use at the family and community level. It is expected that the availability of a series of indicators will enable development practitioners to be able to follow common principles, processes and approaches in the identification, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of community-based projects on disaster risk management.

The guidelines are in line with the Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA), which was adopted in January 2005 at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR) in Kobe, Japan 168 Governments as a ten year plan to make the world safer from natural hazards. The Hyogo Framework has extensive cross-cutting reference to the importance of CBDRM. The following specific aspects of the Hyogo Framework support the focus of these guidelines.

Strategic Goal 12 (b) The development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms and capacities at all levels, in particular at the community level, that can systematically contribute to building resilience to hazards.

Priorities for Action 1. Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation.

1. general guidance

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Key Activities Community participation Promote community participation in disaster risk reduction through the adoption of specific

policies, the promotion of networking, the strategic management of volunteer resources, the attribution of roles and responsibilities, and the delegation and provision of the necessary authority and resources

National and local risk assessments Develop systems of indicators of disaster risk and vulnerability at national and sub-national

scales that will enable decision-makers to assess the impact of disasters on social, economic and environmental conditions and disseminate the results to decision-makers, the public and population at risk

The above statements effectively capture the focus of this project with a series of key clauses:• ‘Strengthen the community level’• ‘Ensure that DRR is a local priority’• ‘Promote community participation in DRR’• ‘Develop indicators of disaster risk and vulnerability…to assess the impact of disasters on

social, economic and environmental conditions’• ‘Disseminate the results to population at risk’

A draft of the Guidelines was prepared by Ian Davis and Zubair Murshed. In January 2006 a consultation was held in Bangkok amongst 25 leaders drawn from regionally based international, national and local NGO’s to discuss the first draft of these guidelines and seek confirmation over the overall direction. Their names are set out in Appendix 2 of this document. This workshop proved very useful in establishing the function, format and focus of these guidelines. The text of this document is the product of these discussions and agreements. The participants in this consultation agreed on the following issues and these agreements have been incorporated into the text:

i. Focus of Project• the title of this project should use the term ‘Guidelines’ rather than ‘Standards’ since the

term ‘standards’ is too finite and precise for its purpose in this project.

• This form of guidelines is important to enable CBDRM to move forward.

• the over arching focus of this project is to build resiliency to enable local communities to resist hazard impact, to bounce back after disasters and to adapt and change to ensure effective recovery.

ii. Scope of Project• The guidelines will be applicable for all disaster phases: pre, during and post disaster.

• The intention should be to develop indicators of ‘good practice’ rather than ‘best practice’.

iii. Audience of Project • The target users and primary audience are NGOs, civil society organizations, and

local government officials who may belong to commune, sub-district, municipal or district governments. Others will be considered as secondary users. Therefore the guidelines have been developed from the perspective of NGOs, civil society organizations and local government officials.

10CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

”“

• Institutionalization or mainstreaming risk assessment and disaster risk reduction into all appropriate sectors of society is an important stage in the development of CBDRM. Therefore, there is a priority need to include the local government officials as the primary target groups.

iv. Detailed Observations• Different countries as well as different communities within the countries are at different

stages in terms of their understanding of hazards, risks, and in the development of CBDRM. In addition there is wide cultural diversity with variable political, social and economic systems, Therefore, the Critical Guidelines will be developed in the form of a “template or nutrition guide” The users are encouraged to apply this template to create local guidance notes or assessment tools.

The Hyogo Framework for Action gives emphasis to the need for specific actions given local variable patterns:

Recognize the importance and specificity of local risk patterns and trends; decentralize responsibilities and resources for disaster risk reduction to relevant sub-national or local authorities, as appropriate

Hyogo Framework for Action (2005) Priories for Action p.12

• Terminology can be confusing at times due to the language problems, therefore the emphasis should be understanding the “concepts” rather than debating specific terms.

(UNISDR have developed an extensive disaster terminology that can be seen on their web site isdr@un.org . In Appendix 1. a selection of definitions that relate to the scope of this project have been included)

• The term CBDRM will be kept intact in order to avoid adding another acronym; since essentially the practice does not differ significantly under various terms.

• The language of the document will be simplified as much as possible to make certain that the advice is both practical and usable. This is particularly important in view of the many potential audiences of these Guidelines.

• The document’s length will be kept shorter.

• Qualitative indicators are of more value than quantitative since they are much easier to identify and measure and are likely to be more useful in developing effective programs.

• These guidelines should not be specifically attached to the ADPC publication: ‘ Community-based Disaster Risk Management, Field Practitioners’ Handbook’ rather these Guidelines should be capable of being related to the various sets of field based manuals that are currently available.

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12CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

source materials

Purpose and Scope

In developing these guidelines it has been important to avoid any temptation to reinvent wheels, so it has been particularly useful to be able to refer to and build from recent parallel work on the quest for indicators to measure the effectiveness of risk reduction. The following studies have enriched this publication

ALNAP• An organization of European based NGO’s “Active Learning Network for Accountability and

Performance in Humanitarian Action” (ALNAP) has played a key role in the development of learning, accountability and quality across the humanitarian sector (ALNAP, 2002).

ALNAP publish annual reviews of evaluations of Humanitarian Action. These reports discuss learning at field levels. Available from www.alnap.org or alnap@odi.org.uk

Davis, Ian• Material from two papers developed by the author in 2003 and 4 has been adapted for this

text: “The Effectiveness of Current Tools for the Identification, Measurement, Analysis and Synthesis of Vulnerability and Disaster Resilience” (2003) Program of Indicators for Disaster Risk Management, National University of Colombia, Manizales. Available from http://idea.unalmzl.edu.co

“The application of performance targets to promote effective earthquake risk reduction strategies” to the 13th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver August 2004 (DAVIS, 2004).

Hilhorst, Dorothea• A particularly useful overview of the use and misuse of standards and indicators in the disaster

field has been written by Dr. Dorothea Hilhorst, who works in Disaster Studies in Wageningen University, Netherlands Hilhorst, D. 2002 Being Good or Doing Good? Quality and Accountability of Humanitarian

NGO’s Disasters 26(3): 193-212 (Thea.Hilhorst@alg.asnw.wau.nl)

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Humanitarian Policy Network (HPN)• “Measuring the impact of humanitarian aid. A review of current practice” (2004) Hofmann

Charles-Antoine, Roberts Les; Shoham Jeremy and Harvey Paul Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG) Overseas Development Institute (ODI): London

• “Disaster Risk Reduction Mitigation and preparedness in development and emergency programming” (2004) Twigg, John Chapter 18 Monitoring and Evaluation pp 337-365 Humanitarian Policy Group No.9 Overseas Development Institute (ODI): London. Available from www.odi.org.uk/ hpg and www.odihpn.org

Inter-American Development Bank• In addition the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) and Universidad Nacional de

Colombia have collaborated on a vital project: “The Effectiveness of Current Tools for the Identification and Synthesis of Vulnerability and Disaster Risk.” (CARRENO, 2005; DAVIS, 2003; IADB, 2003; LAVELL, 2003)

This project was finalized in 2005 with the publication of “Indicators of Disaster Risk and Risk

Management” Summary Report and Main Technical Report. (CARDONA 2005). Available from http://idea.unalmzl.edu.co

ProVention Consortium • “Measuring Mitigation Methodologies for assessing natural hazard risks and the net benefits of

mitigation” (2004) A Scoping Study Benson Charlotte and Twigg John ProVention Consortium Secretariat: Geneva. Available from www.proventionconsortium.org

SPHERE• Sphere Project 1998 Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response the

Sphere Project, Geneva, (SPHERE, 1998). Available from www.sphereproject.org/handbook/index.htm

Tearfund• The Tearfund Project on the “Development of performance indicators of risk reduction”

(TEARFUND, 2003 and 2004). Available from http: www.tearfund.org

• The Tearfund Project “Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction, a tool for development organizations” (LA TROBE AND DAVIS 2005)

• The Tearfund Project: “Reducing risk of disaster in our communities” Roots Guide No.9. (VENTON AND HANSFORD, 2006)

14CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

principles of performanceand outcome indicators

Practitioners and officials need sets of principles to guide their actions. Principles provide frameworks for planning and action so that if the circumstances faced by them differ from those implied by indicators then they can use the principles to design their own tools for CBDRM.

One of the key sets of principles for humanitarian agencies is contained in the Red Cross Code of Conduct (The Sphere Project Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response (2004) Code of Conduct pp. 315- 324 Oxfam: Oxford)

Therefore no attempt has been made in the proposals set out below to duplicate this code that has now been widely accepted and signed by International and National NGOs. Therefore the following principles are a specific outworking of the Code of Conduct within the CBDRM environment.

In the past sets of principles contain a random mix of tactical concerns intermixed with those concerned with values and strategy. We believe that there is a value in disaggregating them into an orderly set of interdependent categories. Therefore an attempt has been made to separate them into four categories that can best be described as a pyramid, where each level sits on the foundation of those below.

Level 4.Implementation principles

Level 3.Tactical principles

Level 2.Strategic principles

Level 1.Ethical, Core Value principles

Figure 1. The pyramid of principles

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Level 1: Ethical, Core Value Principles relate to the underlying shared beliefs and concerns of the organization and of its mandate as it seeks to undertake CBDRM. Using a food metaphor Level 1 would relate the ethics of food production. (Such as a human rights based approach to CBDRM)

Level 2: Strategic Principles that concern the policy direction of CBDRM that will be informed and be based on the ethical principles. Using a food metaphor Level 2 would be a nutrition guide. (Such as what actions to consider taking-why, where and with what expected consequences?)

Level 3: Tactical Principles that concern the practical outworking of the strategic principles. Using a food metaphor Level 3 would be a cookbook. (Such as how to adopt the agreed strategy, considering staffing / financial implications etc.)

Level 4: Implementation Principles that are related to all the preceding levels: core values, strategy and tactics. Using a food metaphor Level 4 would be eating the meal as well as congratulating the cook or writing a letter of complaint to the restaurant! (Such as actions taken as well as their monitoring and evaluation)

PROPOSED PRINCIPLES, BASED ON THE FOUR LEVELS

Level 1: Ethical Principles

PRINCIPLE 1. (Ethics) Observe Basic Rights People have basic rights that are to be respected and observed in undertaking CBDRM. These include the right to:• safety;• be listened to;• be consulted over any issue that may affect their well-being or future;• receive appropriate assistance following disaster impact.

PRINCIPLE 2. (Ethics) Share Information concerning those ‘at-risk’ If anyone or any organization undertakes local risk assessment and discovers that a given community is at risk, then they have an ethical responsibility to share this information and disseminate it to the individual families and community in question. They also have an additional responsibility to share this with the wider community living in the area.

PRINCIPLE 3. (Ethics) Share Assessment InformationNGOs will agree to share the results of their risk assessments or post-disaster damage/ needs and capacity assessments with any other organization, such as local governments and other NGO’s that may need the data to reduce disaster risks or aid recovery.

PRINCIPLE 4. (Ethics) Collaborate rather than CompeteGiven a common overriding desire to serve the needs of the poor and vulnerable, NGO’s undertaking CBDRM agree to collaborate with other NGO’s or local governments, rather than compete with them. This positive commitment will be expressed in the following areas:• avoiding competition to secure projects;• poaching key staff from an adjacent agency/ organization;• publicity in relation to fund-raising policies;• sharing relevant knowledge and information;• avoiding assessments where these have already taken place;• providing mutual support.

16CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

Level 2: Strategic Principles

PRINCIPLE 5. (Strategy) Strategic ConsiderationsBefore embarking on CBDRM, a given organization, (whether government or NGO) will build into the project design:• a set of indicators to measure effectiveness; • clear objectives; • baseline data; • monitoring and evaluation procedures.• Exit strategy

PRINCIPLE 6. (Strategy) Trust vs Control In measuring the effectiveness of CBDRM it is vital to secure a fine balance between trust and control. Excessive controls in the form of performance and outcome indicators and a lack of involvement of key stakeholders in the formulation of indicators will significantly erode trust.

PRINCIPLE 7. (Strategy) Ensuring Staff Commitment and Competence Agency and Government officials who implement CBDRM projects and programs need to be fully convinced that performance and outcome indicators are necessary, and that they can significantly improve the efficiency and quality of risk reduction measures. Training will be required to support this process.

Level 3: Tactical Principles

PRINCIPLE 8. (Tactical) Tactical ConsiderationsTo be effective, performance and outcome indicators need to satisfy a range of demands. Effective indicators are:

• transparent; • nationally comparable; • relevant;

• robust; • sustainable; • time framed;

• representative; • measurable; • easily understood.

• replicable; • achievable;

PRINCIPLE 9. (Tactical) Baseline DataFor each performance indicator, a baseline is necessary. This is crucial in measuring progress toward an intermediate result or satisfying an objective. Depending on the type of performance indicator being measured, the baseline data can be a point-in-time observation or a cumulative or an average value over a period of time. (Adapted principle from USAID, 2004).

PRINCIPLE 10. (Tactical) Measuring Quantifiable and Non-Quantifiable IndicatorsThere is a strong bias in performance indicators towards tangible, measurable and quantifiable elements (such as building a safe dwelling) thus neglecting the measurement of intangible and less visible aspects (such as strengthening risk perception). Therefore alternative ways are needed to maintain standards for non-quantifiable measures.

PRINCIPLE 11. (Tactical) Measuring Minimum Requirements Performance indicators should specify the minimum requirements to make risk reduction effective. The aim of any indicator is not to indicate best practice, but to ensure that the competency of personnel, effectiveness of procedures, quality of measures etc. do not fall below standards of general acceptability. (Adapted principle from ALEXANDER, 2003. p.114)

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PRINCIPLE 12. (Tactical) Relevance of IndicatorsEach indicator should define the conditions to which it applies. Performance or Outcome Indicators are not expected to universally apply to all situations. Therefore it is important to specify where the standard is valid and where it does not apply. (Principle from ALEXANDER, 2003. p.114)

PRINCIPLE 13. (Tactical) Updating of indicators within a context of dynamic change Performance Indicators and Standards relate to risk assessment, planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation. All these processes relate to dynamic patterns of continually changing hazards, vulnerabilities and capacities. Therefore indicators and standards will need to be regularly updated in this dynamic context.

PRINCIPLE 14. (Tactical) MainstreamingActions taken to implement CBDRM should aim to be integrated into normal development policies, planning, programming and practice related to sustainable development, relief, rehabilitation, and recovery activities in pre and post-disaster situations.

Level 4: Implementation Principles

PRINCIPLE 15. (Implementation) Cultural Adaptation of IndicatorsAll performance and outcome indicators need to be considered, and if necessary revised and adapted to suit the social, cultural, economic and environmental variables within local cultural contexts.

PRINCIPLE 16. (Implementation) Side-EffectsWithin the implementation of CBDRM, indicators are needed as well as monitoring measures to assess whether any negative unexpected side effects are taking place. Officials need to be aware of possible examples and be able to take speedy evasive action to minimize any adverse consequences.

18CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

key definitions

(See Appendix 1 for additional definitions from UNISDR)

Vulnerability CriteriaHuman Vulnerability describes the ‘characteristics of a person of group and their situation that influence their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural hazard.’ (WISNER, et al 1994 p.11) Vulnerability can also apply to other sectors: physical, economic, and environmental sectors. Therefore ‘vulnerability criteria’ indicates how the scale and extent of the varied forms of vulnerability can be assessed, judged or evaluated.

Vulnerability contains two elements: exposure and susceptibility.

“Exposure is determined by where and how people live and work relative to the hazard. Susceptibility takes into account those social, economic, political, psychological and environmental variables that intervene in producing different impacts amongst people with similar levels of exposure.”

(DFID, 2004 p.15)

Outcome IndicatorsIndicators always point to something. In this context specific indicators, or signals need to precisely defined. They may relate to two forms of outcome:

Firstly, the impact of a hazard, or potential hazard on a given situation; and Secondly, the impact of the implementation of a given risk reduction measure, program or

project on the protection of people or property.

Performance Indicators A performance indicator is an aspect of a project or program that can be used to measure progress and the success of the program.

1. general guidance

19

Quantitative Performance Indicators

“Performance indicators can be measured quantitatively or qualitatively. Quantitative measures answer questions such as “how many?” “how much?” and “what percent?” Examples of quantitative information are data from food delivery records, health clinic records, and death records”.

(USAID, 2004)

Qualitative Performance Indicators

“Qualitative measures are subjective (e.g., changes in people’s attitudes, perceptions and well being, etc.) and therefore require indirect methods to quantify. These indirect methods include interviews, focus group discussions and rapid assessments”.

(USAID, 2004)

Evaluation

“The process of determining the merit, worth or value of something or the product of that process”

(SCRIVEN, 1991 p.139)

A systematic and impartial examination of risk reduction measures in order to draw lessons to improve policy and practice and enhance accountability.• it is commissioned by or in cooperation with the organization(s) whose performance is being

evaluated;• it is undertaken either by a team of non-employees (external evaluation) and employees (internal

evaluation from the commissioning organization and/or the organization being evaluated;• it assesses policy and practice against recognized criteria (efficiency, value for money,

effectiveness, timeliness, coordination, impact, connectedness to other sectors and the development process, relevance, appropriateness, coverage, coherence and levels of protection from hazards)

• it articulates findings, draws conclusions and makes recommendations(Adapted from ALNAP, 2002, p.201)

Participatory EvaluationAn evaluation process in which stakeholders play an active part in the design of the process, in its undertaking and in the development of the findings, conclusions and recommendations.

Risk Reduction MeasuresA collective expression that encompasses structural and non-structural protection measures. These are often described as mitigation and preparedness but there is no precise division between these terms

“These are various activities, projects and programs that the communities may identify after assessing and analyzing the risks that they face. These measures are specifically intended to reduce the current risks and prevent future risks to the community”

(ABARQUEZ and MURSHED, 2004 p.6)

20CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

elements of risk reduction

A circular chain is suggested below as a useful metaphor of an effective risk reduction strategy. The reasons for this representation are:1. Each element in the chain has to be strong, since much is demanded from it to contribute to

the demanding function of protecting lives, livelihoods and property. A single weak element in a risk reduction strategy, such as a poorly devised and unenforced building code, can constitute a major source of failure.

2. A chain is made up of a collection of interdependent links, in the same manner as CBDRM.3. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link. In the same manner disaster risk management

requires ALL its elements to perform effectively. If one fails the entire safety strategy is put at-risk. This is why performance indicators are needed to measure the quality of each element as well as their linkages.

The elements in the chain that relate to CBDRM this seismic protection model are as follows:

Structural Measures• Building Measures, Non-Engineered Structures• Protection of lifelines, or critical facilities (such as local schools, health centers and buildings

of public assembly such as mosques, temples or churches.)

Non-Structural Measures• Public awareness• Training • Preparedness Plans• Community insurance protection

1. general guidance

21

non-structural measures

structural measures

building measures - retrofit building measures

non-engineered structures

protection of ‘lifelines’

land-use planning controls

codes of practice building

by-laws

public awareness

trainingeducation

building safe communities

insurance

development of national disaster

management systems

preparedness plans

building measures

- new building

Figure 2. The Chain Model: Links between risk reduction measures in earthquake protection

22CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

a resilient community

Aim of Resilience

The aim of CBDRM is to create resilient people living within resilient communities within resilient environments within resilient countries. This is achieved by reducing the: 1. Probability of failure through risk reduction measures;2. Consequences of failure, in terms of fewer lives lost, fewer injuries and reduced direct and

indirect damage;3. Time needed for recovery; and the4. Patterns of vulnerability that can develop during the process of reconstruction.

The Nature of Resilient Communities

A resilient community is one that has certain capacities in three phases: Phase 1. The ability to absorb the shocks of hazard impact, so that they do not become

disasters (thus to reduce the probability of failure); Phase 2. The capacity to bounce back during and after disaster (thus to reduce the consequences

of failure); Phase 3. The opportunity for change and adaptation following a disaster (thus to reduce the

time needed for recovery as well as patterns of vulnerability).

Phase 1: The ability to absorb the shocks of hazard impact (Pre-Disaster)Ways have to be found to ensure that a community is strengthened, becoming less fragile and less susceptible to disaster impact. Vulnerability is intimately related to social processes in disaster prone areas and is usually related to the fragility, susceptibility or lack of resilience of the population when faced with different hazards. In addition, ways have to be found to assist a community to survive despite receiving the impact of severe natural hazards. It is important to note the range of elements of a society needs to withstand:

“Local resiliency with regard to disasters means that a locale is able to withstand an extreme natural event without suffering devastating losses, damage,

1. general guidance

23

diminished productivity, or quality of life without a large amount of assistance from outside the community”

MILETI, (1999).

Characteristics of resilience before a disaster

Societies anticipate and reduce disaster impact by adopting many approaches: • using traditional experience and knowledge (coping mechanisms);• preparing for any possible hazard by having emergency kits or supplies, (buffer

stocks) ready for the event;• having family or community disaster plans as well as adaptive behavior,

(strengthening houses, providing emergency protection of doors and windows from high winds, etc.);

• organizing training courses in first aid, etc.; • temporary evacuation before an impending flood or cyclone of volcanic eruption;• permanent relocation of the community away from unsafe sites

Phase 2: The capacity to bounce back during and after disaster (Post-disaster, immediate relief phase)Ways have to be found to deal with the unexpected and recover rapidly: “The capacity to cope with unanticipated dangers after they have become manifest, learning to bounce back” (WILDAVSKY, 1991:77). Specific factors need to be identified that enable societies to become resilient:

“People continually adapt to crisis, coming up with creative solutions. They prioritize livelihoods and household assets rather than the quick fix. Supporting resilience means more than delivering relief or mitigating individual hazards. Local knowledge, skills, determination, livelihoods, cooperation, access to resources and representation are all vital factors enabling people to bounce back from disaster”

(IFRC/RC, 2004:1).

Characteristics of resilience during and after a disaster

Themes need to be addressed such as integrating recovery plans to link social, physical and economic recovery; following a disaster recovery plan; recognizing the importance of securing a prepared community who know what to do to recover; and taking actions to reduce future vulnerability. Societies cope during and after a disaster by:• drawing on the support of their community;• taking stock to determine what they have and what or who is missing;• restoring communications to facilitate aid distribution;• mitigating future risks (both psychological as well as material threats);• recognizing that physical recovery work can combine bereavement therapy with a

possible income source; and• regarding the entire experience as a learning process.

24CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

Phase 3: The opportunity for change and adaptation following a disaster (Post-Disaster, longer-term recovery phase)The opportunity to change, adjust and adapt following a disaster is to find creative ways to increase the resilience of everyone and everything. This will therefore include all actors, communities and their leaders, social systems, local administration, disaster planning and diversified livelihoods. The demanding challenge is to build them into the recovery process by learning the hard lessons gained from failure:

“The capacity to adapt existing resources and skills to new systems and operating conditions”

(COMFORT, 1999:21)

Characteristics of resilience after a disaster

The following concerns need to be addressed during the recovery process, together they will build far more resilient communities:• devise a community recovery plan that links social, physical, economic and

environmental recovery;• regard physical recovery work as bereavement therapy and a possible income

source and the entire reconstruction experience as a learning process;• draw on support of their community by being adaptable, flexible and patient;• where possible ensure that there is local purchase or reconstruction goods using

local labor to re-vitalize the damaged local economy;• recognize the value of a prepared community who know what to do to recover; • take actions to reduce future vulnerability as the recovery proceeds.

“People continually adapt to crisis, coming up with creative solutions...IFRC/RC, 2004:1

1. general guidance

25

Indicators of a Resilient Community

Resilience is a moving target, and realistically it may not be possible for communities to achieve absolute resilience against hazards or other risk factors. However, communities can still achieve certain level of development, and they can establish institutional arrangements that would enhance their resilience. In order to assess whether a community has achieved a certain level of resilience, we will need to establish some indicators, which if existed would mean that the community had achieved a minimum level of resiliency. A set of indicators is given as below. This set of indicators is by no means comprehensive. You might like to identify more indicators relevant to your local area and community.

• A Community organization;• A DRR and DP plan;• A Community Early Warning System;• Trained manpower: risk assessment, search and rescue, medical first aid, - relief distribution,

masons for safer house construction, fire fighting• Physical Connectivity: roads, electricity, telephone, clinics• Relational connectivity with local authorities, NGOs, etc• Knowledge of risks and risk reduction actions• A Community Disaster Reduction Fund to implement risk reduction activities• Safer House to withstand local hazards• Safe source/s of livelihoods

“People continually adapt to crisis, coming up with creative solutions...IFRC/RC, 2004:1

two

GUIDELINES FOR GOOD PRACTICE IN COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK

MANAGEMENT

28CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

pr

oces

s ind

icato

rs

PR

OC

ES

S 1

Ste

ps

in t

his

Pro

ce

ss

Key

Ou

tco

me

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)

Gu

idan

ce

No

tes

to I

mp

lem

ent

CB

DR

M(c

ert

ain

not

es

have

be

en

de

sig

nat

ed

as

‘cro

ss-c

utt

ing’

, with

a

pp

licat

ion

to a

ll p

roce

sse

s . T

he

se n

ote

s a

re s

et in

bo

ld t

ype)

UN

DE

RTA

KE

G

RO

UN

DW

OR

K F

OR

C

BD

RM

• T

he a

im o

f the

firs

t pr

oces

s is

und

erta

ke

esse

ntia

l gro

undw

ork

to

with

in G

over

nmen

t for

C

BD

RM

to o

ccur

and

flo

uris

h.•

The

se c

ondi

tions

incl

ude

a po

litic

al, a

dmin

istr

ativ

e an

d fin

anci

al e

nviro

nmen

t w

ithin

nat

iona

l and

loca

l go

vern

men

ts.

The

follo

win

g pr

oces

ses

are

set o

ut in

the

rou

gh s

eque

nce

in w

hich

the

y ar

e lik

ely

to o

ccur

.B

efo

re s

ust

ain

able

CB

DR

M c

an o

ccu

r it

is

es

sen

tial

to

bu

ild

po

liti

cal

co

mm

itm

en

t (‘

bu

y-

in’)

fro

m t

he

go

vern

me

nt.

Pro

ce

ss

1 d

esc

rib

es

a p

os

sib

l e t

em

pla

te f

or

secu

rin

g s

uch

su

pp

or t

.

Bo

t to

m-u

p P

roc

es

sS

ince

CB

DR

M is

ess

ent ia

lly a

bot

tom

-up

proc

ess,

it

follo

ws

that

any

pro

gres

s w

ill r

equi

re lo

cal

stak

ehol

ders

to in

itiat

e an

d m

aint

ain

pres

sure

on

the

ir go

vern

men

t, ra

ther

tha

n ex

pect

tha

t the

in

stitu

tiona

lizat

ion

will

nat

ural

ly e

volv

e fr

om t

he to

p.

Ro

le o

f C

en

tra

l Go

vern

me

nt

Lat

er t

he c

ent r

al g

over

nmen

t will

nee

d to

pla

y a

key

role

in d

evel

opin

g le

gisl

atio

n, a

lloc a

ting

reso

urce

s su

ch a

s te

chni

cal e

xper

tise

and

finan

ce a

nd s

eeki

ng

to d

evel

op u

nifo

r m s

tand

ards

thr

ough

out t

he c

ount

ry.

Dev

olv

e P

ow

er

to l

oc

al l

eve

lsIt

is li

kely

to b

e re

lativ

ely

easy

tas

k to

cre

ate

the

cond

ition

s ne

ede

d fo

r C

BD

RM

whe

re g

over

nmen

ts

have

dev

olve

d p

ower

s to

loca

l aut

hori

ties.

1.

Coa

litio

ns o

f com

mitt

ed lo

cal

stak

ehol

ders

are

form

ed a

nd

they

are

the

driv

ing

forc

e be

hind

th

e ne

ed fo

r C

BD

RM

, and

exe

rt

pres

sure

on

gove

rnm

ent t

o de

volv

e po

wer

to lo

cal l

evel

s.

A c

onso

rtiu

m o

f loc

al s

take

hold

ers

in a

reas

of h

igh

risk

exi

sts

and

mai

ntai

ns p

ress

ure

on g

over

nmen

t

2.

Res

pond

ing

to th

is p

ress

ure

the

gove

rnm

ent i

s co

mm

itted

to

the

devo

lutio

n of

pow

ers

to

loca

l com

mun

ities

. As

part

of

devo

lvin

g po

wer

and

aut

horit

y,

all t

he p

roce

sses

out

lined

in

thes

e gu

idel

ines

are

bui

lt in

to th

e N

atio

nal D

isas

ter

Law

sup

port

ed

by N

atio

nal D

isas

ter

Legi

slat

ion.

The

Gov

ernm

ent h

as d

evol

ved

pow

ers

to lo

cal g

over

nmen

t and

th

roug

h th

em to

loca

l com

mun

ities

. T

he d

evol

utio

n p

olic

y is

set

out

in

curr

ent l

egi

slat

ion.

3.

A d

ecis

ion

is m

ade

conc

erni

ng

the

scal

e of

com

mun

ity

sele

ctio

n, c

onsi

derin

g ho

w m

any

com

mun

ities

to a

ddre

ss a

nd th

e ov

eral

l loc

atio

n of

com

mun

ities

be

ing

cons

ider

ed fo

r se

lect

ion.

T

his

deci

sion

is d

eter

min

ed b

y av

aila

ble

reso

urce

s of

ass

istin

g gr

oups

.

Dec

isio

ns a

re t

rans

late

d in

to

impl

emen

tatio

n st

rate

gies

.

4.

Bud

get s

uppo

rt is

ass

ured

. T

his

com

mitm

ent i

s gi

ven

befo

re P

roce

ss 2

com

men

ces.

(s

ee c

ross

-cut

ting

issu

e in

the

Gui

danc

e N

otes

col

umn)

Bud

gets

hav

e be

en fo

rmul

ate

d to

su

ppor

t loc

al a

ctio

n an

d fin

ance

is

now

ava

ilabl

e at

the

loca

l lev

el.

5.

Pat

tern

s of

aut

horit

y to

ove

rsee

C

BD

RM

hav

e be

en a

gree

d w

ith lo

cal l

eade

rs/ c

oord

inat

ors

appo

inte

d

Lead

ers /

co

ordi

nato

rs a

re in

pla

ce

to o

vers

ee C

BD

RM

with

in t

he

Nat

iona

l gov

ernm

ent.

Loc

al le

ader

s/

c oor

dina

tors

for

CB

DR

M h

ave

been

ap

poi

nte

d at

spe

cific

loca

l lev

els

by

loca

l gov

ernm

ents

.

CR

OS

S-C

UT

TIN

G I

SS

UE

S

1.

Cul

ture

D

iffer

ent c

ount

ries

are

at d

iffer

ent s

tage

s in

te

rms

of h

azar

ds, r

isks

, and

dev

elop

men

t of

CB

DR

M. T

here

fore

, the

se C

ritic

al G

uide

lines

are

de

velo

ped

to b

e ad

apte

d to

spe

cific

con

text

s. T

his

is e

ssen

tial w

hen

reco

gniz

ing

the

rich

cultu

ral

dive

rsity

of c

ount

ries

in te

rms

of p

oliti

cal,

soci

al

and

econ

omic

sys

tem

s.2.

A

udie

nce

N

GO

s an

d Lo

cal g

over

nmen

t offi

cial

s ar

e th

e pr

imar

y us

ers.

Oth

ers

will

be

cons

ider

ed a

s se

cond

ary

user

s. T

here

fore

the

indi

cato

rs a

re to

be

see

n fr

om th

e pe

rspe

ctiv

e of

NG

Os

and

Loca

l go

vern

men

t offi

cial

s3.

F

inan

ce

Bud

get s

uppo

rt is

a c

omm

on th

eme

to s

uppo

rt a

ll th

e pr

oces

ses

outli

ned

in th

ese

guid

elin

es. T

his

prov

isio

n is

link

ed to

the

prio

rity

impo

rtan

ce o

f le

gisl

atio

n th

at e

stab

lishe

s th

e N

atio

nal D

isas

ter

Pla

n si

nce

this

pla

ces

a le

gal o

blig

atio

n on

go

vern

men

t to

enab

le C

BD

RM

to ta

ke p

lace

, with

fin

anci

al s

uppo

rt.

2. guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management

29

pr

oces

s ind

icato

rs

PR

OC

ES

S 1

Ste

ps

in t

his

Pro

ce

ss

Key

Ou

tco

me

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

l ife

)

Gu

idan

ce

No

tes

to I

mp

lem

ent

CB

DR

M(c

ert

ain

not

es

have

be

en

de

sig

nat

ed

as

‘cro

ss-c

utt

ing’

, with

a

pp

licat

i on

to a

ll p

roce

sse

s. T

he

s e n

ote

s a

re s

et in

bo

ld t

ype)

UN

DE

RTA

KE

G

RO

UN

DW

OR

K F

OR

C

BD

RM

• T

he a

im o

f the

firs

t pr

oces

s is

und

erta

ke

esse

ntia

l gro

undw

ork

to

with

in G

over

nmen

t for

C

BD

RM

to o

ccur

and

flo

uris

h.•

The

se c

ondi

tions

incl

ude

a po

litic

al, a

dmin

istr

ativ

e an

d fin

anci

al e

nviro

nmen

t w

ithin

nat

iona

l and

loca

l go

vern

men

ts.

The

follo

win

g pr

oces

ses

are

set o

ut in

the

rou

gh s

eque

nce

in w

hich

the

y ar

e lik

ely

to o

ccur

.B

efo

re s

ust

ain

able

CB

DR

M c

an o

ccu

r it

is

es

sen

tial

to

bu

ild

po

liti

cal

co

mm

itm

en

t (‘

bu

y-

in’)

fro

m t

he

go

vern

me

nt.

Pro

ce

ss

1 d

esc

rib

es

a p

os

sib

le t

em

pla

t e f

or

secu

rin

g s

uch

su

pp

ort

.

Bo

tto

m-u

p P

roc

es

sS

ince

CB

DR

M is

ess

entia

lly a

bot

tom

-up

proc

ess,

it

follo

ws

that

any

pro

gres

s w

ill r

equi

re lo

cal

stak

ehol

ders

to in

itiat

e an

d m

aint

ain

pres

sure

on

the

ir go

vern

men

t, ra

ther

tha

n ex

pect

tha

t the

in

stitu

tiona

lizat

ion

will

nat

ural

ly e

volv

e fr

om t

he to

p.

Ro

le o

f C

en

tra

l Go

vern

me

nt

Lat

er t

he c

ent r

al g

over

nmen

t will

nee

d to

pla

y a

key

role

in d

evel

opin

g le

gisl

atio

n, a

lloc a

ting

reso

urce

s su

ch a

s te

chni

cal e

xper

tise

and

finan

ce a

nd s

eeki

ng

to d

eve l

op u

nifo

rm s

tand

ards

thr

ough

out t

he c

ount

r y.

Dev

olv

e P

ow

er

to l

oc

al l

eve

lsIt

is li

kely

to b

e re

lativ

ely

easy

tas

k to

cre

ate

the

cond

ition

s ne

ede

d fo

r C

BD

RM

whe

re g

over

nmen

ts

have

dev

olve

d p

ower

s to

loca

l aut

hori

ties.

1.

Coa

litio

ns o

f com

mitt

ed lo

cal

stak

ehol

ders

are

form

ed a

nd

they

are

the

driv

ing

forc

e be

hind

th

e ne

ed fo

r C

BD

RM

, and

exe

rt

pres

sure

on

gove

rnm

ent t

o de

volv

e po

wer

to lo

cal l

evel

s.

A c

onso

rtiu

m o

f loc

al s

take

hold

ers

in a

reas

of h

igh

risk

exi

sts

and

mai

ntai

ns p

ress

ure

on g

over

nmen

t

2.

Res

pond

ing

to th

is p

ress

ure

the

gove

rnm

ent i

s co

mm

itted

to

the

devo

lutio

n of

pow

ers

to

loca

l com

mun

ities

. As

part

of

devo

lvin

g po

wer

and

aut

horit

y,

all t

he p

roce

sses

out

lined

in

thes

e gu

idel

ines

are

bui

lt in

to th

e N

atio

nal D

isas

ter

Law

sup

port

ed

by N

atio

nal D

isas

ter

Legi

slat

ion.

The

Gov

ernm

ent h

as d

evol

ved

pow

ers

to lo

cal g

over

nmen

t and

th

roug

h th

em to

loca

l com

mun

ities

. T

he d

evol

utio

n p

olic

y is

set

out

in

curr

ent l

egi

slat

ion.

3.

A d

ecis

ion

is m

ade

conc

erni

ng

the

scal

e of

com

mun

ity

sele

ctio

n, c

onsi

derin

g ho

w m

any

com

mun

ities

to a

ddre

ss a

nd th

e ov

eral

l loc

atio

n of

com

mun

ities

be

ing

cons

ider

ed fo

r se

lect

ion.

T

his

deci

sion

is d

eter

min

ed b

y av

aila

ble

reso

urce

s of

ass

istin

g gr

oups

.

Dec

isio

ns a

re t

rans

late

d in

to

impl

emen

tatio

n st

rate

gies

.

4.

Bud

get s

uppo

rt is

ass

ured

. T

his

com

mitm

ent i

s gi

ven

befo

re P

roce

ss 2

com

men

ces.

(s

ee c

ross

-cut

ting

issu

e in

the

Gui

danc

e N

otes

col

umn)

Bud

gets

hav

e be

en fo

rmul

ate

d to

su

ppor

t loc

al a

ctio

n an

d fin

ance

is

now

ava

ilabl

e at

the

loca

l lev

el.

5.

Pat

tern

s of

aut

horit

y to

ove

rsee

C

BD

RM

hav

e be

en a

gree

d w

ith lo

cal l

eade

rs/ c

oord

inat

ors

appo

inte

d

Lead

ers/

co

ordi

nato

rs a

re in

pla

ce

to o

vers

ee C

BD

RM

with

in t

he

Nat

iona

l gov

ernm

ent.

Loc

al le

ader

s/

coor

dina

tors

for

CB

DR

M h

ave

been

ap

poi

nte

d at

spe

cific

loca

l lev

els

by

loca

l gov

ernm

ents

.

CR

OS

S-C

UT

TIN

G I

SS

UE

S

1.

Cul

ture

D

iffer

ent c

ount

ries

are

at d

iffer

ent s

tage

s in

te

rms

of h

azar

ds, r

isks

, and

dev

elop

men

t of

CB

DR

M. T

here

fore

, the

se C

ritic

al G

uide

lines

are

de

velo

ped

to b

e ad

apte

d to

spe

cific

con

text

s. T

his

is e

ssen

tial w

hen

reco

gniz

ing

the

rich

cultu

ral

dive

rsity

of c

ount

ries

in te

rms

of p

oliti

cal,

soci

al

and

econ

omic

sys

tem

s.2.

A

udie

nce

N

GO

s an

d Lo

cal g

over

nmen

t offi

cial

s ar

e th

e pr

imar

y us

ers.

Oth

ers

will

be

cons

ider

ed a

s se

cond

ary

user

s. T

here

fore

the

indi

cato

rs a

re to

be

see

n fr

om th

e pe

rspe

ctiv

e of

NG

Os

and

Loca

l go

vern

men

t offi

cial

s3.

F

inan

ce

Bud

get s

uppo

rt is

a c

omm

on th

eme

to s

uppo

rt a

ll th

e pr

oces

ses

outli

ned

in th

ese

guid

elin

es. T

his

prov

isio

n is

link

ed to

the

prio

rity

impo

rtan

ce o

f le

gisl

atio

n th

at e

stab

lishe

s th

e N

atio

nal D

isas

ter

Pla

n si

nce

this

pla

ces

a le

gal o

blig

atio

n on

go

vern

men

t to

enab

le C

BD

RM

to ta

ke p

lace

, with

fin

anci

al s

uppo

rt.

30CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

PR

OC

ES

S 2

Ste

ps

in t

his

Pro

ce

ss

Key

Ou

tco

me

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)

Gu

idan

ce

No

tes

to I

mp

lem

ent

CB

DR

M(c

ert

ain

not

es

have

be

en

de

sig

nat

ed

as

‘cro

ss-c

utt

ing’

, with

a

pp

licat

ion

to a

ll p

roce

sse

s. T

he

se n

ote

s a

re s

et in

bo

ld t

ype)

SE

LE

CT

CO

MM

UN

ITIE

S

FO

R C

BD

RM

TH

RO

UG

H

RIS

K A

SS

ES

SM

EN

T•

The

aim

of t

he s

econ

d pr

oces

s is

to lo

cate

a

vuln

erab

le c

omm

unity

, tha

t is

als

o ve

ry p

oor,

as a

n ap

prop

riate

ven

ue fo

r ris

k re

duct

ion

actio

ns.

• T

here

fore

the

sele

ctio

n of

co

mm

uniti

es fo

r C

BD

RM

an

d ris

k as

sess

men

t ar

e in

tegr

al p

arts

of t

he

sam

e pr

oces

s, s

ince

it

is n

ot p

ossi

ble

to s

elec

t a

com

mun

ity w

ith h

igh

patte

rns

of v

ulne

rabi

lity

with

out a

sses

sing

its

risks

.•

Par

t of t

he a

sses

smen

t pr

oces

s w

ill r

evea

l loc

al

capa

citie

s th

at c

an a

ctiv

ely

supp

ort C

BD

RM

• T

he a

sses

smen

t met

hod

will

be

a fu

lly p

artic

ipat

ory

proc

ess

to d

eter

min

e th

e sc

ope

and

scal

e of

ris

ks

faci

ng a

com

mun

ity

(T

his

proc

ess

may

sel

ect

man

y co

mm

uniti

es r

athe

r th

an a

sin

gle

one,

See

G

uida

nce

Not

e)

Som

e st

eps

in t

he fo

llow

ing

proc

esse

s ar

e se

quen

tial w

hile

oth

ers

can

usef

ully

occ

ur in

par

alle

l.T

he

sele

cti

on

of

co

mm

un

itie

s fo

r C

BD

RM

is a

c

om

ple

x as

ses

sme

nt

pro

ce

ss

that

invo

lve

s a

ran

ge

of

inte

gra

ted

ac

tivi

tie

s:

1.

Haz

ard

Map

pin

g;

2.

Vu

lner

abili

ty a

nd

Cap

acit

y as

sess

men

t o

f b

enef

icia

ry c

om

mu

nit

ies

3.

Eco

no

mic

Ass

essm

ent

to m

easu

re p

ove

rty

leve

ls4.

R

evie

w o

f C

apac

ity

of

Ass

isti

ng

Gro

up

s5.

B

asic

Lo

ss E

stim

atio

n (

lives

an

d p

rop

erty

loss

sc

enar

ios)

6.

Acc

epta

nce

of

a g

iven

co

mm

un

ity

to e

ng

age

in C

BD

RM

Th

e S

ele

cti

on

of

sin

gle

or

mu

ltip

le s

ite

s?O

ne o

f the

ear

ly d

ecis

ions

is w

heth

er to

initi

ate

CB

DR

M o

n a

sing

le o

r m

ultip

le s

ites?

Thi

s de

cisi

on

will

rel

ate

to e

xten

t of f

undi

ng s

upp

ort,

the

prio

r ex

peri

ence

of C

BD

RM

and

ava

ilabl

e re

sour

ces

of

assi

stin

g gr

oups

.

If th

e en

tire

proc

ess

is n

ew t

hen

it w

ill b

e pr

uden

t for

au

thor

ities

to c

ondu

ct a

sin

gle

pilo

t pro

ject

to g

ain

expe

rien

ce r

athe

r th

an e

mba

rk o

n m

ultip

le s

ites

sim

ulta

neou

sly.

Vu

lne

rab

le C

om

mu

nit

ies

The

sel

ectio

n of

com

mun

ities

is u

nder

take

n w

ith a

fo

cus

on t

he m

ost v

ulne

rabl

e co

mm

uniti

es in

a g

iven

lo

catio

n, p

rovi

ding

pro

tect

ion

from

maj

or h

aza

rd

thre

ats.

Thi

s se

lect

ion

proc

ess

also

rec

ogn

izes

th

e op

por

tuni

ties

as w

ell a

s lim

itatio

ns o

f ass

istin

g gr

oups

.

1.

Com

mun

ity r

isk

asse

ssm

ent i

s a

requ

ired

task

in d

isas

ter

and

deve

lopm

ent l

egis

latio

n.

Legi

slat

ion

enac

ted

and

obse

rve

d in

gov

ernm

ent s

truc

ture

s an

d p

olic

y in

clud

ing

prov

isio

n fo

r C

BD

RM

2.

Gov

ernm

ent a

ppro

vals

are

in

plac

e fo

r C

BD

RM

to ta

ke p

lace

in

sele

cted

com

mun

ities

.

Gov

ernm

ent A

ppro

val f

or C

BD

RM

in

the

form

of i

nstr

uctio

ns a

nd

agre

emen

ts w

ith lo

cal g

over

nmen

t of

ficia

ls a

nd/ o

r N

GO

off

icia

ls.

3.

One

per

son

is a

ppoi

nted

to

man

age

Pro

cess

2. T

his

pers

on is

in c

harg

e of

the

Ris

k A

sses

smen

t Sys

tem

(se

e S

tep

4 be

low

).

Off

icia

l app

oint

ed

to m

anag

e P

roce

ss 2

(th

is m

ay b

e th

e sa

me

pers

on w

ith r

esp

onsi

bilit

y fo

r th

e en

tire

CB

DR

M in

sel

ecte

d lo

calit

ies)

4.

A ‘s

yste

m’ i

s es

tabl

ishe

d to

m

anag

e th

e co

mm

unity

ris

k as

sess

men

t pro

cess

. Thi

s is

ba

sed

in lo

cal g

over

nmen

t an

d is

link

ed in

to a

nat

iona

l as

sess

men

t sys

tem

. The

sys

tem

co

ntai

ns a

n in

tegr

ated

set

of

acto

rs d

raw

n fr

om lo

cally

bas

ed

NG

O’s

, aca

dem

ics

in a

reas

w

here

ther

e ar

e un

iver

sitie

s,

loca

l gov

ernm

ent o

ffici

als

and

com

mun

ity le

ader

s.

Ris

k A

sses

smen

t Sys

tem

in p

lace

5.

Fun

ding

is c

omm

itted

to e

nabl

e P

roce

ss 2

to ta

ke p

lace

Thi

s fu

ndin

g is

for

the

initi

al ‘s

et-u

p pr

oces

s’ o

f ris

k as

sess

men

t, bu

t th

ere

is a

lso

a co

mm

itmen

t to

mai

ntai

n th

e pr

oces

s co

ntin

ually

. T

his

is n

eces

sary

sin

ce h

azar

ds,

vuln

erab

ilitie

s an

d ca

paci

ties

are

in a

dyn

amic

sta

te o

f con

tinua

l ch

ange

ove

r tim

e an

d re

quire

co

ntin

uous

mon

itorin

g an

d as

sess

men

t.

Fun

ding

allo

cate

dA

ss

es

sin

g V

uln

era

bil

itie

s a

nd

Ca

pa

cit

ies

In u

nder

taki

ng V

ulne

rabi

lity

Ass

essm

ent i

t is

imp

orta

nt to

als

o as

sess

Cap

aciti

es. T

hese

soc

ial

stre

ngth

s ca

n be

see

n as

the

pos

itive

ant

idot

es to

pa

tter

ns o

f acu

te v

ulne

rabi

lity.

It h

as to

be

reco

gniz

ed

that

ass

essm

ent m

ay r

evea

l an

elem

ent t

hat

com

bine

s vu

lner

abili

ty a

nd a

cap

acity

.

For

exa

mpl

e, t

he v

ulne

rabi

lity

asse

ssm

ent m

ay

reve

al t

hat t

here

are

man

y el

derl

y pe

ople

with

in a

co

mm

unity

. The

y m

ay la

ck m

obili

ty t

hat c

ould

mak

e th

em h

ighl

y vu

lner

able

whe

n ra

pid

mov

emen

t is

nee

ded

to e

vacu

ate

on a

ccou

nt o

f ris

ing

floo

d w

ater

s.

How

ever

, old

er p

eop

le m

ay h

ave

goo

d m

emor

ies

of

past

dis

aste

rs, t

hus

enab

ling

them

to c

omm

unic

ate

vita

l exp

erie

nce

to t

he y

oung

er m

embe

rs o

f the

ir co

mm

unity

. Thi

s kn

owle

dge

is a

vita

l cap

acity

.

Ex

pe

rtis

e fo

r A

ss

es

sme

nt

The

re a

re a

spec

ts o

f ris

k as

sess

men

t tha

t will

ne

ed

prof

essi

onal

exp

ertis

e in

say

flo

od

haza

rd

asse

ssm

ent o

r th

e as

sess

men

t of b

uild

ing

vuln

erab

ility

. How

ever

, if s

uch

skill

s ar

e no

t ava

ilabl

e lo

cal k

now

ledg

e ca

n p

ossi

bly

fill s

ome

of t

he g

aps.

W

hen

haza

rds

are

freq

uent

loca

l far

mer

s ca

n be

ex

pert

in d

roug

ht a

sses

smen

t, ri

verb

oat o

wne

rs m

ay

know

ab

out f

loo

ding

and

loca

l bui

lder

s m

ay k

now

so

met

hing

ab

out e

arth

quak

es.

6.

A k

ey p

olic

y de

cisi

on is

take

n to

be

sens

itive

to g

ende

r is

sues

th

roug

hout

the

prog

ram

. (se

e cr

oss-

cutti

ng is

sue

in th

e G

uida

nce

Not

es c

olum

n)

Wom

en a

ppoi

nte

d to

par

ticip

ate

in

asse

ssm

ent p

roce

ss a

nd s

elec

tion

of lo

catio

ns

7.

Com

mun

ity b

ased

trai

ning

in

Ris

k A

sses

smen

t and

C

BD

RM

is in

pla

ce fo

r of

ficia

ls

sele

ctin

g co

mm

uniti

es fo

r C

BD

RM

. Evi

denc

e of

num

bers

tr

aine

d an

d fr

om p

ost t

rain

ing

perf

orm

ance

and

mon

itorin

g of

tr

aine

es im

prov

ed p

erfo

rman

ce.

(see

cro

ss-c

uttin

g is

sue

in th

e G

uida

nce

Not

es c

olum

n)

Trai

ning

in p

lace

. Im

prov

ed

com

pete

ncie

s m

easu

red

by

indi

cato

rs

8.

A tr

ansp

aren

t met

hod

for

the

sele

ctio

n of

com

mun

ities

is

agre

ed w

ith s

take

hold

ers

and

is

then

est

ablis

hed

on th

is b

asis

.

Sel

ectio

n m

etho

d in

pla

ce

9.

Agr

eem

ents

in p

lace

for

asse

ssm

ents

to ta

ke p

lace

with

co

mm

unity

lead

ers

Agr

eem

ents

mad

e

2. guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management

31

PR

OC

ES

S 2

Ste

ps

in t

his

Pro

ce

ss

Key

Ou

tco

me

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)

Gu

idan

ce

No

tes

to I

mp

lem

ent

CB

DR

M(c

ert

ain

not

es

have

be

en

de

sig

nat

ed

as

‘cro

ss-c

utt

ing’

, with

a

pp

licat

ion

to a

ll p

roce

sse

s. T

he

se n

ote

s a

re s

et in

bo

ld t

ype)

SE

LE

CT

CO

MM

UN

ITIE

S

FO

R C

BD

RM

TH

RO

UG

H

RIS

K A

SS

ES

SM

EN

T•

The

aim

of t

he s

econ

d pr

oces

s is

to lo

cate

a

vuln

erab

le c

omm

unity

, tha

t is

als

o ve

ry p

oor,

as a

n ap

prop

riate

ven

ue fo

r ris

k re

duct

ion

actio

ns.

• T

here

fore

the

sele

ctio

n of

co

mm

uniti

es fo

r C

BD

RM

an

d ris

k as

sess

men

t ar

e in

tegr

al p

arts

of t

he

sam

e pr

oces

s, s

ince

it

is n

ot p

ossi

ble

to s

elec

t a

com

mun

ity w

ith h

igh

patte

rns

of v

ulne

rabi

lity

with

out a

sses

sing

its

risks

.•

Par

t of t

he a

sses

smen

t pr

oces

s w

ill r

evea

l loc

al

capa

citie

s th

at c

an a

ctiv

ely

supp

ort C

BD

RM

• T

he a

sses

smen

t met

hod

will

be

a fu

lly p

artic

ipat

ory

proc

ess

to d

eter

min

e th

e sc

ope

and

scal

e of

ris

ks

faci

ng a

com

mun

ity

(T

his

proc

ess

may

sel

ect

man

y co

mm

uniti

es r

athe

r th

an a

sin

gle

one,

See

G

uida

nce

Not

e)

Som

e st

eps

in t

he fo

llow

ing

proc

esse

s ar

e se

quen

tial w

hile

oth

ers

can

usef

ully

occ

ur in

par

alle

l.T

he

sele

cti

on

of

co

mm

un

itie

s fo

r C

BD

RM

is a

c

om

ple

x as

ses

sme

nt

pro

ce

ss

that

invo

lve

s a

ran

ge

of

inte

gra

ted

ac

tivi

tie

s:

1.

Haz

ard

Map

pin

g;

2.

Vu

lner

abili

ty a

nd

Cap

acit

y as

sess

men

t o

f b

enef

icia

ry c

om

mu

nit

ies

3.

Eco

no

mic

Ass

essm

ent

to m

easu

re p

ove

rty

leve

ls4.

R

evie

w o

f C

apac

ity

of

Ass

isti

ng

Gro

up

s5.

B

asic

Lo

ss E

stim

atio

n (

lives

an

d p

rop

erty

loss

sc

enar

ios)

6.

Acc

epta

nce

of

a g

iven

co

mm

un

ity

to e

ng

age

in C

BD

RM

Th

e S

ele

cti

on

of

sin

gle

or

mu

ltip

le s

ite

s?O

ne o

f the

ear

ly d

ecis

ions

is w

heth

er to

initi

ate

CB

DR

M o

n a

sing

le o

r m

ultip

le s

ites?

Thi

s de

cisi

on

will

rel

ate

to e

xten

t of f

undi

ng s

upp

ort,

the

prio

r ex

peri

ence

of C

BD

RM

and

ava

ilabl

e re

sour

ces

of

assi

stin

g gr

oups

.

If th

e en

tire

proc

ess

is n

ew t

hen

it w

ill b

e pr

uden

t for

au

thor

ities

to c

ondu

ct a

sin

gle

pilo

t pro

ject

to g

ain

expe

rien

ce r

athe

r th

an e

mba

rk o

n m

ultip

le s

ites

sim

ulta

neou

sly.

Vu

lne

rab

le C

om

mu

nit

ies

The

sel

ectio

n of

com

mun

ities

is u

nder

take

n w

ith a

fo

cus

on t

he m

ost v

ulne

rabl

e co

mm

uniti

es in

a g

iven

lo

catio

n, p

rovi

ding

pro

tect

ion

from

maj

or h

aza

rd

thre

ats.

Thi

s se

lect

ion

proc

ess

also

rec

ogn

izes

th

e op

por

tuni

ties

as w

ell a

s lim

itatio

ns o

f ass

istin

g gr

oups

.

1.

Com

mun

ity r

isk

asse

ssm

ent i

s a

requ

ired

task

in d

isas

ter

and

deve

lopm

ent l

egis

latio

n.

Legi

slat

ion

enac

ted

and

obse

rve

d in

gov

ernm

ent s

truc

ture

s an

d p

olic

y in

clud

ing

prov

isio

n fo

r C

BD

RM

2.

Gov

ernm

ent a

ppro

vals

are

in

plac

e fo

r C

BD

RM

to ta

ke p

lace

in

sele

cted

com

mun

ities

.

Gov

ernm

ent A

ppro

val f

or C

BD

RM

in

the

form

of i

nstr

uctio

ns a

nd

agre

emen

ts w

ith lo

cal g

over

nmen

t of

ficia

ls a

nd/ o

r N

GO

off

icia

ls.

3.

One

per

son

is a

ppoi

nted

to

man

age

Pro

cess

2. T

his

pers

on is

in c

harg

e of

the

Ris

k A

sses

smen

t Sys

tem

(se

e S

tep

4 be

low

).

Off

icia

l app

oint

ed

to m

anag

e P

roce

ss 2

(th

is m

ay b

e th

e sa

me

pers

on w

ith r

esp

onsi

bilit

y fo

r th

e en

tire

CB

DR

M in

sel

ecte

d lo

calit

ies)

4.

A ‘s

yste

m’ i

s es

tabl

ishe

d to

m

anag

e th

e co

mm

unity

ris

k as

sess

men

t pro

cess

. Thi

s is

ba

sed

in lo

cal g

over

nmen

t an

d is

link

ed in

to a

nat

iona

l as

sess

men

t sys

tem

. The

sys

tem

co

ntai

ns a

n in

tegr

ated

set

of

acto

rs d

raw

n fr

om lo

cally

bas

ed

NG

O’s

, aca

dem

ics

in a

reas

w

here

ther

e ar

e un

iver

sitie

s,

loca

l gov

ernm

ent o

ffici

als

and

com

mun

ity le

ader

s.

Ris

k A

sses

smen

t Sys

tem

in p

lace

5.

Fun

ding

is c

omm

itted

to e

nabl

e P

roce

ss 2

to ta

ke p

lace

Thi

s fu

ndin

g is

for

the

initi

al ‘s

et-u

p pr

oces

s’ o

f ris

k as

sess

men

t, bu

t th

ere

is a

lso

a co

mm

itmen

t to

mai

ntai

n th

e pr

oces

s co

ntin

ually

. T

his

is n

eces

sary

sin

ce h

azar

ds,

vuln

erab

ilitie

s an

d ca

paci

ties

are

in a

dyn

amic

sta

te o

f con

tinua

l ch

ange

ove

r tim

e an

d re

quire

co

ntin

uous

mon

itorin

g an

d as

sess

men

t.

Fun

ding

allo

cate

dA

ss

es

sin

g V

uln

era

bil

itie

s a

nd

Ca

pa

cit

ies

In u

nder

taki

ng V

ulne

rabi

lity

Ass

essm

ent i

t is

imp

orta

nt to

als

o as

sess

Cap

aciti

es. T

hese

soc

ial

stre

ngth

s ca

n be

see

n as

the

pos

itive

ant

idot

es to

pa

tter

ns o

f acu

te v

ulne

rabi

lity.

It h

as to

be

reco

gniz

ed

that

ass

essm

ent m

ay r

evea

l an

elem

ent t

hat

com

bine

s vu

lner

abili

ty a

nd a

cap

acity

.

For

exa

mpl

e, t

he v

ulne

rabi

lity

asse

ssm

ent m

ay

reve

al t

hat t

here

are

man

y el

derl

y pe

ople

with

in a

co

mm

unity

. The

y m

ay la

ck m

obili

ty t

hat c

ould

mak

e th

em h

ighl

y vu

lner

able

whe

n ra

pid

mov

emen

t is

nee

ded

to e

vacu

ate

on a

ccou

nt o

f ris

ing

floo

d w

ater

s.

How

ever

, old

er p

eop

le m

ay h

ave

goo

d m

emor

ies

of

past

dis

aste

rs, t

hus

enab

ling

them

to c

omm

unic

ate

vita

l exp

erie

nce

to t

he y

oung

er m

embe

rs o

f the

ir co

mm

unity

. Thi

s kn

owle

dge

is a

vita

l cap

acity

.

Ex

pe

rtis

e fo

r A

ss

es

sme

nt

The

re a

re a

spec

ts o

f ris

k as

sess

men

t tha

t will

ne

ed

prof

essi

onal

exp

ertis

e in

say

flo

od

haza

rd

asse

ssm

ent o

r th

e as

sess

men

t of b

uild

ing

vuln

erab

ility

. How

ever

, if s

uch

skill

s ar

e no

t ava

ilabl

e lo

cal k

now

ledg

e ca

n p

ossi

bly

fill s

ome

of t

he g

aps.

W

hen

haza

rds

are

freq

uent

loca

l far

mer

s ca

n be

ex

pert

in d

roug

ht a

sses

smen

t, ri

verb

oat o

wne

rs m

ay

know

ab

out f

loo

ding

and

loca

l bui

lder

s m

ay k

now

so

met

hing

ab

out e

arth

quak

es.

6.

A k

ey p

olic

y de

cisi

on is

take

n to

be

sens

itive

to g

ende

r is

sues

th

roug

hout

the

prog

ram

. (se

e cr

oss-

cutti

ng is

sue

in th

e G

uida

nce

Not

es c

olum

n)

Wom

en a

ppoi

nte

d to

par

ticip

ate

in

asse

ssm

ent p

roce

ss a

nd s

elec

tion

of lo

catio

ns

7.

Com

mun

ity b

ased

trai

ning

in

Ris

k A

sses

smen

t and

C

BD

RM

is in

pla

ce fo

r of

ficia

ls

sele

ctin

g co

mm

uniti

es fo

r C

BD

RM

. Evi

denc

e of

num

bers

tr

aine

d an

d fr

om p

ost t

rain

ing

perf

orm

ance

and

mon

itorin

g of

tr

aine

es im

prov

ed p

erfo

rman

ce.

(see

cro

ss-c

uttin

g is

sue

in th

e G

uida

nce

Not

es c

olum

n)

Trai

ning

in p

lace

. Im

prov

ed

com

pete

ncie

s m

easu

red

by

indi

cato

rs

8.

A tr

ansp

aren

t met

hod

for

the

sele

ctio

n of

com

mun

ities

is

agre

ed w

ith s

take

hold

ers

and

is

then

est

ablis

hed

on th

is b

asis

.

Sel

ectio

n m

etho

d in

pla

ce

9.

Agr

eem

ents

in p

lace

for

asse

ssm

ents

to ta

ke p

lace

with

co

mm

unity

lead

ers

Agr

eem

ents

mad

e

32CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

PR

OC

ES

S 2

cont

inua

tion

10. R

isk

and

Cap

acity

Ass

essm

ent

take

s pl

ace

in fu

ll co

oper

atio

n w

ith c

omm

uniti

es to

gat

her

data

on

the

follo

win

g:

In u

nder

taki

ng s

ocia

l vul

nera

bilit

y an

d ca

paci

ty

asse

ssm

ent i

t is

imp

orta

nt to

de

-pro

fess

iona

lize

the

proc

ess.

(T

hus,

mid

wiv

es, l

ocal

rel

igio

us le

ader

s an

d sc

hool

teac

hes

can,

whe

n tr

aine

d m

ake

exce

llent

as

sess

ors

sinc

e th

ey m

ay h

ave

the

conf

iden

ce o

f the

lo

cal c

omm

unity

)

Vu

lne

rab

ilit

y A

ss

es

sme

nt

Cri

teri

aV

ulne

rabi

lity

asse

ssm

ent i

s a

mul

ti-le

vel t

ask

that

co

nsid

ers

dive

rse

scal

es o

f vul

nera

bilit

y. T

hese

ra

nge

from

ro

ot c

ause

s of

vul

nera

bilit

y (s

uch

as

a la

ck o

f go

od

gove

rnan

ce, o

r no

pub

lic a

cces

s to

pol

itica

l pow

er),

to d

ynam

ic p

ress

ures

(su

ch a

s ur

bani

zatio

n or

pop

ulat

ion

grow

th)

that

tra

nsla

te

thes

e ca

uses

into

uns

afe

cond

ition

s (s

uch

as a

lack

of

ear

ly w

arni

ngs

of im

pend

ing

haza

rds

or u

nsaf

e d

wel

lings

).S

peci

fic lo

cal p

atte

rns

of v

ulne

rabi

lity

are

iden

tifie

d,

incl

udin

g vi

tal l

inks

bet

wee

n ro

ot c

ause

s, p

ress

ures

an

d un

safe

con

ditio

ns. U

nsaf

e co

nditi

ons

reve

ale

d in

thi

s pr

oces

s be

com

e ta

rget

s fo

r ac

tion

in C

BD

RM

. D

ata

is s

ecur

ed

conc

erni

ng t

he fo

llow

ing

:•

Ele

men

ts a

t R

isk

E

stab

lishi

ng w

hat t

he im

pact

of t

he h

azar

d co

uld

have

on

whi

ch e

lem

ents

of a

giv

en s

ocie

ty (

mai

nly

base

d on

fact

ual i

nfor

mat

ion

gain

ed fr

om p

eopl

e’s

past

exp

erie

nce)

• V

uln

erab

le C

on

dit

ion

s

Est

ablis

hing

why

the

elem

ents

are

at r

isk

• P

ress

ure

s

Est

ablis

hing

who

or

wha

t is

crea

ting

the

vuln

erab

le c

ondi

tions

and

how

this

is ta

king

pla

ce.

• U

nd

erly

ing

Cau

ses

E

stab

lishi

ng w

hy v

ulne

rabl

e co

nditi

ons

are

crea

ted

or ig

nore

d by

the

pres

sure

s.

a.

Evi

denc

e of

the

haza

rd th

reat

(t

he n

atur

e of

the

haza

rd/

seve

rity/

freq

uenc

y/ d

urat

ion/

sp

ecifi

c lo

catio

n)

Loca

l ha

zard

map

s co

mpl

ete

d

b.

Evi

denc

e of

the

vuln

erab

ility

of

hig

h ris

k gr

oups

with

in th

e co

mm

unity

(pe

rcen

tage

of

high

-ris

k gr

oups

etc

.)

Gro

ups

iden

tifie

d

c.

Evi

denc

e of

pov

erty

with

in th

e co

mm

unity

(ce

nsus

dat

a an

d re

gist

er o

f pov

erty

ass

ista

nce

gran

ts e

tc.)

Hig

h p

over

ty le

vels

iden

tifie

d an

d m

appe

d. L

inks

bet

wee

n vu

lner

abili

ty

and

pov

erty

cor

rela

ted

d.

Evi

denc

e th

at th

e co

mm

unity

w

ishe

s to

fully

par

ticip

ate

in

CB

DR

M. (

Thi

s in

clud

es a

w

illin

gnes

s to

par

ticip

ate

in

task

forc

es in

volv

ed in

ris

k re

duct

ion

activ

ities

etc

.)

Agr

eem

ent m

ade

e.

Evi

denc

e of

the

num

ber

of

emer

gent

com

mun

ity le

ader

sLe

ader

s se

lect

ed

f. Ta

ngib

le e

vide

nce

of th

e nu

mbe

r of

peo

ple

who

will

be

in s

afer

con

ditio

ns a

s a

resu

lt of

the

risk

redu

ctio

n m

easu

res

Num

bers

cal

cula

ted

and

rela

ted

to m

aps

indi

catin

g lo

catio

ns o

f pr

otec

ted

com

mun

ities

g.

Tang

ible

evi

denc

e of

the

prot

ectio

n of

pro

pert

y w

ithin

th

e co

mm

unity

as

a re

sult

of

risk

redu

ctio

n m

easu

res

Loca

tion

of p

rope

rty

calc

ulat

ed

and

rela

ted

to m

aps

indi

catin

g th

eir

loca

tion.

h.

Dat

a co

ncer

ning

acc

essi

bilit

y of

the

com

mun

ity to

ass

istin

g bo

dies

Info

rmat

ion

avai

labl

e•

Un

der

lyin

g V

alu

es a

nd

Bel

ief

Sys

tem

s

Con

side

ring

wha

t bel

iefs

enc

oura

ge, i

gnor

e or

ch

alle

nge

the

unde

rlyin

g ca

uses

of v

ulne

rabi

lity.

B

ased

on

VE

NT

ON

and

HA

NS

FO

RD

, (20

06)

Ev

ide

nc

e n

ee

de

d f

or

Sit

e S

ele

cti

on

T

he a

sses

smen

t dat

a is

mai

nly

quan

titat

ive

but

ther

e ar

e as

pect

s th

at a

re q

ualit

ativ

e, s

uch

as

the

asse

ssm

ent o

f ris

k pe

rcep

tions

as

part

of

vuln

erab

ility

ass

essm

ent o

r th

e id

entif

icat

ion

of

lead

ersh

ip p

oten

tial w

ithin

the

com

mun

ity.

CR

OS

S-C

UT

TIN

G I

SS

UE

S

1.

Tra

inin

g at

the

Com

mun

ity L

evel

E

ach

of th

e pr

oces

ses

requ

ires

com

mun

ity b

ased

tr

aini

ng. T

his

may

in p

art b

e fu

sed

with

the

trai

ning

of

sta

ff fr

om th

e as

sist

ing

grou

ps. T

hrou

ghou

t th

ese

guid

elin

es r

efer

ence

s ar

e m

ade

to th

is

trai

ning

act

ivity

in th

e ‘p

roce

ss to

be

follo

wed

’ set

in

the

colu

mn

desc

ribin

g pe

rfor

man

ce in

dica

tors

. H

owev

er, i

t is

vita

l to

reco

gniz

e th

at a

ll th

e tr

aini

ng

desc

ribed

can

take

pla

ce w

ithin

sep

arat

e m

odul

es

in th

e sa

me

cour

se.

2.

Gen

der A

war

enes

s an

d A

ctio

n

Evi

denc

e of

dis

aste

r im

pact

has

rep

eate

dly

draw

n at

tent

ion

to th

e vu

lner

abili

ty o

f wom

en a

nd s

mal

l ch

ildre

n, o

ften

in th

eir

care

. Add

ition

ally

, wom

en

play

a d

omin

ant r

ole

in li

velih

ood

secu

rity

in m

any

soci

etie

s. T

here

fore

eac

h of

the

proc

esse

s w

ill

need

to r

ecog

nize

the

sign

ifica

nce

of g

ende

r aw

aren

ess,

as

wel

l as

spec

ific

prov

isio

n fo

r w

omen

and

sm

all c

hild

ren

in a

sses

smen

t, pl

anni

ng a

nd im

plem

enta

tion.

i. D

ata

conc

erni

ng s

taff

secu

rity

Info

rmat

ion

avai

labl

e

11. C

omm

unity

ris

k as

sess

men

t is

und

erta

ken

with

the

dire

ct

invo

lvem

ent o

f com

mun

ity

mem

bers

, and

oth

er

stak

ehol

ders

.

Ful

l co

oper

atio

n to

ok p

lace

12. P

erce

ptio

ns o

f mul

tiple

gro

ups

in th

e co

mm

unity

mus

t be

cons

ider

ed a

bout

the

risks

and

ris

k re

duct

ion

mea

sure

s.

Info

rmat

ion

gath

ere

d fr

om r

isk

asse

ssm

ent

13. L

ocal

kno

wle

dge

abou

t pas

t ha

zard

s, v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

, an

d ca

paci

ties

and

copi

ng

mec

hani

sms

is ta

ken

into

ac

coun

t in

the

cond

uct o

f ris

k as

sess

men

t.

Info

rmat

ion

gath

ere

d fr

om r

isk

asse

ssm

ent

14. R

isk

asse

ssm

ent i

nteg

rate

s th

e re

sults

of s

cien

tific

kno

wle

dge,

se

cond

ary

data

and

com

mun

ity

perc

eptio

ns.

Info

rmat

ion

gath

ere

d fr

om r

isk

asse

ssm

ent

15. A

bas

elin

e is

det

erm

ined

for

each

lo

catio

n. T

his

will

be

obta

ined

fr

om th

e pa

rtic

ipat

ory

risk

asse

ssm

ent e

xerc

ise

desc

ribed

in

this

pro

cess

. Bas

elin

es w

ill

be a

qua

litat

ive

and

quan

titat

ive

reco

rd o

f the

sta

tus

of th

e co

mm

unity

and

its

loca

tion

prio

r to

CB

DR

M ta

king

pla

ce. T

his

is

esse

ntia

l in

orde

r to

mea

sure

pr

ogre

ss.

Bas

elin

e S

urve

y co

mpl

ete

d.

Typi

cally

thi

s ca

n in

clud

e:•

Link

s be

twee

n vu

lner

abili

ty a

nd

pove

rty

are

dete

rmin

ed.

• P

over

ty c

ondi

tions

rev

eale

d in

th

is p

roce

ss a

re ta

rget

s fo

r ac

tion

in C

BD

RM

• S

peci

fic lo

cal c

apac

ities

(in

clud

ing

com

mun

ity le

ader

s)

are

iden

tifie

d.

• C

omm

unity

str

engt

hs r

evea

led

in

this

pro

cess

bec

ome

vita

l hum

an

reso

urce

s fo

r ac

tion

in C

BD

RM

2. guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management

33

PR

OC

ES

S 2

cont

inua

tion

10. R

isk

and

Cap

acity

Ass

essm

ent

take

s pl

ace

in fu

ll co

oper

atio

n w

ith c

omm

uniti

es to

gat

her

data

on

the

follo

win

g:

In u

nder

taki

ng s

ocia

l vul

nera

bilit

y an

d ca

paci

ty

asse

ssm

ent i

t is

imp

orta

nt to

de

-pro

fess

iona

lize

the

proc

ess.

(T

hus,

mid

wiv

es, l

ocal

rel

igio

us le

ader

s an

d sc

hool

teac

hes

can,

whe

n tr

aine

d m

ake

exce

llent

as

sess

ors

sinc

e th

ey m

ay h

ave

the

conf

iden

ce o

f the

lo

cal c

omm

unity

)

Vu

lne

rab

ilit

y A

ss

es

sme

nt

Cri

teri

aV

ulne

rabi

lity

asse

ssm

ent i

s a

mul

ti-le

vel t

ask

that

co

nsid

ers

dive

rse

scal

es o

f vul

nera

bilit

y. T

hese

ra

nge

from

ro

ot c

ause

s of

vul

nera

bilit

y (s

uch

as

a la

ck o

f go

od

gove

rnan

ce, o

r no

pub

lic a

cces

s to

pol

itica

l pow

er),

to d

ynam

ic p

ress

ures

(su

ch a

s ur

bani

zatio

n or

pop

ulat

ion

grow

th)

that

tra

nsla

te

thes

e ca

uses

into

uns

afe

cond

ition

s (s

uch

as a

lack

of

ear

ly w

arni

ngs

of im

pend

ing

haza

rds

or u

nsaf

e d

wel

lings

).S

peci

fic lo

cal p

atte

rns

of v

ulne

rabi

lity

are

iden

tifie

d,

incl

udin

g vi

tal l

inks

bet

wee

n ro

ot c

ause

s, p

ress

ures

an

d un

safe

con

ditio

ns. U

nsaf

e co

nditi

ons

reve

ale

d in

thi

s pr

oces

s be

com

e ta

rget

s fo

r ac

tion

in C

BD

RM

. D

ata

is s

ecur

ed

conc

erni

ng t

he fo

llow

ing

:•

Ele

men

ts a

t R

isk

E

stab

lishi

ng w

hat t

he im

pact

of t

he h

azar

d co

uld

have

on

whi

ch e

lem

ents

of a

giv

en s

ocie

ty (

mai

nly

base

d on

fact

ual i

nfor

mat

ion

gain

ed fr

om p

eopl

e’s

past

exp

erie

nce)

• V

uln

erab

le C

on

dit

ion

s

Est

ablis

hing

why

the

elem

ents

are

at r

isk

• P

ress

ure

s

Est

ablis

hing

who

or

wha

t is

crea

ting

the

vuln

erab

le c

ondi

tions

and

how

this

is ta

king

pla

ce.

• U

nd

erly

ing

Cau

ses

E

stab

lishi

ng w

hy v

ulne

rabl

e co

nditi

ons

are

crea

ted

or ig

nore

d by

the

pres

sure

s.

a.

Evi

denc

e of

the

haza

rd th

reat

(t

he n

atur

e of

the

haza

rd/

seve

rity/

freq

uenc

y/ d

urat

ion/

sp

ecifi

c lo

catio

n)

Loca

l ha

zard

map

s co

mpl

ete

d

b.

Evi

denc

e of

the

vuln

erab

ility

of

hig

h ris

k gr

oups

with

in th

e co

mm

unity

(pe

rcen

tage

of

high

-ris

k gr

oups

etc

.)

Gro

ups

iden

tifie

d

c.

Evi

denc

e of

pov

erty

with

in th

e co

mm

unity

(ce

nsus

dat

a an

d re

gist

er o

f pov

erty

ass

ista

nce

gran

ts e

tc.)

Hig

h p

over

ty le

vels

iden

tifie

d an

d m

appe

d. L

inks

bet

wee

n vu

lner

abili

ty

and

pov

erty

cor

rela

ted

d.

Evi

denc

e th

at th

e co

mm

unity

w

ishe

s to

fully

par

ticip

ate

in

CB

DR

M. (

Thi

s in

clud

es a

w

illin

gnes

s to

par

ticip

ate

in

task

forc

es in

volv

ed in

ris

k re

duct

ion

activ

ities

etc

.)

Agr

eem

ent m

ade

e.

Evi

denc

e of

the

num

ber

of

emer

gent

com

mun

ity le

ader

sLe

ader

s se

lect

ed

f. Ta

ngib

le e

vide

nce

of th

e nu

mbe

r of

peo

ple

who

will

be

in s

afer

con

ditio

ns a

s a

resu

lt of

the

risk

redu

ctio

n m

easu

res

Num

bers

cal

cula

ted

and

rela

ted

to m

aps

indi

catin

g lo

catio

ns o

f pr

otec

ted

com

mun

ities

g.

Tang

ible

evi

denc

e of

the

prot

ectio

n of

pro

pert

y w

ithin

th

e co

mm

unity

as

a re

sult

of

risk

redu

ctio

n m

easu

res

Loca

tion

of p

rope

rty

calc

ulat

ed

and

rela

ted

to m

aps

indi

catin

g th

eir

loca

tion.

h.

Dat

a co

ncer

ning

acc

essi

bilit

y of

the

com

mun

ity to

ass

istin

g bo

dies

Info

rmat

ion

avai

labl

e•

Un

der

lyin

g V

alu

es a

nd

Bel

ief

Sys

tem

s

Con

side

ring

wha

t bel

iefs

enc

oura

ge, i

gnor

e or

ch

alle

nge

the

unde

rlyin

g ca

uses

of v

ulne

rabi

lity.

B

ased

on

VE

NT

ON

and

HA

NS

FO

RD

, (20

06)

Ev

ide

nc

e n

ee

de

d f

or

Sit

e S

ele

cti

on

T

he a

sses

smen

t dat

a is

mai

nly

quan

titat

ive

but

ther

e ar

e as

pect

s th

at a

re q

ualit

ativ

e, s

uch

as

the

asse

ssm

ent o

f ris

k pe

rcep

tions

as

part

of

vuln

erab

ility

ass

essm

ent o

r th

e id

entif

icat

ion

of

lead

ersh

ip p

oten

tial w

ithin

the

com

mun

ity.

CR

OS

S-C

UT

TIN

G I

SS

UE

S

1.

Tra

inin

g at

the

Com

mun

ity L

evel

E

ach

of th

e pr

oces

ses

requ

ires

com

mun

ity b

ased

tr

aini

ng. T

his

may

in p

art b

e fu

sed

with

the

trai

ning

of

sta

ff fr

om th

e as

sist

ing

grou

ps. T

hrou

ghou

t th

ese

guid

elin

es r

efer

ence

s ar

e m

ade

to th

is

trai

ning

act

ivity

in th

e ‘p

roce

ss to

be

follo

wed

’ set

in

the

colu

mn

desc

ribin

g pe

rfor

man

ce in

dica

tors

. H

owev

er, i

t is

vita

l to

reco

gniz

e th

at a

ll th

e tr

aini

ng

desc

ribed

can

take

pla

ce w

ithin

sep

arat

e m

odul

es

in th

e sa

me

cour

se.

2.

Gen

der A

war

enes

s an

d A

ctio

n

Evi

denc

e of

dis

aste

r im

pact

has

rep

eate

dly

draw

n at

tent

ion

to th

e vu

lner

abili

ty o

f wom

en a

nd s

mal

l ch

ildre

n, o

ften

in th

eir

care

. Add

ition

ally

, wom

en

play

a d

omin

ant r

ole

in li

velih

ood

secu

rity

in m

any

soci

etie

s. T

here

fore

eac

h of

the

proc

esse

s w

ill

need

to r

ecog

nize

the

sign

ifica

nce

of g

ende

r aw

aren

ess,

as

wel

l as

spec

ific

prov

isio

n fo

r w

omen

and

sm

all c

hild

ren

in a

sses

smen

t, pl

anni

ng a

nd im

plem

enta

tion.

i. D

ata

conc

erni

ng s

taff

secu

rity

Info

rmat

ion

avai

labl

e

11. C

omm

unity

ris

k as

sess

men

t is

und

erta

ken

with

the

dire

ct

invo

lvem

ent o

f com

mun

ity

mem

bers

, and

oth

er

stak

ehol

ders

.

Ful

l co

oper

atio

n to

ok p

lace

12. P

erce

ptio

ns o

f mul

tiple

gro

ups

in th

e co

mm

unity

mus

t be

cons

ider

ed a

bout

the

risks

and

ris

k re

duct

ion

mea

sure

s.

Info

rmat

ion

gath

ere

d fr

om r

isk

asse

ssm

ent

13. L

ocal

kno

wle

dge

abou

t pas

t ha

zard

s, v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

, an

d ca

paci

ties

and

copi

ng

mec

hani

sms

is ta

ken

into

ac

coun

t in

the

cond

uct o

f ris

k as

sess

men

t.

Info

rmat

ion

gath

ere

d fr

om r

isk

asse

ssm

ent

14. R

isk

asse

ssm

ent i

nteg

rate

s th

e re

sults

of s

cien

tific

kno

wle

dge,

se

cond

ary

data

and

com

mun

ity

perc

eptio

ns.

Info

rmat

ion

gath

ere

d fr

om r

isk

asse

ssm

ent

15. A

bas

elin

e is

det

erm

ined

for

each

lo

catio

n. T

his

will

be

obta

ined

fr

om th

e pa

rtic

ipat

ory

risk

asse

ssm

ent e

xerc

ise

desc

ribed

in

this

pro

cess

. Bas

elin

es w

ill

be a

qua

litat

ive

and

quan

titat

ive

reco

rd o

f the

sta

tus

of th

e co

mm

unity

and

its

loca

tion

prio

r to

CB

DR

M ta

king

pla

ce. T

his

is

esse

ntia

l in

orde

r to

mea

sure

pr

ogre

ss.

Bas

elin

e S

urve

y co

mpl

ete

d.

Typi

cally

thi

s ca

n in

clud

e:•

Link

s be

twee

n vu

lner

abili

ty a

nd

pove

rty

are

dete

rmin

ed.

• P

over

ty c

ondi

tions

rev

eale

d in

th

is p

roce

ss a

re ta

rget

s fo

r ac

tion

in C

BD

RM

• S

peci

fic lo

cal c

apac

ities

(in

clud

ing

com

mun

ity le

ader

s)

are

iden

tifie

d.

• C

omm

unity

str

engt

hs r

evea

led

in

this

pro

cess

bec

ome

vita

l hum

an

reso

urce

s fo

r ac

tion

in C

BD

RM

34CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

PR

OC

ES

S 2

cont

inua

tion

• N

umbe

r an

d lo

catio

n of

Hig

h R

isk

Com

mun

ities

are

iden

tifie

d fo

r sp

ecifi

c m

onito

ring

and

CB

DR

M•

Tra

inin

g co

urse

s ar

e in

pro

gres

s to

equ

ip lo

cal c

omm

unity

m

embe

rs to

ass

ess

risks

and

un

dert

ake

basi

c ris

k re

duct

ion

mea

sure

s (h

ow m

any

cour

ses,

re

view

of e

valu

atio

ns, m

onito

ring

and

eval

uatio

n of

trai

ning

ef

fect

iven

ess)

• R

isk

and

capa

city

ass

essm

ent

brin

g br

ings

val

uabl

e si

de

bene

fits,

(ot

her

than

ris

k as

sess

men

t) to

the

com

mun

ity,

such

as:

- as

sess

men

t ski

lls;

- a

bette

r un

ders

tand

ing

of

com

mun

ity r

esou

rces

/ soc

ial

dyna

mic

s;-

impr

oved

lead

ersh

ip a

nd

com

mun

ity s

olid

arity

;-

enha

nced

leve

ls o

f soc

ial

mot

ivat

ion.

• E

cono

mic

vul

nera

bilit

y as

sess

men

t pro

vide

s va

luab

le

info

rmat

ion

to d

evel

op s

mal

l sc

ale

busi

ness

con

tinui

ty p

lans

to

ens

ure

that

the

mic

ro a

nd

mac

ro e

cono

mie

s ca

n su

rviv

e di

sast

er im

pact

.•

The

info

rmat

ion

gain

ed fr

om

the

risk

asse

ssm

ent,

is s

et in

an

appr

opria

te fo

rmat

to a

ssis

t in

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f effe

ctiv

e ris

k

re

duct

ion

mea

sure

s.

• R

isk

asse

ssm

ent d

ata

is lo

cate

d in

a s

ettin

g w

here

it w

ill n

ot b

e lo

st.

• R

isk

asse

ssm

ent d

ata

is fu

lly

back

ed u

p so

that

if d

ata

is

mis

laid

an

alte

rnat

ive

sour

ce is

av

aila

ble.

• R

isk

data

is p

oste

d in

a s

impl

e ac

cess

ible

form

at in

pub

lic a

reas

so

that

the

entir

e po

pula

tion

can

see

who

or

wha

t is

‘at-

risk’

(fo

r ex

ampl

e flo

od le

vels

are

mar

ked

on te

legr

aph

pole

s, r

isk

map

s ar

e si

ted

on n

otic

e bo

ards

in k

ey

build

ings

suc

h as

sch

ools

, pol

ice

stat

ions

, mos

ques

, chu

rche

s et

c.)

2. guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management

35

PR

OC

ES

S 2

cont

inua

tion

• N

umbe

r an

d lo

catio

n of

Hig

h R

isk

Com

mun

ities

are

iden

tifie

d fo

r sp

ecifi

c m

onito

ring

and

CB

DR

M•

Tra

inin

g co

urse

s ar

e in

pro

gres

s to

equ

ip lo

cal c

omm

unity

m

embe

rs to

ass

ess

risks

and

un

dert

ake

basi

c ris

k re

duct

ion

mea

sure

s (h

ow m

any

cour

ses,

re

view

of e

valu

atio

ns, m

onito

ring

and

eval

uatio

n of

trai

ning

ef

fect

iven

ess)

• R

isk

and

capa

city

ass

essm

ent

brin

g br

ings

val

uabl

e si

de

bene

fits,

(ot

her

than

ris

k as

sess

men

t) to

the

com

mun

ity,

such

as:

- as

sess

men

t ski

lls;

- a

bette

r un

ders

tand

ing

of

com

mun

ity r

esou

rces

/ soc

ial

dyna

mic

s;-

impr

oved

lead

ersh

ip a

nd

com

mun

ity s

olid

arity

;-

enha

nced

leve

ls o

f soc

ial

mot

ivat

ion.

• E

cono

mic

vul

nera

bilit

y as

sess

men

t pro

vide

s va

luab

le

info

rmat

ion

to d

evel

op s

mal

l sc

ale

busi

ness

con

tinui

ty p

lans

to

ens

ure

that

the

mic

ro a

nd

mac

ro e

cono

mie

s ca

n su

rviv

e di

sast

er im

pact

.•

The

info

rmat

ion

gain

ed fr

om

the

risk

asse

ssm

ent,

is s

et in

an

appr

opria

te fo

rmat

to a

ssis

t in

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f effe

ctiv

e ris

k

re

duct

ion

mea

sure

s.

• R

isk

asse

ssm

ent d

ata

is lo

cate

d in

a s

ettin

g w

here

it w

ill n

ot b

e lo

st.

• R

isk

asse

ssm

ent d

ata

is fu

lly

back

ed u

p so

that

if d

ata

is

mis

laid

an

alte

rnat

ive

sour

ce is

av

aila

ble.

• R

isk

data

is p

oste

d in

a s

impl

e ac

cess

ible

form

at in

pub

lic a

reas

so

that

the

entir

e po

pula

tion

can

see

who

or

wha

t is

‘at-

risk’

(fo

r ex

ampl

e flo

od le

vels

are

mar

ked

on te

legr

aph

pole

s, r

isk

map

s ar

e si

ted

on n

otic

e bo

ards

in k

ey

build

ings

suc

h as

sch

ools

, pol

ice

stat

ions

, mos

ques

, chu

rche

s et

c.)

36CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

PR

OC

ES

S 3

Ste

ps

in t

his

Pro

ce

ss

Key

Ou

tco

me

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)

Gu

idan

ce

No

tes

to I

mp

lem

ent

CB

DR

M(c

ert

ain

not

es

have

be

en

de

sig

nat

ed

as

‘cro

ss-c

utt

ing’

, with

a

pp

licat

ion

to a

ll p

roce

sse

s. T

he

se n

ote

s a

re s

et in

bo

ld t

ype)

BU

ILD

RA

PP

OR

T A

ND

U

ND

ER

STA

ND

TH

E

CO

MM

UN

ITY

•

The

aim

of t

he th

ird

proc

ess

is to

bui

ld tr

ust

and

frie

ndsh

ip w

ith a

co

mm

unity

and

from

this

ra

ppor

t to

unde

rsta

nd b

oth

thei

r ne

eds

and

capa

citie

s.

Som

e st

eps

in t

he fo

llow

ing

proc

esse

s ar

e se

quen

tial w

hile

oth

ers

can

usef

ully

occ

ur in

par

alle

l.B

uil

din

g c

on

fid

en

ce

wit

h t

he

sele

cte

d

co

mm

un

itie

s is

es

sen

tial

fro

m t

he

ou

tse

t o

f C

BD

RM

. T

he

pro

ce

ss

is a

ide

d w

he

n w

ork

ing

w

ith

gro

up

s w

ith

lon

g-s

tan

din

g li

nks

wit

h t

he

co

mm

un

ity

in q

ue

stio

n. I

t is

als

o v

ital

fo

r th

e re

lati

on

ship

to

be

in t

he

form

of

an in

form

al

co

ntr

act

wh

ere

th

e b

en

efi

cia

ry c

om

mu

nit

y, a

s w

ell

as

the

assi

stin

g g

rou

p k

no

ws

wh

at t

hey

can

ex

pe

ct

of

the

assi

stin

g g

rou

p a

nd

wh

at t

hey

are

ex

pe

cte

d t

o c

on

trib

ute

an

d v

ice

- ve

rsa

CR

OS

S-C

UT

TIN

G I

SS

UE

S1.

Le

ader

ship

T

he e

xam

ple

of th

e le

ader

s/ m

anag

ers

of th

e as

sist

ing

grou

p is

like

ly to

be

of p

aram

ount

im

port

ance

in d

eter

min

ing

the

leve

l of r

appo

rt a

nd

trus

t.2.

B

uild

Tru

st

Rec

ogni

ze th

e im

port

ance

of t

he li

st o

f act

ions

to

build

trus

t:•

Livi

ng in

the

com

mun

ity•

Bei

ng tr

ansp

aren

t•

Par

ticip

atin

g in

the

life

of a

com

mun

ity•

List

enin

g to

loca

l peo

ple

• To

tal i

mpa

rtia

lity

in m

aint

aini

ng c

onta

ct w

ith

varie

d ca

ste

grou

ps a

nd r

esid

ents

with

inco

me

varia

bles

• P

erfo

rmin

g lo

cal t

asks

3.

Und

erst

and

the

Com

mun

ity

Rec

ogni

ze th

e im

port

ance

of t

he fo

llow

ing

fact

ors

in c

omm

unity

dyn

amic

s. U

nder

stan

ding

:•

soci

al g

roup

s;•

cultu

ral a

rran

gem

ents

;•

econ

omic

act

iviti

es;

• ris

k pe

rcep

tions

;

1.

Fun

ding

is c

omm

itted

to e

nabl

e P

roce

ss 3

to ta

ke p

lace

Fun

ding

allo

cate

d

2.

A k

ey p

olic

y de

cisi

on is

take

n to

ach

ieve

full

tran

spar

ency

co

ncer

ning

pro

pose

d ac

tions

.

Evi

denc

e th

at p

olic

y is

impl

emen

ted

3.

All

info

rmat

ion

conc

erni

ng r

isks

to

the

loca

l com

mun

ity is

mad

e fr

eely

ava

ilabl

e, w

ith d

ata

post

ed

on p

ublic

bui

ldin

g no

tice

boar

ds

or w

ithin

pub

lic b

uild

ings

.

Dat

a is

pos

ted

4.

Key

loca

l lea

ders

are

iden

tifie

d to

pla

y vi

tal r

oles

in r

elat

ion

to e

xter

nal a

ssis

ting

grou

ps

(see

cro

ss-c

uttin

g is

sue

in th

e G

uida

nce

Not

es c

olum

n)

Lead

ers

reco

gniz

ed

5.

An

info

rmat

ion

gath

erin

g pr

oces

s is

est

ablis

hed

to e

nabl

e re

leva

nt

info

rmat

ion

to b

e co

llect

ed

to u

nder

stan

d th

e na

ture

, ne

eds

and

reso

urce

s of

targ

et

com

mun

ities

.

Pro

cess

in p

lace

, and

mon

itore

d

6.

Com

mun

ity b

ased

trai

ning

is

prov

ided

in b

uild

ing

rapp

ort a

nd

unde

rsta

ndin

g co

mm

uniti

es. A

ke

y el

emen

t of t

his

trai

ning

is in

at

titud

inal

and

beh

avio

ral c

hang

e on

beh

alf o

f bot

h th

e co

mm

unity

as

wel

l as

with

in s

taff

from

as

sist

ing

grou

ps.

Trai

ning

tak

es p

lace

, (nu

mbe

r of

co

urse

s, n

umbe

r of

pe

ople

who

at

tend

ed,

impa

ct o

f tra

inin

g on

de

velo

pmen

t of a

ttitu

dina

l and

be

havi

oral

cha

nge

eval

uate

d)

7.

Ext

erna

l ass

istin

g gr

oups

dec

ide

to li

ve w

ithin

the

com

mun

ity fo

r th

e du

ratio

n of

the

proj

ect,

and

to

part

icip

ate

in th

e da

ily li

fe o

f tha

t co

mm

unity

.

Ass

ess

num

bers

of e

xter

nal s

taff

liv

ing

with

in c

omm

uniti

es w

here

C

BD

RM

is t

akin

g pl

ace

• sp

atia

l cha

ract

eris

tics;

• vu

lner

able

hou

seho

lds

and

grou

ps

Evi

denc

e of

und

erst

andi

ng o

f the

com

mun

ity b

y as

sist

ing

grou

p st

aff i

s fo

und

in th

eir

awar

enes

s an

d re

spec

t for

loca

l tra

ditio

ns a

nd li

ving

pat

tern

s th

at m

ay e

nhan

ce o

r co

nstr

ain

risk

redu

ctio

n in

itiat

ives

.4.

E

stab

lish

Goo

d R

elat

ions

hips

E

vide

nce

of th

e le

vels

of r

appo

rt w

ill b

e ap

pare

nt

whe

n lo

cal r

esid

ents

beg

in to

take

act

ions

to

redu

ce th

eir

risks

or

thos

e of

thei

r ne

ighb

ors

or

colle

ague

s. S

uch

actio

ns d

emon

stra

te th

e sc

ale

of lo

cal l

earn

ing

grow

ing

from

con

stru

ctiv

e an

d ac

tive

rela

tions

hips

bas

ed o

n m

utua

l tru

st a

nd

genu

ine

frie

ndsh

ip b

etw

een

mem

bers

of t

he

com

mun

ity a

nd a

ssis

ting

grou

ps.

8.

Thr

ough

var

ied

mea

ns, s

eek

to

build

con

fiden

ce a

nd m

utua

l tru

st

with

com

mun

ities

whe

re C

BD

RM

is

taki

ng p

lace

.

Con

fiden

ce a

nd t

rust

are

exp

ress

ed

in v

ario

us w

ays,

incl

udin

g:

• S

ocia

l sur

veys

and

/or

com

mun

ity

mee

tings

to a

sses

s th

e le

vel

of c

onfid

ence

and

mut

ual t

rust

be

twee

n co

mm

uniti

es a

nd

exte

rnal

ass

istin

g gr

oups

.•

Exi

sten

ce o

f joi

nt ta

sk fo

rces

to

unde

rtak

e C

BD

RM

dra

wn

from

lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es a

nd e

xter

nal

assi

stin

g gr

oups

• D

evel

opm

ent o

f pub

lic s

pirit

and

w

ider

soc

ial c

once

rn th

an fa

mily

lin

ks.

• G

ood

wor

king

rel

atio

nshi

ps

betw

een

empl

oyer

s an

d em

ploy

ees.

Incr

ease

d pr

oduc

tivity

, red

uced

ab

sent

eeis

m a

nd fe

wer

dis

pute

s.•

Impr

oved

san

itary

con

ditio

ns

and

refu

se c

lear

ance

with

in th

e se

ttlem

ent.

Trai

ning

in p

lace

. Im

prov

ed

com

pete

ncie

s m

easu

red

by

indi

cato

rs

Sel

ectio

n m

etho

d in

pla

ceA

gree

men

ts m

ade

• D

evel

opm

ent o

f com

mun

ity

faci

litie

s, s

uch

as s

choo

ls a

nd

com

mun

ity b

uild

ings

.•

Com

mun

ity c

are

for

high

ly

vuln

erab

le g

roup

s-el

derly

/ di

sabl

ed/e

tc.

2. guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management

37

PR

OC

ES

S 3

Ste

ps

in t

his

Pro

ce

ss

Key

Ou

tco

me

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)

Gu

idan

ce

No

tes

to I

mp

lem

ent

CB

DR

M(c

ert

ain

not

es

have

be

en

de

sig

nat

ed

as

‘cro

ss-c

utt

ing’

, with

a

pp

licat

ion

to a

ll p

roce

sse

s. T

he

se n

ote

s a

re s

et in

bo

ld t

ype)

BU

ILD

RA

PP

OR

T A

ND

U

ND

ER

STA

ND

TH

E

CO

MM

UN

ITY

•

The

aim

of t

he th

ird

proc

ess

is to

bui

ld tr

ust

and

frie

ndsh

ip w

ith a

co

mm

unity

and

from

this

ra

ppor

t to

unde

rsta

nd b

oth

thei

r ne

eds

and

capa

citie

s.

Som

e st

eps

in t

he fo

llow

ing

proc

esse

s ar

e se

quen

tial w

hile

oth

ers

can

usef

ully

occ

ur in

par

alle

l.B

uil

din

g c

on

fid

en

ce

wit

h t

he

sele

cte

d

co

mm

un

itie

s is

es

sen

tial

fro

m t

he

ou

tse

t o

f C

BD

RM

. T

he

pro

ce

ss

is a

ide

d w

he

n w

ork

ing

w

ith

gro

up

s w

ith

lon

g-s

tan

din

g li

nks

wit

h t

he

co

mm

un

ity

in q

ue

stio

n. I

t is

als

o v

ital

fo

r th

e re

lati

on

ship

to

be

in t

he

form

of

an in

form

al

co

ntr

act

wh

ere

th

e b

en

efi

cia

ry c

om

mu

nit

y, a

s w

ell

as

the

assi

stin

g g

rou

p k

no

ws

wh

at t

hey

can

ex

pe

ct

of

the

assi

stin

g g

rou

p a

nd

wh

at t

hey

are

ex

pe

cte

d t

o c

on

trib

ute

an

d v

ice

- ve

rsa

CR

OS

S-C

UT

TIN

G I

SS

UE

S1.

Le

ader

ship

T

he e

xam

ple

of th

e le

ader

s/ m

anag

ers

of th

e as

sist

ing

grou

p is

like

ly to

be

of p

aram

ount

im

port

ance

in d

eter

min

ing

the

leve

l of r

appo

rt a

nd

trus

t.2.

B

uild

Tru

st

Rec

ogni

ze th

e im

port

ance

of t

he li

st o

f act

ions

to

build

trus

t:•

Livi

ng in

the

com

mun

ity•

Bei

ng tr

ansp

aren

t•

Par

ticip

atin

g in

the

life

of a

com

mun

ity•

List

enin

g to

loca

l peo

ple

• To

tal i

mpa

rtia

lity

in m

aint

aini

ng c

onta

ct w

ith

varie

d ca

ste

grou

ps a

nd r

esid

ents

with

inco

me

varia

bles

• P

erfo

rmin

g lo

cal t

asks

3.

Und

erst

and

the

Com

mun

ity

Rec

ogni

ze th

e im

port

ance

of t

he fo

llow

ing

fact

ors

in c

omm

unity

dyn

amic

s. U

nder

stan

ding

:•

soci

al g

roup

s;•

cultu

ral a

rran

gem

ents

;•

econ

omic

act

iviti

es;

• ris

k pe

rcep

tions

;

1.

Fun

ding

is c

omm

itted

to e

nabl

e P

roce

ss 3

to ta

ke p

lace

Fun

ding

allo

cate

d

2.

A k

ey p

olic

y de

cisi

on is

take

n to

ach

ieve

full

tran

spar

ency

co

ncer

ning

pro

pose

d ac

tions

.

Evi

denc

e th

at p

olic

y is

impl

emen

ted

3.

All

info

rmat

ion

conc

erni

ng r

isks

to

the

loca

l com

mun

ity is

mad

e fr

eely

ava

ilabl

e, w

ith d

ata

post

ed

on p

ublic

bui

ldin

g no

tice

boar

ds

or w

ithin

pub

lic b

uild

ings

.

Dat

a is

pos

ted

4.

Key

loca

l lea

ders

are

iden

tifie

d to

pla

y vi

tal r

oles

in r

elat

ion

to e

xter

nal a

ssis

ting

grou

ps

(see

cro

ss-c

uttin

g is

sue

in th

e G

uida

nce

Not

es c

olum

n)

Lead

ers

reco

gniz

ed

5.

An

info

rmat

ion

gath

erin

g pr

oces

s is

est

ablis

hed

to e

nabl

e re

leva

nt

info

rmat

ion

to b

e co

llect

ed

to u

nder

stan

d th

e na

ture

, ne

eds

and

reso

urce

s of

targ

et

com

mun

ities

.

Pro

cess

in p

lace

, and

mon

itore

d

6.

Com

mun

ity b

ased

trai

ning

is

prov

ided

in b

uild

ing

rapp

ort a

nd

unde

rsta

ndin

g co

mm

uniti

es. A

ke

y el

emen

t of t

his

trai

ning

is in

at

titud

inal

and

beh

avio

ral c

hang

e on

beh

alf o

f bot

h th

e co

mm

unity

as

wel

l as

with

in s

taff

from

as

sist

ing

grou

ps.

Trai

ning

tak

es p

lace

, (nu

mbe

r of

co

urse

s, n

umbe

r of

pe

ople

who

at

tend

ed,

impa

ct o

f tra

inin

g on

de

velo

pmen

t of a

ttitu

dina

l and

be

havi

oral

cha

nge

eval

uate

d)

7.

Ext

erna

l ass

istin

g gr

oups

dec

ide

to li

ve w

ithin

the

com

mun

ity fo

r th

e du

ratio

n of

the

proj

ect,

and

to

part

icip

ate

in th

e da

ily li

fe o

f tha

t co

mm

unity

.

Ass

ess

num

bers

of e

xter

nal s

taff

liv

ing

with

in c

omm

uniti

es w

here

C

BD

RM

is t

akin

g pl

ace

• sp

atia

l cha

ract

eris

tics;

• vu

lner

able

hou

seho

lds

and

grou

ps

Evi

denc

e of

und

erst

andi

ng o

f the

com

mun

ity b

y as

sist

ing

grou

p st

aff i

s fo

und

in th

eir

awar

enes

s an

d re

spec

t for

loca

l tra

ditio

ns a

nd li

ving

pat

tern

s th

at m

ay e

nhan

ce o

r co

nstr

ain

risk

redu

ctio

n in

itiat

ives

.4.

E

stab

lish

Goo

d R

elat

ions

hips

E

vide

nce

of th

e le

vels

of r

appo

rt w

ill b

e ap

pare

nt

whe

n lo

cal r

esid

ents

beg

in to

take

act

ions

to

redu

ce th

eir

risks

or

thos

e of

thei

r ne

ighb

ors

or

colle

ague

s. S

uch

actio

ns d

emon

stra

te th

e sc

ale

of lo

cal l

earn

ing

grow

ing

from

con

stru

ctiv

e an

d ac

tive

rela

tions

hips

bas

ed o

n m

utua

l tru

st a

nd

genu

ine

frie

ndsh

ip b

etw

een

mem

bers

of t

he

com

mun

ity a

nd a

ssis

ting

grou

ps.

8.

Thr

ough

var

ied

mea

ns, s

eek

to

build

con

fiden

ce a

nd m

utua

l tru

st

with

com

mun

ities

whe

re C

BD

RM

is

taki

ng p

lace

.

Con

fiden

ce a

nd t

rust

are

exp

ress

ed

in v

ario

us w

ays,

incl

udin

g:

• S

ocia

l sur

veys

and

/or

com

mun

ity

mee

tings

to a

sses

s th

e le

vel

of c

onfid

ence

and

mut

ual t

rust

be

twee

n co

mm

uniti

es a

nd

exte

rnal

ass

istin

g gr

oups

.•

Exi

sten

ce o

f joi

nt ta

sk fo

rces

to

unde

rtak

e C

BD

RM

dra

wn

from

lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es a

nd e

xter

nal

assi

stin

g gr

oups

• D

evel

opm

ent o

f pub

lic s

pirit

and

w

ider

soc

ial c

once

rn th

an fa

mily

lin

ks.

• G

ood

wor

king

rel

atio

nshi

ps

betw

een

empl

oyer

s an

d em

ploy

ees.

Incr

ease

d pr

oduc

tivity

, red

uced

ab

sent

eeis

m a

nd fe

wer

dis

pute

s.•

Impr

oved

san

itary

con

ditio

ns

and

refu

se c

lear

ance

with

in th

e se

ttlem

ent.

Trai

ning

in p

lace

. Im

prov

ed

com

pete

ncie

s m

easu

red

by

indi

cato

rs

Sel

ectio

n m

etho

d in

pla

ceA

gree

men

ts m

ade

• D

evel

opm

ent o

f com

mun

ity

faci

litie

s, s

uch

as s

choo

ls a

nd

com

mun

ity b

uild

ings

.•

Com

mun

ity c

are

for

high

ly

vuln

erab

le g

roup

s-el

derly

/ di

sabl

ed/e

tc.

38CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

PR

OC

ES

S 4

Ste

ps

in t

his

Pro

ce

ss

Key

Ou

tco

me

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)

Gu

idan

ce

No

tes

to I

mp

lem

ent

CB

DR

M(c

ert

ain

not

es

have

be

en

de

sig

nat

ed

as

‘cro

ss-c

utt

ing’

, with

a

pp

licat

ion

to a

ll p

roce

sse

s. T

he

se n

ote

s a

re s

et in

bo

ld t

ype)

PA

RT

ICIP

AT

OR

Y D

ISA

ST

ER

R

ISK

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

P

LA

NN

ING

• T

he a

im o

f the

four

th

proc

ess

is to

pla

n a

risk

man

agem

ent s

trat

egy

and

tact

ics

thro

ugh

cons

truc

tive

dial

ogue

with

th

e se

lect

ed c

omm

unity

.

1.

The

com

mitm

ent o

f loc

al

gove

rnm

ent t

o C

BD

RM

is

assu

red,

with

ade

quat

e bu

dget

su

ppor

t in

plac

e as

req

uire

d in

di

sast

er le

gisl

atio

n.

Agr

eem

ent w

ith lo

cal g

over

nmen

t an

d F

undi

ng a

lloca

ted

CR

OS

S-C

UT

TIN

G I

SS

UE

SS

har

ed V

alu

esIt

is

imp

ort

an

t to

re

co

gn

ize

tha

t th

e p

lan

nin

g

pro

ce

ss

is n

ot

just

a m

ec

ha

nic

al s

et o

f a

cti

on

s.

It i

s b

as

ed

on

a s

ha

red

set

of

valu

es

an

d

co

nv

icti

on

s o

f th

e c

om

mu

nit

y th

at

are

a c

om

mo

n

req

uir

em

en

t a

cro

ss

all

the

pro

ce

ss

es

.

Th

us

, if

the

re a

re t

en

sio

ns

wit

hin

th

e c

om

mu

nit

y th

es

e w

ill i

nh

ibit

th

e p

lan

nin

g p

roc

es

s, o

r m

ay

eve

n p

reve

nt

pla

ns

be

ing

re

ali

zed

. Th

is s

ho

ws

the

imp

ort

an

ce

of

co

nfl

ict

reso

luti

on

init

iati

ves

an

d in

spir

ed

le

ad

ers

hip

. It

als

o e

mp

ha

size

s th

e im

po

rta

nc

e o

f tr

ain

ing

to

str

en

gth

en

att

itu

de

s a

nd

pro

mo

te b

eh

avio

r th

at

wil

l se

rve

the

en

tire

c

om

mu

nit

y, n

ot

for

the

pu

re s

elf

-in

tere

st o

f in

div

idu

al s

take

ho

lde

rs.

2.

One

per

son

is a

ppoi

nted

to

man

age

Pro

cess

4. T

his

pers

on is

in

cha

rge

of th

e P

lann

ing

Sys

tem

as

des

crib

ed b

elow

.

Man

ager

app

oint

ed

3.

A ‘s

yste

m’ i

s es

tabl

ishe

d to

un

dert

ake

the

disa

ster

ris

k m

anag

emen

t pla

nnin

g pr

oces

s.

Thi

s is

bas

ed in

loca

l gov

ernm

ent

and

is li

nked

into

a n

atio

nal

asse

ssm

ent s

yste

m. T

he p

lann

ing

syst

em is

bas

ed o

n th

e ac

tive

part

icip

atio

n of

an

inte

grat

ed s

et

of a

ctor

s dr

awn

from

loca

l NG

O’s

, ac

adem

ics

in a

reas

whe

re th

ere

are

univ

ersi

ties,

loca

l gov

ernm

ent

offic

ials

and

com

mun

ity le

ader

s.

The

invo

lvem

ent o

f the

com

mun

ity

in t

he p

lann

ing

proc

ess

is in

dica

ted

in t

he p

rese

nce

of c

omm

unity

re

pres

enta

tives

in a

ll th

e gr

oups

m

akin

g pl

anni

ng d

ecis

ions

on

risk

re

duct

ion.

4.

The

ris

k m

anag

emen

t pla

nnin

g pr

oces

s is

und

erta

ken

with

the

dire

ct in

volv

emen

t of s

take

hold

ers

and

the

affe

cted

com

mun

ity.

Pla

nnin

g co

vers

all

key

sect

ors:

so

cial

, eco

nom

ic, p

hysi

cal a

nd

envi

ronm

ent.

Soc

ial P

lann

ing

will

oft

en in

clud

e co

mm

unity

lead

ers

in t

he f

ull

plan

ning

pro

cess

. For

exa

mpl

e, t

he

lead

ers

of b

usin

ess

and

lead

ers

of

loca

l com

mun

ity o

rgan

izat

ions

suc

h as

sch

ool

s, h

ealth

cen

ters

, sp

orts

cl

ubs

and

relig

ious

org

aniz

atio

ns.

5.

Usi

ng th

e ris

k as

sess

men

t da

ta c

olle

cted

in P

roce

ss 2

a

‘sys

tem

’ is

esta

blis

hed

to

faci

litat

e pa

rtic

ipat

ory

disa

ster

ris

k m

anag

emen

t pla

nnin

g. T

his

defin

es r

oles

for

the

requ

ired

step

s

A c

ompr

ehen

sive

com

mun

ity

disa

ster

pla

n ex

ists

6.

The

se d

etai

led

plan

s fo

r ris

k re

duct

ion

are

crea

ted

in

part

icip

atio

n w

ith th

e af

fect

ed

com

mun

ities

(se

e cr

oss-

cutti

ng

issu

e in

the

Gui

danc

e N

otes

co

lum

n)

Thi

s co

mm

unity

Dis

aste

r E

vacu

atio

n P

lan

is te

ste

d ev

ery

six

mon

ths

in

a co

mm

unity

dri

ll ex

erci

se (

and

this

w

ill o

ccur

bef

ore

a flo

od

or c

yclo

ne

seas

on)

The

exi

sten

ce o

f fir

m p

lans

for

risk

re

duct

ion

insp

ires

loca

l bus

ines

s co

nfid

ence

to o

pera

te in

the

are

a.

The

fir

st s

tage

indi

cato

rs o

f the

pl

anni

ng p

roce

ss a

re t

he d

etai

led

plan

s of

bot

h st

ruct

ural

and

non

-st

ruct

ural

ris

k re

duct

ion.

The

sec

ond

stag

e in

dica

tors

of t

he

plan

ning

pro

cess

are

the

act

ual

mea

sure

s, a

nd t

heir

effe

ctiv

enes

s

7.

Com

mun

ity b

ased

trai

ning

is

prov

ided

in P

artic

ipat

ory

Dis

aste

r R

isk

Man

agem

ent P

lann

ing

Trai

ning

tak

es p

lace

, (nu

mbe

r of

co

urse

s, n

umbe

r of

pe

ople

who

at

tend

ed,

impa

ct o

f tra

inin

g on

de

velo

pmen

t of a

ttitu

dina

l and

be

havi

oral

cha

nge

eval

uate

d)

8.

All

part

ies

prop

ose

risk

redu

ctio

n m

easu

res

base

d on

the

follo

win

g:•

thei

r vi

sion

of a

pre

pare

d an

d re

silie

nt c

omm

unity

;•

thei

r ag

reem

ent t

o a

leve

l of

acce

ptab

le r

isk

(for

exa

mpl

e,

wha

t lev

el o

f flo

od p

rote

ctio

n,

from

a s

even

ty, o

ne h

undr

ed

of fi

ve h

undr

ed r

etur

n flo

od?)

• th

eir

deci

sion

con

cern

ing

the

risks

they

face

. Can

th

ey b

e pr

even

ted,

red

uced

, tr

ansf

erre

d or

live

d w

ith?

The

com

mun

ity h

as a

ccep

ted

CB

DR

M a

nd it

s im

plic

atio

ns.

Evi

denc

e of

the

ir in

volv

emen

t, co

mm

itmen

t and

gen

eral

sup

por

t ca

n be

foun

d qu

alita

tivel

y in

the

le

vel o

f com

mun

ity ‘s

piri

t’ an

d ‘o

wne

rshi

p’ o

f the

pro

ject

and

in

quan

titat

ivel

y in

suc

h fa

cts

as

• ho

w m

any

proj

ects

are

in

prog

ress

in w

hat l

ocat

ions

?•

prot

ectio

n of

spe

cific

num

bers

of

peop

le•

a sp

ecifi

c re

cord

of p

rote

cted

pr

oper

ty.

2. guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management

39

PR

OC

ES

S 4

Ste

ps

in t

his

Pro

ce

ss

Key

Ou

tco

me

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)

Gu

idan

ce

No

tes

to I

mp

lem

ent

CB

DR

M(c

ert

ain

not

es

have

be

en

de

sig

nat

ed

as

‘cro

ss-c

utt

ing’

, with

a

pp

licat

ion

to a

ll p

roce

sse

s. T

he

se n

ote

s a

re s

et in

bo

ld t

ype)

PA

RT

ICIP

AT

OR

Y D

ISA

ST

ER

R

ISK

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

P

LA

NN

ING

• T

he a

im o

f the

four

th

proc

ess

is to

pla

n a

risk

man

agem

ent s

trat

egy

and

tact

ics

thro

ugh

cons

truc

tive

dial

ogue

with

th

e se

lect

ed c

omm

unity

.

1.

The

com

mitm

ent o

f loc

al

gove

rnm

ent t

o C

BD

RM

is

assu

red,

with

ade

quat

e bu

dget

su

ppor

t in

plac

e as

req

uire

d in

di

sast

er le

gisl

atio

n.

Agr

eem

ent w

ith lo

cal g

over

nmen

t an

d F

undi

ng a

lloca

ted

CR

OS

S-C

UT

TIN

G I

SS

UE

SS

har

ed V

alu

esIt

is

imp

ort

an

t to

re

co

gn

ize

tha

t th

e p

lan

nin

g

pro

ce

ss

is n

ot

just

a m

ec

ha

nic

al s

et o

f a

cti

on

s.

It i

s b

as

ed

on

a s

ha

red

set

of

valu

es

an

d

co

nv

icti

on

s o

f th

e c

om

mu

nit

y th

at

are

a c

om

mo

n

req

uir

em

en

t a

cro

ss

all

the

pro

ce

ss

es

.

Th

us

, if

the

re a

re t

en

sio

ns

wit

hin

th

e c

om

mu

nit

y th

es

e w

ill i

nh

ibit

th

e p

lan

nin

g p

roc

es

s, o

r m

ay

eve

n p

reve

nt

pla

ns

be

ing

re

ali

zed

. Th

is s

ho

ws

the

imp

ort

an

ce

of

co

nfl

ict

reso

luti

on

init

iati

ves

an

d in

spir

ed

le

ad

ers

hip

. It

als

o e

mp

ha

size

s th

e im

po

rta

nc

e o

f tr

ain

ing

to

str

en

gth

en

att

itu

de

s a

nd

pro

mo

te b

eh

avio

r th

at

wil

l se

rve

the

en

tire

c

om

mu

nit

y, n

ot

for

the

pu

re s

elf

-in

tere

st o

f in

div

idu

al s

take

ho

lde

rs.

2.

One

per

son

is a

ppoi

nted

to

man

age

Pro

cess

4. T

his

pers

on is

in

cha

rge

of th

e P

lann

ing

Sys

tem

as

des

crib

ed b

elow

.

Man

ager

app

oint

ed

3.

A ‘s

yste

m’ i

s es

tabl

ishe

d to

un

dert

ake

the

disa

ster

ris

k m

anag

emen

t pla

nnin

g pr

oces

s.

Thi

s is

bas

ed in

loca

l gov

ernm

ent

and

is li

nked

into

a n

atio

nal

asse

ssm

ent s

yste

m. T

he p

lann

ing

syst

em is

bas

ed o

n th

e ac

tive

part

icip

atio

n of

an

inte

grat

ed s

et

of a

ctor

s dr

awn

from

loca

l NG

O’s

, ac

adem

ics

in a

reas

whe

re th

ere

are

univ

ersi

ties,

loca

l gov

ernm

ent

offic

ials

and

com

mun

ity le

ader

s.

The

invo

lvem

ent o

f the

com

mun

ity

in t

he p

lann

ing

proc

ess

is in

dica

ted

in t

he p

rese

nce

of c

omm

unity

re

pres

enta

tives

in a

ll th

e gr

oups

m

akin

g pl

anni

ng d

ecis

ions

on

risk

re

duct

ion.

4.

The

ris

k m

anag

emen

t pla

nnin

g pr

oces

s is

und

erta

ken

with

the

dire

ct in

volv

emen

t of s

take

hold

ers

and

the

affe

cted

com

mun

ity.

Pla

nnin

g co

vers

all

key

sect

ors:

so

cial

, eco

nom

ic, p

hysi

cal a

nd

envi

ronm

ent.

Soc

ial P

lann

ing

will

oft

en in

clud

e co

mm

unity

lead

ers

in t

he f

ull

plan

ning

pro

cess

. For

exa

mpl

e, t

he

lead

ers

of b

usin

ess

and

lead

ers

of

loca

l com

mun

ity o

rgan

izat

ions

suc

h as

sch

ool

s, h

ealth

cen

ters

, sp

orts

cl

ubs

and

relig

ious

org

aniz

atio

ns.

5.

Usi

ng th

e ris

k as

sess

men

t da

ta c

olle

cted

in P

roce

ss 2

a

‘sys

tem

’ is

esta

blis

hed

to

faci

litat

e pa

rtic

ipat

ory

disa

ster

ris

k m

anag

emen

t pla

nnin

g. T

his

defin

es r

oles

for

the

requ

ired

step

s

A c

ompr

ehen

sive

com

mun

ity

disa

ster

pla

n ex

ists

6.

The

se d

etai

led

plan

s fo

r ris

k re

duct

ion

are

crea

ted

in

part

icip

atio

n w

ith th

e af

fect

ed

com

mun

ities

(se

e cr

oss-

cutti

ng

issu

e in

the

Gui

danc

e N

otes

co

lum

n)

Thi

s co

mm

unity

Dis

aste

r E

vacu

atio

n P

lan

is te

ste

d ev

ery

six

mon

ths

in

a co

mm

unity

dri

ll ex

erci

se (

and

this

w

ill o

ccur

bef

ore

a flo

od

or c

yclo

ne

seas

on)

The

exi

sten

ce o

f fir

m p

lans

for

risk

re

duct

ion

insp

ires

loca

l bus

ines

s co

nfid

ence

to o

pera

te in

the

are

a.

The

fir

st s

tage

indi

cato

rs o

f the

pl

anni

ng p

roce

ss a

re t

he d

etai

led

plan

s of

bot

h st

ruct

ural

and

non

-st

ruct

ural

ris

k re

duct

ion.

The

sec

ond

stag

e in

dica

tors

of t

he

plan

ning

pro

cess

are

the

act

ual

mea

sure

s, a

nd t

heir

effe

ctiv

enes

s

7.

Com

mun

ity b

ased

trai

ning

is

prov

ided

in P

artic

ipat

ory

Dis

aste

r R

isk

Man

agem

ent P

lann

ing

Trai

ning

tak

es p

lace

, (nu

mbe

r of

co

urse

s, n

umbe

r of

pe

ople

who

at

tend

ed,

impa

ct o

f tra

inin

g on

de

velo

pmen

t of a

ttitu

dina

l and

be

havi

oral

cha

nge

eval

uate

d)

8.

All

part

ies

prop

ose

risk

redu

ctio

n m

easu

res

base

d on

the

follo

win

g:•

thei

r vi

sion

of a

pre

pare

d an

d re

silie

nt c

omm

unity

;•

thei

r ag

reem

ent t

o a

leve

l of

acce

ptab

le r

isk

(for

exa

mpl

e,

wha

t lev

el o

f flo

od p

rote

ctio

n,

from

a s

even

ty, o

ne h

undr

ed

of fi

ve h

undr

ed r

etur

n flo

od?)

• th

eir

deci

sion

con

cern

ing

the

risks

they

face

. Can

th

ey b

e pr

even

ted,

red

uced

, tr

ansf

erre

d or

live

d w

ith?

The

com

mun

ity h

as a

ccep

ted

CB

DR

M a

nd it

s im

plic

atio

ns.

Evi

denc

e of

the

ir in

volv

emen

t, co

mm

itmen

t and

gen

eral

sup

por

t ca

n be

foun

d qu

alita

tivel

y in

the

le

vel o

f com

mun

ity ‘s

piri

t’ an

d ‘o

wne

rshi

p’ o

f the

pro

ject

and

in

quan

titat

ivel

y in

suc

h fa

cts

as

• ho

w m

any

proj

ects

are

in

prog

ress

in w

hat l

ocat

ions

?•

prot

ectio

n of

spe

cific

num

bers

of

peop

le•

a sp

ecifi

c re

cord

of p

rote

cted

pr

oper

ty.

40CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

PR

OC

ES

S 4

cont

inua

tion

• th

eir

own

capa

citie

s, a

s w

ell

as r

esou

rces

that

they

can

se

cure

from

out

side

thei

r co

mm

unity

•

evid

ence

is c

olle

cted

co

ncer

ning

the

exis

tenc

e an

d ef

fect

iven

ess

of p

artic

ipat

ory

disa

ster

ris

k m

anag

emen

t pl

anni

ng.

PR

OC

ES

S 5

Ste

ps

in t

his

Pro

ce

ss

Key

Ou

tco

me

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)

Gu

idan

ce

No

tes

to I

mp

lem

ent

CB

DR

M(c

ert

ain

not

es

have

be

en

de

sig

nat

ed

as

‘cro

ss-c

utt

ing’

, with

a

pp

licat

ion

to a

ll p

roce

sse

s. T

he

se n

ote

s a

re s

et in

bo

ld t

ype)

CO

MM

UN

ITY

- M

AN

AG

ED

IM

PLE

ME

NTA

TIO

N O

F R

ISK

R

ED

UC

TIO

N M

EA

SU

RE

S.

• T

he a

im o

f the

fifth

pr

oces

s is

to e

ffect

ivel

y im

plem

ent a

pro

gram

of

CB

DR

M w

ithin

a

sele

cted

com

mun

ity (

or

com

mun

ities

)

1.

Fun

ding

is c

omm

itted

to e

nabl

e P

roce

ss 5

. to

take

pla

ceF

undi

ng a

lloca

ted

Re

ali

stic

In

ten

tio

ns

It is

imp

orta

nt to

set

rea

listic

tar

gets

tha

t sta

nd a

re

ason

able

cha

nce

of b

eing

ach

ieve

d. T

here

fore

so

me

of t

he p

erfo

rman

ce in

dica

tors

in t

his

sect

ion

are

prop

osin

g th

at 7

5% o

f var

ious

ele

men

ts a

re

prot

ecte

d ov

er a

fiv

e ye

ar p

erio

d of

impl

emen

tatio

n,

rath

er t

han

100

%. H

owev

er, t

he m

onito

ring

of

perf

orm

ance

aft

er s

ay t

wo

year

s w

ill in

dica

te t

he

stat

e of

pro

gres

s an

d ta

rget

s m

ay t

hen

be e

xpan

ded

or c

ontr

acte

d.

CR

OS

S-C

UT

TIN

G I

SS

UE

SA

sses

smen

t B

ias

Th

ere

is

a b

ias

in t

he

us

e o

f p

erf

orm

an

ce

ind

ica

tors

th

at

co

nc

ern

s th

e e

as

e o

f m

ea

suri

ng

so

me

asp

ec

ts o

f ri

sk r

ed

uc

tio

n, (

suc

h a

s th

e c

on

stru

cti

on

of

safe

dw

ell

ing

s) in

co

ntr

ast

to

th

e d

iffi

cu

lty

in m

ea

suri

ng

le

ss

tan

gib

le m

ea

sure

s,

(su

ch

as

en

ha

nc

ed

pe

rce

pti

on

of

risk

wit

hin

a

co

mm

un

ity)

2.

One

per

son

is a

ppoi

nted

to

man

age

Pro

cess

5. T

his

pers

on

is in

cha

rge

of th

e Im

plem

enta

tion

Pro

cess

as

desc

ribed

in th

is

sect

ion.

Man

ager

app

oint

ed

3.

Com

mun

ity-b

ased

trai

ning

is

prov

ided

in C

omm

unity

Man

aged

Im

plem

enta

tion

Trai

ning

tak

es p

lace

, (nu

mbe

r of

co

urse

s, n

umbe

r of

pe

ople

who

at

tend

ed,

impa

ct o

f tra

inin

g on

de

velo

pmen

t of a

ttitu

dina

l and

be

havi

oral

cha

nge

eval

uate

d)

4.

A b

asel

ine

is d

eter

min

ed in

eac

h lo

catio

n. T

his

will

be

obta

ined

fr

om th

e ris

k as

sess

men

t ex

erci

se o

utlin

ed in

Pro

cess

2.

Bas

elin

es w

ill b

e a

qual

itativ

e an

d qu

antit

ativ

e re

cord

of t

he

stat

us o

f the

com

mun

ity a

nd it

s lo

catio

n pr

ior

to C

BD

RM

taki

ng

plac

e. T

his

is e

ssen

tial i

n or

der

to

mea

sure

pro

gres

s. (

see

the

list o

f in

form

atio

n ne

eded

in a

bas

elin

e in

Pro

cess

2 C

olum

n 2)

The

Bas

elin

e R

epor

t doc

umen

ts t

he

stat

us o

f the

com

mun

ity.

2. guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management

41

PR

OC

ES

S 4

cont

inua

tion

• th

eir

own

capa

citie

s, a

s w

ell

as r

esou

rces

that

they

can

se

cure

from

out

side

thei

r co

mm

unity

•

evid

ence

is c

olle

cted

co

ncer

ning

the

exis

tenc

e an

d ef

fect

iven

ess

of p

artic

ipat

ory

disa

ster

ris

k m

anag

emen

t pl

anni

ng.

PR

OC

ES

S 5

Ste

ps

in t

his

Pro

ce

ss

Key

Ou

tco

me

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)

Gu

idan

ce

No

tes

to I

mp

lem

ent

CB

DR

M(c

ert

ain

not

es

have

be

en

de

sig

nat

ed

as

‘cro

ss-c

utt

ing’

, with

a

pp

licat

ion

to a

ll p

roce

sse

s. T

he

se n

ote

s a

re s

et in

bo

ld t

ype)

CO

MM

UN

ITY

- M

AN

AG

ED

IM

PLE

ME

NTA

TIO

N O

F R

ISK

R

ED

UC

TIO

N M

EA

SU

RE

S.

• T

he a

im o

f the

fifth

pr

oces

s is

to e

ffect

ivel

y im

plem

ent a

pro

gram

of

CB

DR

M w

ithin

a

sele

cted

com

mun

ity (

or

com

mun

ities

)

1.

Fun

ding

is c

omm

itted

to e

nabl

e P

roce

ss 5

. to

take

pla

ceF

undi

ng a

lloca

ted

Re

ali

stic

In

ten

tio

ns

It is

imp

orta

nt to

set

rea

listic

tar

gets

tha

t sta

nd a

re

ason

able

cha

nce

of b

eing

ach

ieve

d. T

here

fore

so

me

of t

he p

erfo

rman

ce in

dica

tors

in t

his

sect

ion

are

prop

osin

g th

at 7

5% o

f var

ious

ele

men

ts a

re

prot

ecte

d ov

er a

fiv

e ye

ar p

erio

d of

impl

emen

tatio

n,

rath

er t

han

100

%. H

owev

er, t

he m

onito

ring

of

perf

orm

ance

aft

er s

ay t

wo

year

s w

ill in

dica

te t

he

stat

e of

pro

gres

s an

d ta

rget

s m

ay t

hen

be e

xpan

ded

or c

ontr

acte

d.

CR

OS

S-C

UT

TIN

G I

SS

UE

SA

sses

smen

t B

ias

Th

ere

is

a b

ias

in t

he

us

e o

f p

erf

orm

an

ce

ind

ica

tors

th

at

co

nc

ern

s th

e e

as

e o

f m

ea

suri

ng

so

me

asp

ec

ts o

f ri

sk r

ed

uc

tio

n, (

suc

h a

s th

e c

on

stru

cti

on

of

safe

dw

ell

ing

s) in

co

ntr

ast

to

th

e d

iffi

cu

lty

in m

ea

suri

ng

le

ss

tan

gib

le m

ea

sure

s,

(su

ch

as

en

ha

nc

ed

pe

rce

pti

on

of

risk

wit

hin

a

co

mm

un

ity)

2.

One

per

son

is a

ppoi

nted

to

man

age

Pro

cess

5. T

his

pers

on

is in

cha

rge

of th

e Im

plem

enta

tion

Pro

cess

as

desc

ribed

in th

is

sect

ion.

Man

ager

app

oint

ed

3.

Com

mun

ity-b

ased

trai

ning

is

prov

ided

in C

omm

unity

Man

aged

Im

plem

enta

tion

Trai

ning

tak

es p

lace

, (nu

mbe

r of

co

urse

s, n

umbe

r of

pe

ople

who

at

tend

ed,

impa

ct o

f tra

inin

g on

de

velo

pmen

t of a

ttitu

dina

l and

be

havi

oral

cha

nge

eval

uate

d)

4.

A b

asel

ine

is d

eter

min

ed in

eac

h lo

catio

n. T

his

will

be

obta

ined

fr

om th

e ris

k as

sess

men

t ex

erci

se o

utlin

ed in

Pro

cess

2.

Bas

elin

es w

ill b

e a

qual

itativ

e an

d qu

antit

ativ

e re

cord

of t

he

stat

us o

f the

com

mun

ity a

nd it

s lo

catio

n pr

ior

to C

BD

RM

taki

ng

plac

e. T

his

is e

ssen

tial i

n or

der

to

mea

sure

pro

gres

s. (

see

the

list o

f in

form

atio

n ne

eded

in a

bas

elin

e in

Pro

cess

2 C

olum

n 2)

The

Bas

elin

e R

epor

t doc

umen

ts t

he

stat

us o

f the

com

mun

ity.

42CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

PR

OC

ES

S 5

cont

inua

tion

5.

Evi

denc

e is

col

lect

ed c

once

rnin

g th

e ex

iste

nce

and

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

CB

DR

M. T

his

incl

udes

the

follo

win

g:•

Mec

hani

sms

are

in p

lace

to

ens

ure

man

agem

ent o

f th

e lo

cal l

evel

ris

k re

duct

ion

mea

sure

s by

the

com

mun

ity.

• A

com

mun

ity b

ased

or

gani

zatio

n (C

BO

) is

es

tabl

ishe

d to

impl

emen

t bot

h st

ruct

ural

and

non

-str

uctu

ral

risk

redu

ctio

n ac

tions

.•

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

haz

ard

miti

gatio

n m

easu

res,

em

bank

men

ts, f

lood

div

ersi

on

chan

nels

, brid

ges,

wat

er

harv

estin

g ta

nks,

etc

.•

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

vu

lner

abili

ty r

educ

tion

mea

sure

s,

• Im

plem

enta

tion

of e

mer

genc

y pr

epar

edne

ss m

easu

res,

dr

ills,

ear

ly w

arni

ng,

evac

uatio

n, fi

rst a

id, s

earc

h an

d re

scue

etc

. •

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

rec

over

y op

erat

ions

. •

Man

agem

ent i

ssue

s in

volv

ed

here

incl

ude

iden

tific

atio

n an

d ar

rang

emen

t of

appr

opria

te in

puts

(ex

pert

s,

equi

pmen

t, in

form

atio

n,

serv

ices

, con

sulta

tions

with

st

akeh

olde

rs, e

tc.)

• Li

nks

are

in p

lace

with

cen

tral

A s

afer

env

ironm

ent i

s av

aila

ble

to

the

targ

et g

roup

s, t

heir

prop

erty

and

liv

elih

oo

ds. T

his

is m

easu

red

in t

he

follo

win

g qu

antit

ativ

e m

anne

r:•

Liv

es P

rote

cted

- A

im fo

r a

20%

red

uctio

n in

de

aths

and

ser

ious

inju

ries

over

a fi

ve y

ear

perio

d as

a

resu

lt of

effe

ctiv

e C

BD

RM

. -

Num

ber

of in

divi

dual

s an

d fa

mili

es li

ving

in a

spe

cific

nu

mbe

r of

sta

ted

loca

tions

w

hose

live

s ar

e pr

otec

ted.

- N

umbe

r of

‘hig

h-ris

k’ g

roup

s w

ho h

ave

secu

red

spec

ial

atte

ntio

n in

CB

DR

M w

ith

spec

ific

mea

sure

s fo

r th

eir

prot

ectio

n-

Str

ess

leve

ls o

f tar

get g

roup

s ar

e re

duce

d du

e to

dec

reas

ed

loss

es fr

om d

isas

ters

. Thi

s w

ill b

e in

dica

ted

in m

ultip

le

aspe

cts

of s

ocia

l life

; e.g

. re

duct

ion

in q

uarr

el, s

hout

ing

at e

ach

othe

r, re

duct

ion

in

stre

ss r

elat

ed d

isea

se e

tc.

• L

ivel

iho

od

s P

rote

cted

- A

im fo

r th

e pr

otec

tion

of 7

5%

of li

velih

oods

as

a re

sult

of

risk

redu

ctio

n m

easu

res

over

a

five

year

per

iod.

- T

he n

umbe

r of

live

lihoo

ds

prot

ecte

d-

Live

lihoo

ds s

ourc

es o

f the

ta

rget

gro

ups

stre

ngth

ened

as

a re

sult

of r

educ

tion

in

go

vern

men

t in

rela

tion

to th

e re

visi

on a

nd e

nfor

cem

ent o

f ne

w b

uild

ing

bye-

law

s an

d la

nd-u

se p

lann

ing

cont

rols

. T

hese

are

nee

ded

to c

over

pu

blic

and

com

mer

cial

bu

ildin

gs a

s w

ell a

s th

e dw

ellin

gs o

f mid

dle-

clas

s ho

me

owne

rs.

• A

sys

tem

is in

pla

ce to

sup

port

lo

w in

com

e fa

mili

es to

impr

ove

the

safe

ty o

f the

ir ho

mes

th

ough

bui

ldin

g ex

tens

ioni

sts

who

offe

r on

the

job

trai

ning

to

loca

l hom

e ow

ners

and

bu

ilder

s in

way

s to

impr

ove

the

safe

ty o

f dw

ellin

gs.

ne

gativ

e im

pact

by

disa

ster

s.-

Indi

cato

rs c

once

rnin

g ho

w th

e lo

cal e

cono

my

is p

rote

cted

, (f

or e

xam

ple-

thro

ugh

econ

omic

div

ersi

ficat

ion)

- In

com

e of

targ

et g

roup

is

incr

ease

d du

e to

avo

idan

ce o

f sh

ocks

cau

sed

by d

isas

ters

.•

Pro

per

ty P

rote

cted

- A

im fo

r a

20%

red

uctio

n of

pr

oper

ty lo

sses

ove

r a

five

year

per

iod

as a

res

ult o

f ef

fect

ive

CB

DR

M.

- A

im fo

r th

e pr

otec

tion

of 7

5%

of a

ll w

orkp

lace

s an

d fa

ctor

ies

(ret

rofit

) ov

er a

five

yea

r pe

riod

(for

exa

mpl

e, b

uild

ing

them

on

safe

land

with

di

sast

er c

ontin

genc

y pl

ans

for

busi

ness

con

tinui

ty)

- A

im fo

r th

e pr

otec

tion

of

exis

ting

dwel

lings

(re

trof

it) a

t th

e ra

te o

f 5%

per

ann

um, o

r 25

% o

ver

a fiv

e ye

ar p

erio

d-

The

num

ber

of b

usin

ess

ente

rpris

es p

rote

cted

.•

Cri

tica

l Fac

iliti

es P

rote

cted

- P

rote

ctio

n of

all

criti

cal

faci

litie

s, s

uch

as s

choo

ls,

heal

th c

ente

rs, p

olic

e st

atio

ns

and

build

ings

of m

ultip

le

asse

mbl

y su

ch a

s m

osqu

es,

chur

ches

, cin

emas

, bas

ic

serv

ices

suc

h as

wat

er,

elec

tric

ity, t

elep

hone

s et

c.

over

a fi

ve y

ear

perio

d.-

Num

ber

of c

ritic

al fa

cilit

ies

prot

ecte

d, (

scho

ols,

pub

lic

build

ings

, wat

er s

uppl

y et

c.)

2. guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management

43

PR

OC

ES

S 5

cont

inua

tion

5.

Evi

denc

e is

col

lect

ed c

once

rnin

g th

e ex

iste

nce

and

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

CB

DR

M. T

his

incl

udes

the

follo

win

g:•

Mec

hani

sms

are

in p

lace

to

ens

ure

man

agem

ent o

f th

e lo

cal l

evel

ris

k re

duct

ion

mea

sure

s by

the

com

mun

ity.

• A

com

mun

ity b

ased

or

gani

zatio

n (C

BO

) is

es

tabl

ishe

d to

impl

emen

t bot

h st

ruct

ural

and

non

-str

uctu

ral

risk

redu

ctio

n ac

tions

.•

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

haz

ard

miti

gatio

n m

easu

res,

em

bank

men

ts, f

lood

div

ersi

on

chan

nels

, brid

ges,

wat

er

harv

estin

g ta

nks,

etc

.•

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

vu

lner

abili

ty r

educ

tion

mea

sure

s,

• Im

plem

enta

tion

of e

mer

genc

y pr

epar

edne

ss m

easu

res,

dr

ills,

ear

ly w

arni

ng,

evac

uatio

n, fi

rst a

id, s

earc

h an

d re

scue

etc

. •

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

rec

over

y op

erat

ions

. •

Man

agem

ent i

ssue

s in

volv

ed

here

incl

ude

iden

tific

atio

n an

d ar

rang

emen

t of

appr

opria

te in

puts

(ex

pert

s,

equi

pmen

t, in

form

atio

n,

serv

ices

, con

sulta

tions

with

st

akeh

olde

rs, e

tc.)

• Li

nks

are

in p

lace

with

cen

tral

A s

afer

env

ironm

ent i

s av

aila

ble

to

the

targ

et g

roup

s, t

heir

prop

erty

and

liv

elih

oo

ds. T

his

is m

easu

red

in t

he

follo

win

g qu

antit

ativ

e m

anne

r:•

Liv

es P

rote

cted

- A

im fo

r a

20%

red

uctio

n in

de

aths

and

ser

ious

inju

ries

over

a fi

ve y

ear

perio

d as

a

resu

lt of

effe

ctiv

e C

BD

RM

. -

Num

ber

of in

divi

dual

s an

d fa

mili

es li

ving

in a

spe

cific

nu

mbe

r of

sta

ted

loca

tions

w

hose

live

s ar

e pr

otec

ted.

- N

umbe

r of

‘hig

h-ris

k’ g

roup

s w

ho h

ave

secu

red

spec

ial

atte

ntio

n in

CB

DR

M w

ith

spec

ific

mea

sure

s fo

r th

eir

prot

ectio

n-

Str

ess

leve

ls o

f tar

get g

roup

s ar

e re

duce

d du

e to

dec

reas

ed

loss

es fr

om d

isas

ters

. Thi

s w

ill b

e in

dica

ted

in m

ultip

le

aspe

cts

of s

ocia

l life

; e.g

. re

duct

ion

in q

uarr

el, s

hout

ing

at e

ach

othe

r, re

duct

ion

in

stre

ss r

elat

ed d

isea

se e

tc.

• L

ivel

iho

od

s P

rote

cted

- A

im fo

r th

e pr

otec

tion

of 7

5%

of li

velih

oods

as

a re

sult

of

risk

redu

ctio

n m

easu

res

over

a

five

year

per

iod.

- T

he n

umbe

r of

live

lihoo

ds

prot

ecte

d-

Live

lihoo

ds s

ourc

es o

f the

ta

rget

gro

ups

stre

ngth

ened

as

a re

sult

of r

educ

tion

in

go

vern

men

t in

rela

tion

to th

e re

visi

on a

nd e

nfor

cem

ent o

f ne

w b

uild

ing

bye-

law

s an

d la

nd-u

se p

lann

ing

cont

rols

. T

hese

are

nee

ded

to c

over

pu

blic

and

com

mer

cial

bu

ildin

gs a

s w

ell a

s th

e dw

ellin

gs o

f mid

dle-

clas

s ho

me

owne

rs.

• A

sys

tem

is in

pla

ce to

sup

port

lo

w in

com

e fa

mili

es to

impr

ove

the

safe

ty o

f the

ir ho

mes

th

ough

bui

ldin

g ex

tens

ioni

sts

who

offe

r on

the

job

trai

ning

to

loca

l hom

e ow

ners

and

bu

ilder

s in

way

s to

impr

ove

the

safe

ty o

f dw

ellin

gs.

ne

gativ

e im

pact

by

disa

ster

s.-

Indi

cato

rs c

once

rnin

g ho

w th

e lo

cal e

cono

my

is p

rote

cted

, (f

or e

xam

ple-

thro

ugh

econ

omic

div

ersi

ficat

ion)

- In

com

e of

targ

et g

roup

is

incr

ease

d du

e to

avo

idan

ce o

f sh

ocks

cau

sed

by d

isas

ters

.•

Pro

per

ty P

rote

cted

- A

im fo

r a

20%

red

uctio

n of

pr

oper

ty lo

sses

ove

r a

five

year

per

iod

as a

res

ult o

f ef

fect

ive

CB

DR

M.

- A

im fo

r th

e pr

otec

tion

of 7

5%

of a

ll w

orkp

lace

s an

d fa

ctor

ies

(ret

rofit

) ov

er a

five

yea

r pe

riod

(for

exa

mpl

e, b

uild

ing

them

on

safe

land

with

di

sast

er c

ontin

genc

y pl

ans

for

busi

ness

con

tinui

ty)

- A

im fo

r th

e pr

otec

tion

of

exis

ting

dwel

lings

(re

trof

it) a

t th

e ra

te o

f 5%

per

ann

um, o

r 25

% o

ver

a fiv

e ye

ar p

erio

d-

The

num

ber

of b

usin

ess

ente

rpris

es p

rote

cted

.•

Cri

tica

l Fac

iliti

es P

rote

cted

- P

rote

ctio

n of

all

criti

cal

faci

litie

s, s

uch

as s

choo

ls,

heal

th c

ente

rs, p

olic

e st

atio

ns

and

build

ings

of m

ultip

le

asse

mbl

y su

ch a

s m

osqu

es,

chur

ches

, cin

emas

, bas

ic

serv

ices

suc

h as

wat

er,

elec

tric

ity, t

elep

hone

s et

c.

over

a fi

ve y

ear

perio

d.-

Num

ber

of c

ritic

al fa

cilit

ies

prot

ecte

d, (

scho

ols,

pub

lic

build

ings

, wat

er s

uppl

y et

c.)

44CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

PR

OC

ES

S 6

Ste

ps

in t

his

Pro

ce

ss

Key

Ou

tco

me

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)

Gu

idan

ce

No

tes

to I

mp

lem

ent

CB

DR

M(c

ert

ain

not

es

have

be

en

de

sig

nat

ed

as

‘cro

ss-c

utt

ing’

, with

a

pp

licat

ion

to a

ll p

roce

sse

s. T

he

se n

ote

s a

re s

et in

bo

ld t

ype)

PA

RT

ICIP

AT

OR

Y

MO

NIT

OR

ING

AN

D

EV

AL

UA

TIO

N•

The

aim

of t

he s

ixth

pr

oces

s is

to m

easu

re

prog

ress

with

ris

k re

duct

ion

in o

rder

to ta

ke

actio

ns to

pro

gres

sive

ly

impr

ove

the

proc

ess

• T

he c

omm

unity

and

all

rela

ted

stak

ehol

ders

de

vise

a m

onito

ring

and

eval

uatio

n sy

stem

as

a sh

ared

task

in o

rder

to

mea

sure

pro

gres

s, a

nd

take

app

ropr

iate

act

ions

in

the

light

of e

mer

ging

fin

ding

s.

1.

Fun

ding

is c

omm

itted

to e

nabl

e P

roce

ss 6

. to

take

pla

ceF

undi

ng a

lloca

ted

2.

Mec

hani

sms

are

in p

lace

to

cont

inua

lly m

onito

r ris

ks, n

otin

g ch

angi

ng h

azar

ds, v

ulne

rabi

litie

s an

d ca

paci

ties.

Ris

k A

sses

smen

t dat

a

3.

Mec

hani

sms

are

in p

lace

to

cont

inua

lly m

onito

r th

e pl

anni

ng

proc

ess

in a

dyn

amic

sys

tem

.

Mon

itori

ng a

nd E

valu

atio

n sy

stem

s in

pla

ce

4.

Com

mun

ity b

ased

trai

ning

is

pro

vide

d in

Par

ticip

ator

y M

onito

ring

and

Eva

luat

ion.

Mon

itor

the

perf

orm

ance

of

indi

vidu

als

duri

ng t

heir

trai

ning

.

Mea

sure

enh

ance

d pe

rfor

man

ce

by s

taff

who

hav

e pa

rtic

ipat

ed

in

trai

ning

cou

rses

.

Rev

iew

the

per

form

ance

of t

he

trai

ners

and

the

tra

inin

g pr

ogr

am b

y co

nduc

ting

an in

- ho

use

eval

uatio

ns

of t

he p

erfo

rman

ce o

f sta

ff u

nder

si

mul

atio

n co

nditi

ons.

5.

Evi

denc

e is

col

lect

ed c

once

rnin

g th

e ex

iste

nce

and

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

Par

ticip

ator

y M

onito

ring

and

Eva

luat

ion.

Mea

sure

the

leve

l of e

nhan

ced

awar

enes

s an

d kn

owle

dge

of

haza

rds

and

safe

ty m

easu

res

with

in

the

com

mun

ity.

The

mon

itori

ng a

nd e

valu

atio

n of

ris

k re

duct

ion

mea

sure

s w

ill

stre

ngth

en a

ccou

ntab

ility

and

im

prov

e fu

ture

act

ions

. Thi

s w

ill

enha

nce

conf

iden

ce in

the

bus

ines

s co

mm

unity

and

in in

vest

ors

in t

he

com

mun

ity.

All

risk

re

duct

ion

proj

ects

are

de

sign

ed

with

bui

lt in

mon

itori

ng a

nd

eval

uatio

n pr

oce

dure

s

Pro

ject

eva

luat

ion

usin

g in

tern

al a

nd

exte

rnal

eva

luat

ors.

2. guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management

45

PR

OC

ES

S 6

Ste

ps

in t

his

Pro

ce

ss

Key

Ou

tco

me

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)

Gu

idan

ce

No

tes

to I

mp

lem

ent

CB

DR

M(c

ert

ain

not

es

have

be

en

de

sig

nat

ed

as

‘cro

ss-c

utt

ing’

, with

a

pp

licat

ion

to a

ll p

roce

sse

s. T

he

se n

ote

s a

re s

et in

bo

ld t

ype)

PA

RT

ICIP

AT

OR

Y

MO

NIT

OR

ING

AN

D

EV

AL

UA

TIO

N•

The

aim

of t

he s

ixth

pr

oces

s is

to m

easu

re

prog

ress

with

ris

k re

duct

ion

in o

rder

to ta

ke

actio

ns to

pro

gres

sive

ly

impr

ove

the

proc

ess

• T

he c

omm

unity

and

all

rela

ted

stak

ehol

ders

de

vise

a m

onito

ring

and

eval

uatio

n sy

stem

as

a sh

ared

task

in o

rder

to

mea

sure

pro

gres

s, a

nd

take

app

ropr

iate

act

ions

in

the

light

of e

mer

ging

fin

ding

s.

1.

Fun

ding

is c

omm

itted

to e

nabl

e P

roce

ss 6

. to

take

pla

ceF

undi

ng a

lloca

ted

2.

Mec

hani

sms

are

in p

lace

to

cont

inua

lly m

onito

r ris

ks, n

otin

g ch

angi

ng h

azar

ds, v

ulne

rabi

litie

s an

d ca

paci

ties.

Ris

k A

sses

smen

t dat

a

3.

Mec

hani

sms

are

in p

lace

to

cont

inua

lly m

onito

r th

e pl

anni

ng

proc

ess

in a

dyn

amic

sys

tem

.

Mon

itori

ng a

nd E

valu

atio

n sy

stem

s in

pla

ce

4.

Com

mun

ity b

ased

trai

ning

is

pro

vide

d in

Par

ticip

ator

y M

onito

ring

and

Eva

luat

ion.

Mon

itor

the

perf

orm

ance

of

indi

vidu

als

duri

ng t

heir

trai

ning

.

Mea

sure

enh

ance

d pe

rfor

man

ce

by s

taff

who

hav

e pa

rtic

ipat

ed

in

trai

ning

cou

rses

.

Rev

iew

the

per

form

ance

of t

he

trai

ners

and

the

tra

inin

g pr

ogr

am b

y co

nduc

ting

an in

- ho

use

eval

uatio

ns

of t

he p

erfo

rman

ce o

f sta

ff u

nder

si

mul

atio

n co

nditi

ons.

5.

Evi

denc

e is

col

lect

ed c

once

rnin

g th

e ex

iste

nce

and

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

Par

ticip

ator

y M

onito

ring

and

Eva

luat

ion.

Mea

sure

the

leve

l of e

nhan

ced

awar

enes

s an

d kn

owle

dge

of

haza

rds

and

safe

ty m

easu

res

with

in

the

com

mun

ity.

The

mon

itori

ng a

nd e

valu

atio

n of

ris

k re

duct

ion

mea

sure

s w

ill

stre

ngth

en a

ccou

ntab

ility

and

im

prov

e fu

ture

act

ions

. Thi

s w

ill

enha

nce

conf

iden

ce in

the

bus

ines

s co

mm

unity

and

in in

vest

ors

in t

he

com

mun

ity.

All

risk

re

duct

ion

proj

ects

are

de

sign

ed

with

bui

lt in

mon

itori

ng a

nd

eval

uatio

n pr

oce

dure

s

Pro

ject

eva

luat

ion

usin

g in

tern

al a

nd

exte

rnal

eva

luat

ors.

46CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

ou

tcom

e ind

icato

rs

OU

TC

OM

E 1

Ste

ps

tow

ard

s th

is O

utc

om

eK

ey O

utc

om

e In

dic

ato

rs(m

ea

suri

ng

cha

ng

e in

indi

vid

ua

ls a

nd

com

mun

ity li

fe)

Gu

idan

ce

No

tes

to I

mp

lem

ent

CB

DR

M

CO

MM

UN

ITY

-BA

SE

D

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

(C

BO

)•

The

aim

of t

he fi

rst

outc

ome

is to

est

ablis

h,

stre

ngth

en a

nd s

usta

in a

n or

gani

zatio

nal m

echa

nism

at

com

mun

ity le

vel t

o im

plem

ent C

BD

RM

ac

tiviti

es. T

his

CB

O

will

be

com

pris

ed u

pon

loca

l res

iden

ts in

the

com

mun

ity.

A c

omm

unity

bas

ed

orga

niza

tion

exis

ts to

pro

mot

e C

BD

RM

. The

evo

lutio

n of

thi

s or

gani

zati o

n re

quire

s th

e fo

llow

ing

actio

ns a

nd p

roce

sses

:E

xis

tin

g g

rou

ps

or

New

Gro

up

s?

Car

e sh

ould

be

take

n in

ord

er to

avo

id c

reat

ing

new

gro

ups,

unn

eces

sari

ly. F

irst

pri

ority

sho

uld

be to

str

engt

hen

the

capa

city

of e

xist

ing

grou

ps o

r or

gani

zatio

ns o

n C

BD

RM

.

For

exa

mpl

e in

the

case

of C

ambo

dia,

Lao

and

V

ietn

am m

ass

orga

niza

tions

are

pot

entia

l gro

ups;

e.g

. th

e w

omen

uni

on, y

outh

uni

on, f

arm

ers

unio

n, e

lder

ly

unio

n et

c. In

oth

er c

omm

uniti

es e

lect

ed c

omm

unity

le

ader

ship

may

exi

st. E

ffor

ts s

houl

d be

mad

e to

st

reng

then

thei

r ca

paci

ty o

n di

sast

er r

isk

redu

ctio

n.

How

ever

, exi

stin

g gr

oups

mig

ht h

ave

nar r

ow fo

cus

in-

term

s of

mem

bers

hip

or p

rogr

amm

ing

or m

ay n

ot

repr

esen

t the

mos

t vul

nera

ble

grou

ps. E

ffor

ts s

houl

d be

mad

e to

exp

and

or e

nlar

ge t

he e

xist

ing

grou

ps

in o

rder

to in

clud

e th

e m

ost v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

(e.

g.

elde

rly,

chi

ldre

n, p

oor

est o

f the

po

or)

and

ensu

re

gend

er r

epre

sent

atio

n.

It w

ill b

e us

eful

to d

evel

op s

ub-g

roup

s of

the

co

mm

unity

bas

ed

orga

niza

tion

for

spec

if ic

task

s;

e.g.

sea

rch

and

resc

ue, e

vacu

atio

n ,f

irst

aid

, co

mm

unic

atio

ns, e

arly

war

ning

, pub

lic a

war

enes

s,

miti

gatio

n, e

tc. I

n th

is w

ay s

kills

of d

iffer

ent s

ub-

grou

ps c

an b

e de

velo

ped

on s

peci

fic a

spec

ts.

• Id

entif

y so

cial

, rel

igio

us a

nd

othe

r na

tura

l lea

ders

in th

e co

mm

unity

. Inv

olve

them

in th

e ris

k as

sess

men

t, ac

tion

plan

ning

an

d tr

aini

ng p

roce

ss.

I ndi

cato

rs o

f eff

ect iv

enes

s ar

e as

f o

llow

s:Le

ader

s re

cogn

ize

d

• Id

entif

y an

y ex

istin

g so

cial

, ec

onom

ic, r

elig

ious

or

othe

r gr

oups

dur

ing

the

rapp

ort

build

ing

and

com

mun

ity r

isk

asse

ssm

ent s

tage

s

Gro

ups

iden

t ifie

d

• If

a gr

oup

exis

ts th

at c

an a

ssum

e C

BO

task

s th

en e

xpan

d th

e gr

oup

to e

nsur

e re

pres

enta

tion

of

vario

us v

ulne

rabl

e so

cial

gro

ups

and

enco

urag

e th

em to

form

a

smal

l sub

-gro

up to

pro

mot

e C

BD

RM

. (se

e G

uida

nce

Not

e in

C

olum

n 5)

Gro

up id

entif

ied

and

role

exp

ande

d

• In

the

abse

nce

of a

n ex

istin

g gr

oup

that

can

be

expa

nded

, fo

rm a

CB

O th

roug

h co

nsul

tatio

ns w

ith c

omm

unity

m

embe

rs. T

his

can

be d

one

durin

g th

e ris

k as

sess

men

t, ac

tion

plan

ning

or

trai

ning

ac

tiviti

es. I

t will

be

impo

rtan

t to

ensu

re th

e re

pres

enta

tion

of a

ll vu

lner

able

gro

ups

in th

e C

BO

.

New

CB

O fo

rme

d. T

he in

dica

tors

of

its e

ffec

tive

func

tioni

ng a

re:

• C

o-op

erat

ion

amon

gst t

arge

t gr

oups

is e

nhan

ced

for

colle

ctiv

e ac

tion

on d

isas

ter

risk

redu

ctio

n th

roug

h or

gani

zed

mec

hani

sms.

•

Dec

isio

ns o

n di

sast

er r

isk

redu

ctio

n ac

tiviti

es a

re m

ade

by c

onse

nsus

by

the

CB

O

mem

bers

.

T

he C

BO

man

agem

ent i

nclu

des

the

follo

win

g:-

Crit

eria

and

pro

cedu

res

for

mem

bers

hip

in th

e C

BO

are

es

tabl

ishe

d.-

Fun

ctio

ns o

f the

CB

O a

re

defin

ed.

- C

BO

is r

egis

tere

d w

ith th

e go

vern

men

t to

beco

me

elig

ible

to r

ecei

ve fu

ndin

g.-

CB

O h

olds

reg

ular

mee

tings

to

dis

cuss

dis

aste

r ris

ks,

vuln

erab

ilitie

s, a

nd id

entif

y ac

tions

for

disa

ster

ris

k m

anag

emen

t-

Tra

inin

g op

port

uniti

es

exis

t for

gro

up m

embe

rs in

va

ried

aspe

cts

of C

BD

RM

or

gani

zatio

n.-

Gen

der

& s

ocia

l rel

atio

ns

amon

gst t

arge

t gro

ups

are

base

d up

on e

qual

ity in

the

CB

O a

nd it

s su

b-co

mm

ittee

s.

- A

ssis

tanc

e re

ques

ts fr

om

targ

et g

roup

s to

the

loca

l au

thor

ities

and

oth

er a

genc

ies

are

incr

ease

d fo

r di

sast

er

prep

ared

ness

and

ris

k re

duct

ion.

2. guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management

47

ou

tcom

e ind

icato

rs

OU

TC

OM

E 1

Ste

ps

tow

ard

s th

is O

ut c

om

eK

ey O

utc

om

e In

dic

ato

rs(m

ea

suri

ng

cha

ng

e in

indi

vid

ua

ls a

nd

com

mun

ity l i

fe)

Gu

idan

ce

No

tes

to I

mp

lem

ent

CB

DR

M

CO

MM

UN

ITY

-BA

SE

D

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

I ON

(C

BO

)•

The

aim

of t

he fi

rst

outc

ome

is to

est

ablis

h,

stre

ngth

en a

nd s

usta

in a

n or

gani

zatio

nal m

echa

nism

at

com

mun

ity le

vel t

o im

plem

ent C

BD

RM

ac

tiviti

es. T

his

CB

O

will

be

com

pris

ed u

pon

loca

l res

iden

ts in

the

com

mun

ity.

A c

omm

unity

bas

ed

orga

niza

tion

exis

ts to

pro

mot

e C

BD

RM

. The

evo

lutio

n of

thi

s or

gani

zatio

n re

quire

s th

e fo

llow

ing

actio

ns a

nd p

roce

sses

:E

xis

tin

g g

rou

ps

or

New

Gro

up

s?

Car

e sh

ould

be

take

n in

ord

er to

avo

id c

reat

ing

new

gro

ups,

unn

eces

sari

ly. F

irst

pr i

ority

sho

uld

be to

str

engt

hen

the

capa

city

of e

xist

ing

grou

ps o

r or

gani

zatio

ns o

n C

BD

RM

.

For

exa

mpl

e in

the

c ase

of C

ambo

dia,

Lao

and

V

ietn

am m

ass

orga

niza

tions

are

pot

entia

l gro

ups;

e.g

. th

e w

omen

uni

on, y

outh

uni

on, f

arm

ers

unio

n, e

lder

ly

unio

n et

c. In

oth

er c

omm

uniti

es e

lect

ed c

omm

unity

le

ader

ship

may

exi

st. E

ffor

ts s

houl

d be

mad

e to

st

reng

then

thei

r ca

paci

ty o

n di

sast

er r

isk

redu

ctio

n.

How

ever

, exi

stin

g gr

oups

mig

ht h

ave

nar r

ow fo

cus

in-

term

s of

mem

bers

hip

or p

rogr

amm

ing

or m

ay n

ot

repr

esen

t the

mos

t vul

nera

ble

grou

ps. E

ffor

ts s

houl

d be

mad

e to

exp

and

or e

nlar

ge t

he e

xist

ing

grou

ps

in o

rder

to in

clud

e th

e m

ost v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

(e.

g.

elde

rly,

chi

ldre

n, p

oor

est o

f the

po

or)

and

ensu

re

gend

er r

epre

sent

atio

n.

It w

ill b

e us

eful

to d

evel

op s

ub-g

roup

s of

the

co

mm

unity

bas

ed

orga

niza

tion

for

spec

ific

task

s;

e.g.

sea

rch

and

resc

ue, e

vacu

atio

n ,f

irst

aid

, co

mm

unic

atio

ns, e

arly

war

ning

, pub

lic a

war

enes

s,

miti

gatio

n, e

tc. I

n th

is w

ay s

kills

of d

iffer

ent s

ub-

grou

ps c

an b

e de

velo

ped

on s

peci

fic a

spec

ts.

• Id

entif

y so

cial

, rel

igio

us a

nd

othe

r na

tura

l lea

ders

in th

e co

mm

unity

. Inv

olve

them

in th

e ris

k as

sess

men

t, ac

tion

plan

ning

an

d tr

aini

ng p

roce

ss.

Indi

cato

rs o

f ef f

ectiv

enes

s ar

e as

fo

llow

s:Le

ader

s re

cogn

ize

d

• Id

entif

y an

y ex

istin

g so

cial

, ec

onom

ic, r

elig

ious

or

othe

r gr

oups

dur

ing

the

rapp

ort

build

ing

and

com

mun

ity r

isk

asse

ssm

ent s

tage

s

Gro

ups

iden

tifie

d

• If

a gr

oup

exis

ts th

at c

an a

ssum

e C

BO

task

s th

en e

xpan

d th

e gr

oup

to e

nsur

e re

pres

enta

tion

of

vario

us v

ulne

rabl

e so

cial

gro

ups

and

enco

urag

e th

em to

form

a

smal

l sub

-gro

up to

pro

mot

e C

BD

RM

. (se

e G

uida

nce

Not

e in

C

olum

n 5)

Gro

up id

entif

ied

and

role

exp

ande

d

• In

the

abse

nce

of a

n ex

istin

g gr

oup

that

can

be

expa

nded

, fo

rm a

CB

O th

roug

h co

nsul

tatio

ns w

ith c

omm

unity

m

embe

rs. T

his

can

be d

one

durin

g th

e ris

k as

sess

men

t, ac

tion

plan

ning

or

trai

ning

ac

tiviti

es. I

t will

be

impo

rtan

t to

ensu

re th

e re

pres

enta

tion

of a

ll vu

lner

able

gro

ups

in th

e C

BO

.

New

CB

O fo

rme

d. T

he in

dica

tors

of

its e

ffec

tive

func

tioni

ng a

re:

• C

o-op

erat

ion

amon

gst t

arge

t gr

oups

is e

nhan

ced

for

colle

ctiv

e ac

tion

on d

isas

ter

risk

redu

ctio

n th

roug

h or

gani

zed

mec

hani

sms.

•

Dec

isio

ns o

n di

sast

er r

isk

redu

ctio

n ac

tiviti

es a

re m

ade

by c

onse

nsus

by

the

CB

O

mem

bers

.

T

he C

BO

man

agem

ent i

nclu

des

the

follo

win

g:-

Crit

eria

and

pro

cedu

res

for

mem

bers

hip

in th

e C

BO

are

es

tabl

ishe

d.-

Fun

ctio

ns o

f the

CB

O a

re

defin

ed.

- C

BO

is r

egis

tere

d w

ith th

e go

vern

men

t to

beco

me

elig

ible

to r

ecei

ve fu

ndin

g.-

CB

O h

olds

reg

ular

mee

tings

to

dis

cuss

dis

aste

r ris

ks,

vuln

erab

ilitie

s, a

nd id

entif

y ac

tions

for

disa

ster

ris

k m

anag

emen

t-

Tra

inin

g op

port

uniti

es

exis

t for

gro

up m

embe

rs in

va

ried

aspe

cts

of C

BD

RM

or

gani

zatio

n.-

Gen

der

& s

ocia

l rel

atio

ns

amon

gst t

arge

t gro

ups

are

base

d up

on e

qual

ity in

the

CB

O a

nd it

s su

b-co

mm

ittee

s.

- A

ssis

tanc

e re

ques

ts fr

om

targ

et g

roup

s to

the

loca

l au

thor

ities

and

oth

er a

genc

ies

are

incr

ease

d fo

r di

sast

er

prep

ared

ness

and

ris

k re

duct

ion.

48CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

OU

TC

OM

E 2

Ste

ps

tow

ard

s th

is O

utc

om

eK

ey I

mp

act

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)G

uid

anc

e N

ote

s to

Im

ple

men

t C

BD

RM

CO

MM

UN

ITY

DIS

AS

TE

R

RIS

K R

ED

UC

TIO

N F

UN

D

• T

he a

im o

f thi

s se

cond

ou

tcom

e is

to e

nsur

e av

aila

bilit

y of

res

ourc

es

for

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

com

mun

ity d

isas

ter

risk

redu

ctio

n an

d pr

epar

edne

ss m

easu

res.

Indi

cato

rs o

f eff

ectiv

enes

s ar

e as

fo

llow

s:S

ee

d M

on

eyS

eed

mon

ey w

ill b

e ne

ede

d to

sta

rt t

he f

und.

T

his

can

com

e fr

om a

n N

GO

initi

ativ

e, t

he lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent o

r fr

om p

riva

te s

ecto

r ph

ilant

hrop

y. O

r th

e C

BO

mig

ht s

eek

a lo

an f

rom

a b

ank.

Or

it co

uld

com

e fr

om t

he c

ontr

ibut

ions

.

It is

imp

orta

nt to

con

side

r th

e ca

paci

ty o

f the

co

mm

unity

org

aniz

atio

n to

abs

orb

and

man

age

the

mon

ey. T

here

fore

, pro

vidi

ng la

rge

amou

nts

of m

oney

m

ight

not

be

pro

duct

ive

at t

he s

tart

.

Cri

teri

a fo

r a

llo

ca

tio

n a

nd

dis

bu

rse

me

nt

of

fun

d

The

CB

O w

ill h

ave

to d

evel

op a

cri

teri

a ba

sed

upon

th

e lo

cal c

ondi

tions

, the

nat

ure

of t

he h

aza

rds,

th

e re

quire

men

ts o

f the

com

mun

ity m

embe

rs.

Cri

teri

a sh

ould

be

deve

lope

d th

roug

h co

nsul

tatio

n w

ith v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

and

CB

O m

embe

rs. F

ew

cons

ider

atio

ns to

dev

elop

cri

teri

a ar

e as

follo

win

g.

• F

und

will

be

prov

ided

to th

ose

vuln

erab

le g

roup

s w

ho m

ay n

ot b

e ab

le to

acc

ess

fund

ing

othe

rwis

e fr

om e

xist

ing

borr

owin

g m

echa

nism

s.

• F

und

will

be

used

for

haza

rd m

itiga

tion,

vu

lner

abili

ty r

educ

tion

or c

apac

ity b

uild

ing

activ

ities

.•

A r

epay

men

t pla

n w

ill b

e su

bmitt

ed b

y th

e bo

rrow

er.

• T

he lo

cal g

over

nmen

t is

com

mitt

ed to

cre

ate

a fin

anci

al

mec

hani

sm to

str

engt

hen

com

mun

ity b

ased

dis

aste

r ris

k re

duct

ion.

• F

undi

ng m

echa

nism

in p

lace

,

• A

com

mun

ity le

vel f

und

is

esta

blis

hed

to s

uppo

rt d

isas

ter

prep

ared

ness

and

res

pons

e m

easu

res;

(e.

g. p

ublic

aw

aren

ess,

co

mm

unity

ear

ly w

arni

ng s

yste

m,

drill

s an

d st

orag

e of

rel

ief i

tem

s)

Crit

eria

on

the

use

of c

omm

unity

fu

nd e

stab

lishe

d by

the

CB

O w

ith

inpu

ts fr

om th

e vu

lner

able

soc

ial

grou

ps.

• F

undi

ng m

obili

zed

by th

e C

BO

• C

omm

unity

fund

is m

anag

ed

by th

e co

mm

unity

bas

ed

orga

niza

tion.

• C

BO

ope

rate

s th

e ac

coun

t.

• C

BO

sta

ff ar

e tr

aine

d in

fund

m

anag

emen

t, be

fore

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of t

he fu

nd.

• C

riter

ia fo

r al

loca

tion

agre

ed•

Sta

ff tr

aine

d on

fina

ncia

l m

anag

emen

t

• C

omm

unity

fund

is s

uppo

rted

with

co

ntrib

utio

ns fr

om th

e vu

lner

able

an

d le

ss v

ulne

rabl

e so

cial

gro

ups,

an

d fr

om o

ther

sym

path

izer

s an

d st

akeh

olde

rs.

• R

epor

t of t

he c

omm

unity

m

embe

rs c

ontr

ibut

ions

.

• C

BO

cou

ld m

obili

ze fu

nds

on a

pe

riodi

cal b

asis

from

diff

eren

t so

urce

s or

thro

ugh

orga

nizi

ng

loca

l fun

d ra

isin

g ca

mpa

igns

.

• R

epor

ts o

n co

ntrib

utio

ns fr

om

othe

r so

urce

s

• D

ecis

ions

on

the

use

of fu

nd a

re

take

n by

the

CB

O o

n th

e ba

sis

of

a d

efin

ed c

riter

ia a

nd th

roug

h co

nsul

tatio

n w

ith v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

.

Cri

teri

a ag

ree

d fo

r di

sbur

sem

ent o

f fu

nds

to v

ulne

rabl

e pe

ople

.

• R

epor

ts o

n th

e fu

nd

man

agem

ent a

nd u

tiliz

atio

n ar

e di

scus

sed

with

com

mun

ity

mem

bers

.

2. guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management

49

OU

TC

OM

E 2

Ste

ps

tow

ard

s th

is O

utc

om

eK

ey I

mp

act

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)G

uid

anc

e N

ote

s to

Im

ple

men

t C

BD

RM

CO

MM

UN

ITY

DIS

AS

TE

R

RIS

K R

ED

UC

TIO

N F

UN

D

• T

he a

im o

f thi

s se

cond

ou

tcom

e is

to e

nsur

e av

aila

bilit

y of

res

ourc

es

for

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

com

mun

ity d

isas

ter

risk

redu

ctio

n an

d pr

epar

edne

ss m

easu

res.

Indi

cato

rs o

f eff

ectiv

enes

s ar

e as

fo

llow

s:S

ee

d M

on

eyS

eed

mon

ey w

ill b

e ne

ede

d to

sta

rt t

he f

und.

T

his

can

com

e fr

om a

n N

GO

initi

ativ

e, t

he lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent o

r fr

om p

riva

te s

ecto

r ph

ilant

hrop

y. O

r th

e C

BO

mig

ht s

eek

a lo

an f

rom

a b

ank.

Or

it co

uld

com

e fr

om t

he c

ontr

ibut

ions

.

It is

imp

orta

nt to

con

side

r th

e ca

paci

ty o

f the

co

mm

unity

org

aniz

atio

n to

abs

orb

and

man

age

the

mon

ey. T

here

fore

, pro

vidi

ng la

rge

amou

nts

of m

oney

m

ight

not

be

pro

duct

ive

at t

he s

tart

.

Cri

teri

a fo

r a

llo

ca

tio

n a

nd

dis

bu

rse

me

nt

of

fun

d

The

CB

O w

ill h

ave

to d

evel

op a

cri

teri

a ba

sed

upon

th

e lo

cal c

ondi

tions

, the

nat

ure

of t

he h

aza

rds,

th

e re

quire

men

ts o

f the

com

mun

ity m

embe

rs.

Cri

teri

a sh

ould

be

deve

lope

d th

roug

h co

nsul

tatio

n w

ith v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

and

CB

O m

embe

rs. F

ew

cons

ider

atio

ns to

dev

elop

cri

teri

a ar

e as

follo

win

g.

• F

und

will

be

prov

ided

to th

ose

vuln

erab

le g

roup

s w

ho m

ay n

ot b

e ab

le to

acc

ess

fund

ing

othe

rwis

e fr

om e

xist

ing

borr

owin

g m

echa

nism

s.

• F

und

will

be

used

for

haza

rd m

itiga

tion,

vu

lner

abili

ty r

educ

tion

or c

apac

ity b

uild

ing

activ

ities

.•

A r

epay

men

t pla

n w

ill b

e su

bmitt

ed b

y th

e bo

rrow

er.

• T

he lo

cal g

over

nmen

t is

com

mitt

ed to

cre

ate

a fin

anci

al

mec

hani

sm to

str

engt

hen

com

mun

ity b

ased

dis

aste

r ris

k re

duct

ion.

• F

undi

ng m

echa

nism

in p

lace

,

• A

com

mun

ity le

vel f

und

is

esta

blis

hed

to s

uppo

rt d

isas

ter

prep

ared

ness

and

res

pons

e m

easu

res;

(e.

g. p

ublic

aw

aren

ess,

co

mm

unity

ear

ly w

arni

ng s

yste

m,

drill

s an

d st

orag

e of

rel

ief i

tem

s)

Crit

eria

on

the

use

of c

omm

unity

fu

nd e

stab

lishe

d by

the

CB

O w

ith

inpu

ts fr

om th

e vu

lner

able

soc

ial

grou

ps.

• F

undi

ng m

obili

zed

by th

e C

BO

• C

omm

unity

fund

is m

anag

ed

by th

e co

mm

unity

bas

ed

orga

niza

tion.

• C

BO

ope

rate

s th

e ac

coun

t.

• C

BO

sta

ff ar

e tr

aine

d in

fund

m

anag

emen

t, be

fore

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of t

he fu

nd.

• C

riter

ia fo

r al

loca

tion

agre

ed•

Sta

ff tr

aine

d on

fina

ncia

l m

anag

emen

t

• C

omm

unity

fund

is s

uppo

rted

with

co

ntrib

utio

ns fr

om th

e vu

lner

able

an

d le

ss v

ulne

rabl

e so

cial

gro

ups,

an

d fr

om o

ther

sym

path

izer

s an

d st

akeh

olde

rs.

• R

epor

t of t

he c

omm

unity

m

embe

rs c

ontr

ibut

ions

.

• C

BO

cou

ld m

obili

ze fu

nds

on a

pe

riodi

cal b

asis

from

diff

eren

t so

urce

s or

thro

ugh

orga

nizi

ng

loca

l fun

d ra

isin

g ca

mpa

igns

.

• R

epor

ts o

n co

ntrib

utio

ns fr

om

othe

r so

urce

s

• D

ecis

ions

on

the

use

of fu

nd a

re

take

n by

the

CB

O o

n th

e ba

sis

of

a d

efin

ed c

riter

ia a

nd th

roug

h co

nsul

tatio

n w

ith v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

.

Cri

teri

a ag

ree

d fo

r di

sbur

sem

ent o

f fu

nds

to v

ulne

rabl

e pe

ople

.

• R

epor

ts o

n th

e fu

nd

man

agem

ent a

nd u

tiliz

atio

n ar

e di

scus

sed

with

com

mun

ity

mem

bers

.

50CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

OU

TC

OM

E 3

Ste

ps

tow

ard

s th

is O

utc

om

eK

ey I

mp

act

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)G

uid

anc

e N

ote

s to

Im

ple

men

t C

BD

RM

CO

MM

UN

ITY

HA

ZA

RD

, V

UL

NE

RA

BIL

ITY

, C

AP

AC

ITY

MA

P (

HV

CM

)•

To fo

rm th

e ba

sis

for

com

mun

ity b

ased

dis

aste

r ris

k re

duct

ion

and

com

mun

ity le

arni

ng.

Indi

cato

rs o

f eff

ectiv

enes

s ar

e as

fo

llow

s:T

he p

urp

ose

of c

omm

unity

bas

ed

map

ping

exe

rcis

e is

:i)

to r

aise

aw

aren

ess

of c

omm

unity

mem

bers

abo

ut

risks

, pre

pare

dnes

s,ii)

to

enc

oura

ge c

omm

unity

leve

l act

ion

plan

ning

, iii

) to

dev

elop

com

mun

ity c

apac

ity fo

r ris

k re

duct

ion.

The

refo

re, t

he p

artic

ipat

ion

of m

ultip

le g

roup

s is

es

sent

ial.

Ass

ista

nce

can

be s

ough

t fro

m te

chni

cal e

xper

ts

eith

er w

ithin

the

com

mun

ity o

r fr

om t

he c

omm

une,

m

unic

ipal

or

dist

rict

leve

ls in

ord

er to

mai

ntai

n te

chni

cal a

ccur

acy

of t

he H

VC

A m

aps.

• T

he g

over

nmen

t and

NG

Os

are

com

mitt

ed to

sup

port

the

prod

uctio

n of

com

mun

ity H

VC

A

map

s pe

riodi

cally

.

• Lo

cal h

azar

d m

aps

com

plet

ed•

Hig

h R

isk

Vul

nera

ble

Gro

ups

iden

tifie

d•

Hig

h po

vert

y le

vels

iden

tifie

d an

d m

appe

d. L

inks

bet

wee

n vu

lner

abili

ty a

nd p

over

ty

corr

elat

ed

• M

ore

Indi

vidu

als

and

fam

ilies

ac

tivel

y se

ek in

form

atio

n on

ha

zard

s, v

ulne

rabi

litie

s an

d di

sast

er p

repa

redn

ess

and

risk

redu

ctio

n fr

om C

BO

and

loca

l au

thor

ities

/ NG

Os.

• R

isk

Ass

essm

ent d

ata

on p

ublic

di

spla

y

• C

omm

unity

map

s, in

dica

ting

the

haza

rds,

vul

nera

bilit

ies

and

capa

citie

s to

red

uce

disa

ster

ris

ks a

nd r

espo

nd to

dis

aste

rs is

av

aila

ble.

• C

omm

unity

HV

CA

map

is

prep

ared

by

the

com

mun

ity

base

d or

gani

zatio

n w

ith th

e ac

tive

part

icip

atio

n of

diff

eren

t vul

nera

ble

grou

ps.

• H

VC

A m

ap is

pla

ced

at p

ublic

pl

aces

for

the

info

rmat

ion

of

com

mun

ity m

embe

rs; e

.g.

tem

ples

, mos

ques

, chu

rche

s,

scho

ols

etc.

• H

VC

A e

xerc

ise

is d

one

on a

pe

riodi

cal b

asis

, pre

fera

bly

befo

re

the

star

t of h

azar

d se

ason

; e.g

. m

onso

on, r

ainy

-sea

son,

El-N

iño,

dr

ough

t per

iods

etc

.

OU

TC

OM

E 4

Ste

ps

tow

ard

s th

is O

utc

om

eK

ey I

mp

act

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)G

uid

anc

e N

ote

s to

Im

ple

men

t C

BD

RM

CO

MM

UN

ITY

DIS

AS

TE

R

RIS

K M

AN

AG

EM

EN

T P

LA

N•

To e

nsur

e co

llect

ive

actio

n by

com

mun

ity fo

r di

sast

er

risk

redu

ctio

n th

roug

h m

obili

zatio

n of

loca

l re

sour

ces.

Indi

cato

rs o

f eff

ectiv

enes

s ar

e as

fo

llow

s:P

lan

nin

g a

s a

too

lF

ocus

of t

he e

xerc

ise

shou

ld b

e on

pla

nnin

g as

a to

ol

for

risk

re

duct

ion,

pre

pare

dnes

s an

d re

spon

se, r

athe

r th

en o

n th

e pr

odu

ctio

n of

a d

ocum

ent a

s th

e ou

tput

.

Exe

rcis

e sh

ould

pro

vide

opp

ortu

nity

to e

very

bo

dy in

th

e co

mm

unity

to s

hare

the

ir pe

rcep

tions

, con

cern

s,

and

view

s.

It is

go

od

to h

ave

a sm

all w

ritt

en p

lan,

whi

ch c

ould

be

refe

rre

d to

for

actio

n. T

he p

lan

mus

t be

avai

labl

e to

ev

eryb

ody

in t

he c

omm

unity

for

thei

r in

form

atio

n.

• Lo

cal g

over

nmen

t is

com

mitt

ed

to s

uppo

rt th

e pr

oduc

tion

of c

omm

unity

dis

aste

r ris

k m

anag

emen

t pla

ns p

erio

dica

lly.

• In

com

e of

targ

et g

roup

s is

in

crea

sed

due

to r

educ

tion

in a

nd

cont

rol o

ver

shoc

ks c

ause

d by

di

sast

ers.

• C

onsu

mpt

ion

of ta

rget

gro

ups

on r

e-pr

oduc

tive

activ

ities

is

incr

ease

d; e

.g. p

urch

ase

of

livel

ihoo

d eq

uipm

ent,

mac

hine

ry,

raw

mat

eria

ls (

cow

s, b

uffa

los,

bo

ats,

trac

tors

) •

Con

sum

ptio

n of

targ

et g

roup

s on

livi

ng fa

cilit

ies

and

need

s is

in

crea

sed;

e.g

. clo

thes

, tra

nspo

rt,

food

, TV

, frid

ge, f

ans,

air-

cons

et

c.

• C

onsu

mpt

ion

of ta

rget

gro

ups

on

child

edu

catio

n an

d fa

mily

hea

lth

is e

nhan

ced.

• F

unds

are

allo

cate

d fo

r th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e pl

an.

• A

dis

aste

r ris

k re

duct

ion

and

resp

onse

pla

n is

form

ulat

ed b

y th

e co

mm

unity

bas

ed o

rgan

izat

ion.

• T

he p

lan

is d

evel

oped

with

act

ive

part

icip

atio

n of

var

ious

vul

nera

ble

grou

ps in

the

com

mun

ity.

• T

he p

lan

desc

ribes

the

haza

rds,

vu

lner

abili

ties,

and

cap

aciti

es

of d

iffer

ent g

roup

s an

d th

e co

mm

unity

as

a w

hole

.

• T

he p

lan

prov

ides

det

ails

on

risk

redu

ctio

n m

easu

res

rela

ted

to

haza

rds

and

vuln

erab

ilitie

s.

• It

prov

ides

des

crip

tion

of

resp

onsi

bilit

ies,

res

ourc

es

and

time

fram

e fo

r th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of r

isk

redu

ctio

n m

easu

res.

• R

isk

redu

ctio

n pl

anni

ng is

or

gani

zed

on a

per

iodi

cal b

asis

, pr

efer

ably

eve

ry y

ear

befo

re th

e ha

zard

sea

son.

2. guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management

51

OU

TC

OM

E 3

Ste

ps

tow

ard

s th

is O

utc

om

eK

ey I

mp

act

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)G

uid

anc

e N

ote

s to

Im

ple

men

t C

BD

RM

CO

MM

UN

ITY

HA

ZA

RD

, V

UL

NE

RA

BIL

ITY

, C

AP

AC

ITY

MA

P (

HV

CM

)•

To fo

rm th

e ba

sis

for

com

mun

ity b

ased

dis

aste

r ris

k re

duct

ion

and

com

mun

ity le

arni

ng.

Indi

cato

rs o

f eff

ectiv

enes

s ar

e as

fo

llow

s:T

he p

urp

ose

of c

omm

unity

bas

ed

map

ping

exe

rcis

e is

:i)

to r

aise

aw

aren

ess

of c

omm

unity

mem

bers

abo

ut

risks

, pre

pare

dnes

s,ii)

to

enc

oura

ge c

omm

unity

leve

l act

ion

plan

ning

, iii

) to

dev

elop

com

mun

ity c

apac

ity fo

r ris

k re

duct

ion.

The

refo

re, t

he p

artic

ipat

ion

of m

ultip

le g

roup

s is

es

sent

ial.

Ass

ista

nce

can

be s

ough

t fro

m te

chni

cal e

xper

ts

eith

er w

ithin

the

com

mun

ity o

r fr

om t

he c

omm

une,

m

unic

ipal

or

dist

rict

leve

ls in

ord

er to

mai

ntai

n te

chni

cal a

ccur

acy

of t

he H

VC

A m

aps.

• T

he g

over

nmen

t and

NG

Os

are

com

mitt

ed to

sup

port

the

prod

uctio

n of

com

mun

ity H

VC

A

map

s pe

riodi

cally

.

• Lo

cal h

azar

d m

aps

com

plet

ed•

Hig

h R

isk

Vul

nera

ble

Gro

ups

iden

tifie

d•

Hig

h po

vert

y le

vels

iden

tifie

d an

d m

appe

d. L

inks

bet

wee

n vu

lner

abili

ty a

nd p

over

ty

corr

elat

ed

• M

ore

Indi

vidu

als

and

fam

ilies

ac

tivel

y se

ek in

form

atio

n on

ha

zard

s, v

ulne

rabi

litie

s an

d di

sast

er p

repa

redn

ess

and

risk

redu

ctio

n fr

om C

BO

and

loca

l au

thor

ities

/ NG

Os.

• R

isk

Ass

essm

ent d

ata

on p

ublic

di

spla

y

• C

omm

unity

map

s, in

dica

ting

the

haza

rds,

vul

nera

bilit

ies

and

capa

citie

s to

red

uce

disa

ster

ris

ks a

nd r

espo

nd to

dis

aste

rs is

av

aila

ble.

• C

omm

unity

HV

CA

map

is

prep

ared

by

the

com

mun

ity

base

d or

gani

zatio

n w

ith th

e ac

tive

part

icip

atio

n of

diff

eren

t vul

nera

ble

grou

ps.

• H

VC

A m

ap is

pla

ced

at p

ublic

pl

aces

for

the

info

rmat

ion

of

com

mun

ity m

embe

rs; e

.g.

tem

ples

, mos

ques

, chu

rche

s,

scho

ols

etc.

• H

VC

A e

xerc

ise

is d

one

on a

pe

riodi

cal b

asis

, pre

fera

bly

befo

re

the

star

t of h

azar

d se

ason

; e.g

. m

onso

on, r

ainy

-sea

son,

El-N

iño,

dr

ough

t per

iods

etc

.

OU

TC

OM

E 4

Ste

ps

tow

ard

s th

is O

utc

om

eK

ey I

mp

act

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)G

uid

anc

e N

ote

s to

Im

ple

men

t C

BD

RM

CO

MM

UN

ITY

DIS

AS

TE

R

RIS

K M

AN

AG

EM

EN

T P

LA

N•

To e

nsur

e co

llect

ive

actio

n by

com

mun

ity fo

r di

sast

er

risk

redu

ctio

n th

roug

h m

obili

zatio

n of

loca

l re

sour

ces.

Indi

cato

rs o

f eff

ectiv

enes

s ar

e as

fo

llow

s:P

lan

nin

g a

s a

too

lF

ocus

of t

he e

xerc

ise

shou

ld b

e on

pla

nnin

g as

a to

ol

for

risk

re

duct

ion,

pre

pare

dnes

s an

d re

spon

se, r

athe

r th

en o

n th

e pr

odu

ctio

n of

a d

ocum

ent a

s th

e ou

tput

.

Exe

rcis

e sh

ould

pro

vide

opp

ortu

nity

to e

very

bo

dy in

th

e co

mm

unity

to s

hare

the

ir pe

rcep

tions

, con

cern

s,

and

view

s.

It is

go

od

to h

ave

a sm

all w

ritt

en p

lan,

whi

ch c

ould

be

refe

rre

d to

for

actio

n. T

he p

lan

mus

t be

avai

labl

e to

ev

eryb

ody

in t

he c

omm

unity

for

thei

r in

form

atio

n.

• Lo

cal g

over

nmen

t is

com

mitt

ed

to s

uppo

rt th

e pr

oduc

tion

of c

omm

unity

dis

aste

r ris

k m

anag

emen

t pla

ns p

erio

dica

lly.

• In

com

e of

targ

et g

roup

s is

in

crea

sed

due

to r

educ

tion

in a

nd

cont

rol o

ver

shoc

ks c

ause

d by

di

sast

ers.

• C

onsu

mpt

ion

of ta

rget

gro

ups

on r

e-pr

oduc

tive

activ

ities

is

incr

ease

d; e

.g. p

urch

ase

of

livel

ihoo

d eq

uipm

ent,

mac

hine

ry,

raw

mat

eria

ls (

cow

s, b

uffa

los,

bo

ats,

trac

tors

) •

Con

sum

ptio

n of

targ

et g

roup

s on

livi

ng fa

cilit

ies

and

need

s is

in

crea

sed;

e.g

. clo

thes

, tra

nspo

rt,

food

, TV

, frid

ge, f

ans,

air-

cons

et

c.

• C

onsu

mpt

ion

of ta

rget

gro

ups

on

child

edu

catio

n an

d fa

mily

hea

lth

is e

nhan

ced.

• F

unds

are

allo

cate

d fo

r th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e pl

an.

• A

dis

aste

r ris

k re

duct

ion

and

resp

onse

pla

n is

form

ulat

ed b

y th

e co

mm

unity

bas

ed o

rgan

izat

ion.

• T

he p

lan

is d

evel

oped

with

act

ive

part

icip

atio

n of

var

ious

vul

nera

ble

grou

ps in

the

com

mun

ity.

• T

he p

lan

desc

ribes

the

haza

rds,

vu

lner

abili

ties,

and

cap

aciti

es

of d

iffer

ent g

roup

s an

d th

e co

mm

unity

as

a w

hole

.

• T

he p

lan

prov

ides

det

ails

on

risk

redu

ctio

n m

easu

res

rela

ted

to

haza

rds

and

vuln

erab

ilitie

s.

• It

prov

ides

des

crip

tion

of

resp

onsi

bilit

ies,

res

ourc

es

and

time

fram

e fo

r th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of r

isk

redu

ctio

n m

easu

res.

• R

isk

redu

ctio

n pl

anni

ng is

or

gani

zed

on a

per

iodi

cal b

asis

, pr

efer

ably

eve

ry y

ear

befo

re th

e ha

zard

sea

son.

52CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

OU

TC

OM

E 5

Ste

ps

tow

ard

s th

is O

utc

om

eK

ey I

mp

act

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)G

uid

anc

e N

ote

s to

Im

ple

men

t C

BD

RM

CB

O T

RA

ININ

G S

YS

TE

M

• To

enh

ance

the

tech

nica

l an

d or

gani

zatio

nal

capa

bilit

y of

the

com

mun

ity

base

d or

gani

zatio

n an

d its

com

mitt

ees

on

CB

DR

M fi

rst a

id, s

earc

h an

d re

scue

, eva

cuat

ion

man

agem

ent,

relie

f op

erat

ions

man

agem

ent

and

emer

genc

y sh

elte

r m

anag

emen

t, da

mag

e an

d ne

eds

asse

ssm

ent,

and

safe

r co

nstr

uctio

n

Indi

cato

rs o

f eff

ectiv

enes

s ar

e as

fo

llow

s:S

pe

cia

lize

d a

ge

nc

ies

The

invo

lvem

ent o

f spe

cial

ize

d ag

enci

es in

the

co

mm

unity

tra

inin

g ce

nter

will

be

imp

orta

nt; e

.g. f

ire

serv

ices

, pol

ice,

Re

d C

ross

, hos

pita

ls, e

ngin

eeri

ng

inst

itute

s, r

esea

rch

cent

ers,

uni

vers

ities

in o

rder

to

dra

w u

pon

the

exp

ert k

now

ledg

e fr

om m

ultip

le

sect

ors.

The

com

mun

ity t

rain

ing

cent

er s

houl

d pr

ovid

e tr

aini

ng to

var

ious

pro

fess

iona

ls in

the

com

mun

ity to

en

hanc

e th

eir

skill

s re

gard

ing

disa

ster

ris

k re

duct

ion.

F

or e

xam

ple:

• m

ason

s’ tr

aini

ng o

n sa

fer

cons

truc

tion,

• pa

ra-m

edic

s tr

aini

ng o

n po

st-d

isas

ter

first

aid

, se

arch

and

res

cue,

• te

ache

rs’ t

rain

ing

on c

omm

unity

aw

aren

ess,

• fa

rmer

s/fis

hers

’ tra

inin

g on

ear

ly w

arni

ng e

tc.

• T

he g

over

nmen

t is

com

mitt

ed to

es

tabl

ish

a co

mm

unity

trai

ning

ce

nter

at t

he c

omm

unity

, sub

-di

stric

t or

dist

rict l

evel

s dr

awin

g up

on th

e re

sour

ces

of lo

cal N

GO

s,

acad

emic

inst

itutio

ns, g

over

nmen

t of

ficia

ls a

nd c

omm

unity

leve

l le

ader

s an

d ex

pert

s.

• C

onst

ruct

ion

of th

e co

mm

unity

di

sast

er r

educ

tion

trai

ning

cen

ter

com

plet

ed•

Sta

ff hi

red

• F

unds

are

allo

cate

d fo

r th

e co

mm

unity

trai

ning

cen

ter

for

disa

ster

ris

k re

duct

ion.

• F

unds

allo

cate

d in

loca

l go

vern

men

t bud

get

• Lo

cal g

over

nmen

t offi

cial

s ar

e tr

aine

d on

com

mun

ity b

ased

di

sast

er r

isk

redu

ctio

n an

d on

tr

aini

ng o

f tra

iner

s.

• R

epor

t of t

he tr

aini

ng

• T

rain

ing

man

uals

on

com

mun

ity

base

d di

sast

er r

isk

redu

ctio

n tr

aini

ng a

re a

vaila

ble

in th

e lo

cal

lang

uage

for

use

at th

e ce

nter

.

• C

opy

of th

e tr

aini

ng m

anua

ls

• P

erio

dica

l Tra

inin

g is

con

duct

ed

for

com

mun

ity b

ased

org

aniz

atio

n,

its s

ub-c

omm

ittee

s an

d co

mm

on

com

mun

ity m

embe

rs.

• C

opy

of th

e co

mm

unity

trai

ning

ca

lend

ar

• P

erio

dica

l rev

iew

of t

he

effe

ctiv

enes

s an

d ap

plic

atio

n of

tr

aini

ng is

con

duct

ed th

roug

h in

divi

dual

and

hou

seho

ld s

urve

ys.

• C

omm

unity

sur

vey

repo

rts

• N

ew tr

aini

ng is

des

igne

d up

on

the

basi

s of

trai

ning

nee

ds

asse

ssm

ent i

n th

e co

mm

unity

.

• C

urric

ulum

of n

ew c

ours

es

OU

TC

OM

E 6

Ste

ps

tow

ard

s th

is O

utc

om

eK

ey I

mp

act

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)G

uid

anc

e N

ote

s to

Im

ple

men

t C

BD

RM

CO

MM

UN

ITY

DR

ILL

S

SY

ST

EM

• T

he a

im o

f thi

s ou

tcom

e is

to

ens

ure

the

read

ines

s of

co

mm

uniti

es fo

r di

sast

er

resp

onse

.

Indi

cato

rs o

f eff

ectiv

enes

s ar

e as

fo

llow

s:C

omm

unity

leve

l dri

lls a

re t

he k

ey fo

r th

e su

stai

nabi

lity

of c

omm

unity

leve

l pre

pare

dnes

s ac

tion.

Enc

oura

ge a

nd e

mph

asiz

e th

e us

e of

loca

l res

ourc

es

for

the

cond

uct o

f dri

lls.

If p

ossi

ble

invi

te a

nd in

volv

e th

e lo

cal/c

omm

une

gove

rnm

ent o

ffic

ials

in t

he c

ondu

ct o

f com

mun

ity

drill

s.

• Lo

cal g

over

nmen

t and

com

mun

ity

orga

niza

tion

are

com

mitt

ed to

ho

ld p

erio

dica

l com

mun

ity d

rills

.

• M

ore

coop

erat

ion

exis

ts a

t the

fa

mily

and

com

mun

ity le

vels

for

mut

ual a

ssis

tanc

e fo

r di

sast

er

resp

onse

; e.g

. ass

ista

nce

to

neig

hbou

rs; e

.g. e

vacu

atio

n,

sear

ch/r

escu

e, le

ndin

g m

oney

, sh

arin

g la

bour

for

re-c

onst

ruct

ion,

as

sist

ance

to fa

mily

mem

bers

in

food

sto

rage

, hou

se le

vel r

aisi

ng,

evac

uatio

n et

c.

• P

eopl

e fo

llow

agr

eed

proc

edur

es

and

step

s in

em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

ns; e

.g. i

mm

edia

te

evac

uatio

n af

ter

hear

ing

the

war

ning

, fol

low

ing

agre

ed r

oute

, re

achi

ng a

gree

d de

stin

atio

n et

c.•

Loss

of l

ife is

red

uced

due

to

enha

nced

em

erge

ncy

resp

onse

as

sist

ance

.

• F

unds

are

allo

cate

d by

the

loca

l go

vern

men

t and

com

mun

ity

base

d or

gani

zatio

n fo

r co

nduc

t an

d m

anag

emen

t of d

rills

.

• P

erio

dica

l com

mun

ity d

rills

are

or

gani

zed

by th

e co

mm

unity

ba

sed

orga

niza

tion.

• T

rain

the

com

mun

ity o

rgan

izat

ion

on c

ondu

ct o

f com

mun

ity d

rills

.

• C

omm

unity

dril

ls o

n ev

acua

tion,

fir

st a

id, s

earc

h an

d re

scue

are

he

ld o

n a

perio

dica

l bas

is b

y th

e co

mm

unity

bas

ed o

rgan

izat

ion.

• Lo

cal g

over

nmen

ts’ e

mer

genc

y re

spon

se s

yste

m is

exp

lain

ed to

th

e co

mm

unity

mem

bers

dur

ing

the

drill

s.

• C

omm

unity

dril

ls e

mph

asiz

e up

on th

e ne

eds

of s

peci

al

vuln

erab

le g

roup

s; e

.g. c

hild

ren,

el

derly

and

or

disa

bled

peo

ple,

or

preg

nant

mot

hers

.

• Le

sson

s le

arnt

ses

sion

s m

ust b

e he

ld a

fter

the

com

plet

ion

of d

rills

, in

ord

er to

iden

tify

area

s ne

edin

g im

prov

emen

t.

2. guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management

53

OU

TC

OM

E 5

Ste

ps

tow

ard

s th

is O

utc

om

eK

ey I

mp

act

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)G

uid

anc

e N

ote

s to

Im

ple

men

t C

BD

RM

CB

O T

RA

ININ

G S

YS

TE

M

• To

enh

ance

the

tech

nica

l an

d or

gani

zatio

nal

capa

bilit

y of

the

com

mun

ity

base

d or

gani

zatio

n an

d its

com

mitt

ees

on

CB

DR

M fi

rst a

id, s

earc

h an

d re

scue

, eva

cuat

ion

man

agem

ent,

relie

f op

erat

ions

man

agem

ent

and

emer

genc

y sh

elte

r m

anag

emen

t, da

mag

e an

d ne

eds

asse

ssm

ent,

and

safe

r co

nstr

uctio

n

Indi

cato

rs o

f eff

ectiv

enes

s ar

e as

fo

llow

s:S

pe

cia

lize

d a

ge

nc

ies

The

invo

lvem

ent o

f spe

cial

ize

d ag

enci

es in

the

co

mm

unity

tra

inin

g ce

nter

will

be

imp

orta

nt; e

.g. f

ire

serv

ices

, pol

ice,

Re

d C

ross

, hos

pita

ls, e

ngin

eeri

ng

inst

itute

s, r

esea

rch

cent

ers,

uni

vers

ities

in o

rder

to

dra

w u

pon

the

exp

ert k

now

ledg

e fr

om m

ultip

le

sect

ors.

The

com

mun

ity t

rain

ing

cent

er s

houl

d pr

ovid

e tr

aini

ng to

var

ious

pro

fess

iona

ls in

the

com

mun

ity to

en

hanc

e th

eir

skill

s re

gard

ing

disa

ster

ris

k re

duct

ion.

F

or e

xam

ple:

• m

ason

s’ tr

aini

ng o

n sa

fer

cons

truc

tion,

• pa

ra-m

edic

s tr

aini

ng o

n po

st-d

isas

ter

first

aid

, se

arch

and

res

cue,

• te

ache

rs’ t

rain

ing

on c

omm

unity

aw

aren

ess,

• fa

rmer

s/fis

hers

’ tra

inin

g on

ear

ly w

arni

ng e

tc.

• T

he g

over

nmen

t is

com

mitt

ed to

es

tabl

ish

a co

mm

unity

trai

ning

ce

nter

at t

he c

omm

unity

, sub

-di

stric

t or

dist

rict l

evel

s dr

awin

g up

on th

e re

sour

ces

of lo

cal N

GO

s,

acad

emic

inst

itutio

ns, g

over

nmen

t of

ficia

ls a

nd c

omm

unity

leve

l le

ader

s an

d ex

pert

s.

• C

onst

ruct

ion

of th

e co

mm

unity

di

sast

er r

educ

tion

trai

ning

cen

ter

com

plet

ed•

Sta

ff hi

red

• F

unds

are

allo

cate

d fo

r th

e co

mm

unity

trai

ning

cen

ter

for

disa

ster

ris

k re

duct

ion.

• F

unds

allo

cate

d in

loca

l go

vern

men

t bud

get

• Lo

cal g

over

nmen

t offi

cial

s ar

e tr

aine

d on

com

mun

ity b

ased

di

sast

er r

isk

redu

ctio

n an

d on

tr

aini

ng o

f tra

iner

s.

• R

epor

t of t

he tr

aini

ng

• T

rain

ing

man

uals

on

com

mun

ity

base

d di

sast

er r

isk

redu

ctio

n tr

aini

ng a

re a

vaila

ble

in th

e lo

cal

lang

uage

for

use

at th

e ce

nter

.

• C

opy

of th

e tr

aini

ng m

anua

ls

• P

erio

dica

l Tra

inin

g is

con

duct

ed

for

com

mun

ity b

ased

org

aniz

atio

n,

its s

ub-c

omm

ittee

s an

d co

mm

on

com

mun

ity m

embe

rs.

• C

opy

of th

e co

mm

unity

trai

ning

ca

lend

ar

• P

erio

dica

l rev

iew

of t

he

effe

ctiv

enes

s an

d ap

plic

atio

n of

tr

aini

ng is

con

duct

ed th

roug

h in

divi

dual

and

hou

seho

ld s

urve

ys.

• C

omm

unity

sur

vey

repo

rts

• N

ew tr

aini

ng is

des

igne

d up

on

the

basi

s of

trai

ning

nee

ds

asse

ssm

ent i

n th

e co

mm

unity

.

• C

urric

ulum

of n

ew c

ours

es

OU

TC

OM

E 6

Ste

ps

tow

ard

s th

is O

utc

om

eK

ey I

mp

act

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)G

uid

anc

e N

ote

s to

Im

ple

men

t C

BD

RM

CO

MM

UN

ITY

DR

ILL

S

SY

ST

EM

• T

he a

im o

f thi

s ou

tcom

e is

to

ens

ure

the

read

ines

s of

co

mm

uniti

es fo

r di

sast

er

resp

onse

.

Indi

cato

rs o

f eff

ectiv

enes

s ar

e as

fo

llow

s:C

omm

unity

leve

l dri

lls a

re t

he k

ey fo

r th

e su

stai

nabi

lity

of c

omm

unity

leve

l pre

pare

dnes

s ac

tion.

Enc

oura

ge a

nd e

mph

asiz

e th

e us

e of

loca

l res

ourc

es

for

the

cond

uct o

f dri

lls.

If p

ossi

ble

invi

te a

nd in

volv

e th

e lo

cal/c

omm

une

gove

rnm

ent o

ffic

ials

in t

he c

ondu

ct o

f com

mun

ity

drill

s.

• Lo

cal g

over

nmen

t and

com

mun

ity

orga

niza

tion

are

com

mitt

ed to

ho

ld p

erio

dica

l com

mun

ity d

rills

.

• M

ore

coop

erat

ion

exis

ts a

t the

fa

mily

and

com

mun

ity le

vels

for

mut

ual a

ssis

tanc

e fo

r di

sast

er

resp

onse

; e.g

. ass

ista

nce

to

neig

hbou

rs; e

.g. e

vacu

atio

n,

sear

ch/r

escu

e, le

ndin

g m

oney

, sh

arin

g la

bour

for

re-c

onst

ruct

ion,

as

sist

ance

to fa

mily

mem

bers

in

food

sto

rage

, hou

se le

vel r

aisi

ng,

evac

uatio

n et

c.

• P

eopl

e fo

llow

agr

eed

proc

edur

es

and

step

s in

em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

ns; e

.g. i

mm

edia

te

evac

uatio

n af

ter

hear

ing

the

war

ning

, fol

low

ing

agre

ed r

oute

, re

achi

ng a

gree

d de

stin

atio

n et

c.•

Loss

of l

ife is

red

uced

due

to

enha

nced

em

erge

ncy

resp

onse

as

sist

ance

.

• F

unds

are

allo

cate

d by

the

loca

l go

vern

men

t and

com

mun

ity

base

d or

gani

zatio

n fo

r co

nduc

t an

d m

anag

emen

t of d

rills

.

• P

erio

dica

l com

mun

ity d

rills

are

or

gani

zed

by th

e co

mm

unity

ba

sed

orga

niza

tion.

• T

rain

the

com

mun

ity o

rgan

izat

ion

on c

ondu

ct o

f com

mun

ity d

rills

.

• C

omm

unity

dril

ls o

n ev

acua

tion,

fir

st a

id, s

earc

h an

d re

scue

are

he

ld o

n a

perio

dica

l bas

is b

y th

e co

mm

unity

bas

ed o

rgan

izat

ion.

• Lo

cal g

over

nmen

ts’ e

mer

genc

y re

spon

se s

yste

m is

exp

lain

ed to

th

e co

mm

unity

mem

bers

dur

ing

the

drill

s.

• C

omm

unity

dril

ls e

mph

asiz

e up

on th

e ne

eds

of s

peci

al

vuln

erab

le g

roup

s; e

.g. c

hild

ren,

el

derly

and

or

disa

bled

peo

ple,

or

preg

nant

mot

hers

.

• Le

sson

s le

arnt

ses

sion

s m

ust b

e he

ld a

fter

the

com

plet

ion

of d

rills

, in

ord

er to

iden

tify

area

s ne

edin

g im

prov

emen

t.

54CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

OU

TC

OM

E 7

Ste

ps

tow

ard

s th

is O

utc

om

eK

ey I

mp

act

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)G

uid

anc

e N

ote

s to

Im

ple

men

t C

BD

RM

CO

MM

UN

ITY

LE

AR

NIN

G

SY

ST

EM

•

The

aim

of t

his

outc

ome

is to

enh

ance

th

e un

ders

tand

ing

of

indi

vidu

als,

fam

ilies

an

d co

mm

uniti

es a

bout

ha

zard

s, d

isas

ters

, vu

lner

abili

ties,

ris

k re

duct

ion

and

prep

ared

ness

.

• C

BO

is c

omm

itted

to c

omm

unity

or

ient

atio

n bu

ildin

g on

an

on-g

oing

ba

sis.

• Ta

rget

gro

ups

follo

w h

azar

d re

silie

nt c

onst

ruct

ion

prac

tices

. •

Env

ironm

ent f

riend

ly p

ract

ices

ar

e ad

opte

d by

targ

et g

roup

m

embe

rs.

• Ta

rget

gro

up a

pply

haz

ard

resi

stan

t cro

ppin

g pr

actic

es.

• Ta

rget

gro

ups

have

sus

tain

ed

inco

me

leve

ls d

ue to

avo

idan

ce

of d

isas

ter

rela

ted

shoc

ks.

• Ta

rget

gro

ups

enjo

y he

alth

saf

ety

due

to b

ette

r hy

gien

ic p

ract

ices

in

post

-dis

aste

r si

tuat

ions

. •

Targ

et g

roup

s st

ress

leve

ls

are

redu

ced

due

to b

ette

r pr

epar

edne

ss a

nd e

ffect

ive

resp

onse

pra

ctic

es.

Targ

et G

rou

ps

It w

ould

be

imp

orta

nt to

con

side

r th

e cu

ltura

l, so

cial

and

eco

nom

ic c

onte

xt o

f the

com

mun

ity

whi

le d

evel

opin

g an

d im

plem

entin

g th

e co

mm

unity

or

ient

atio

n ca

mpa

igns

. Wha

t is

the

leve

l of e

duca

tion

of v

ario

us t

arge

t gro

ups,

Wha

t kin

d of

mo

des

of

com

mun

icat

ion

are

appr

opri

ate

to d

iffer

ent g

roup

s,

who

has

influ

ence

on

form

ing

peop

le’s

opi

nion

? T

hese

are

som

e of

the

issu

es to

be

cons

ider

ed.

Teac

hers

, rel

igio

us le

ader

s, m

ass

orga

niza

tion

repr

esen

tativ

es m

ight

be

som

e of

the

pe

ople

who

are

hi

ghly

eff

ectiv

e in

influ

enci

ng a

nd fo

rmin

g pe

ople

’s

opin

ions

.

• Lo

cal g

over

nmen

t is

com

mitt

ed to

su

ppor

t the

CB

O in

its

effo

rts

on

com

mun

ity le

arni

ng. I

t is

incl

uded

in

the

lega

l man

date

of t

he lo

cal

gove

rnm

ent.

• F

unds

are

allo

cate

d fo

r pe

riodi

cal

prod

uctio

n of

aw

aren

ess

mat

eria

ls

and

com

mun

ity o

rient

atio

n se

ssio

ns.

• R

isk

com

mun

icat

ion

mes

sage

s ar

e de

velo

ped

on th

e ba

sis

of a

n as

sess

men

t of i

nfor

mat

ion

need

s of

m

ultip

le s

ocia

l gro

ups.

• A

pre

-tes

t is

cond

ucte

d to

get

fe

edba

ck o

f tar

get g

roup

s on

the

suita

bilit

y of

mes

sage

s.

• Ta

rget

gro

up fo

cuse

d le

arni

ng

sess

ions

are

hel

d by

the

com

mun

ity

base

d or

gani

zatio

n on

per

iodi

cal

basi

s.

• C

omm

unity

HV

CA

map

is p

lace

d at

pu

blic

pla

ces

in th

e co

mm

unity

for

ever

ybod

y’s

info

rmat

ion;

e.g

. tem

ples

, m

osqu

es, s

choo

ls, c

omm

unity

ce

nter

s, h

otel

s, b

us a

nd tr

ain

stat

ions

et

c.

• Lo

cally

app

ropr

iate

com

mun

icat

ion

chan

nels

are

use

d in

the

orie

ntat

ion

build

ing

initi

ativ

es.

• Le

arni

ng s

essi

ons

prov

ide

info

rmat

ion

on d

isas

ter

risks

, vul

nera

bilit

ies

and

risk

redu

ctio

n an

d pr

epar

edne

ss

actio

ns.

2. guidelines for good practice in community-based disaster risk management

55

OU

TC

OM

E 8

Ste

ps

tow

ard

s th

is O

utc

om

eK

ey I

mp

act

Ind

icat

ors

(me

asu

rin

g ch

an

ge

in in

divi

du

als

an

d co

mm

unity

life

)G

uid

anc

e N

ote

s to

Im

ple

men

t C

BD

RM

CO

MM

UN

ITY

EA

RLY

W

AR

NIN

G S

YS

TE

M

• T

he a

im o

f thi

s ou

tcom

e is

to

con

trib

ute

to th

e sa

fety

of

com

mun

ity th

roug

h fa

cilit

atin

g pr

ecau

tiona

ry

mea

sure

s.

• Lo

cal g

over

nmen

t is

com

mitt

ed

to th

e de

velo

pmen

t of c

omm

unity

le

vel w

arni

ng s

yste

m, l

inke

d to

the

natio

nal w

arni

ng s

yste

m. F

unds

ar

e al

loca

ted

for

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of

com

mun

ity le

vel w

arni

ng

syst

em.

• In

divi

dual

s, fa

mili

es a

nd

com

mun

ity m

embe

rs ta

ke

appr

opria

te p

reca

utio

nary

act

ions

to

avo

id d

isas

ter

impa

ct.

• Ta

rget

gro

ups

com

men

d th

e po

sitiv

e ro

le o

f rel

igio

us a

nd

soci

al in

stitu

tions

in li

fe s

avin

g th

roug

h ea

rly w

arni

ng: e

.g.

tem

ples

, mos

ques

, chu

rche

s,

scho

ols

etc.

Pro

ven

Wa

rnin

g S

yste

mIn

ord

er to

ens

ure

that

the

ear

ly w

arni

ng is

eff

ectiv

e in

sav

ing

loss

es to

live

s an

d pr

oper

ty, i

t is

imp

orta

nt

that

faci

litie

s fo

r co

mm

unity

act

ion

are

avai

labl

e;

e.g.

saf

er e

vacu

atio

n ro

utes

, em

erge

ncy

evac

uatio

n fa

cilit

ies

to t

ake

refu

ge, s

earc

h an

d re

scue

team

s. In

th

e ab

senc

e of

the

se fa

cilit

ies

at t

he c

omm

unity

leve

l, th

e ea

rly

war

ning

mig

ht n

ot b

e a

pro

duct

ive

proc

ess.

A

n ea

rly

war

ning

sys

tem

hav

ing

all t

he a

bov

e ch

arac

teri

stic

s w

ould

be

a pr

oven

war

ning

sys

tem

.

• A

sys

tem

for

issu

ing

early

war

ning

to

the

com

mun

ity m

embe

rs a

bout

im

pend

ing

haza

rds

is e

stab

lishe

d un

der

the

com

mun

ity b

ased

or

gani

zatio

n in

col

labo

ratio

n w

ith

the

loca

l gov

ernm

ent.

• A

war

ning

sys

tem

is c

ompr

ised

up

on fo

llow

ing

elem

ents

. 1.

F

orec

ast o

n ha

zard

occ

urre

nce

2.

Com

mun

icat

ion

of w

arni

ng3.

A

ctio

n by

com

mun

ity m

embe

rs

• C

omm

unity

ear

ly w

arni

ng s

yste

m

is e

stab

lishe

d on

the

basi

s of

kn

owle

dge

of th

e co

mm

unity

ab

out t

he o

ccur

renc

e of

haz

ards

.

• C

omm

unity

ear

ly w

arni

ng s

yste

m

is li

nked

to th

e w

arni

ng s

yste

m

at th

e di

stric

t, pr

ovin

ce a

nd o

r na

tiona

l lev

els.

• C

omm

unity

mem

bers

are

orie

nted

ab

out t

he m

eani

ng o

f war

ning

si

gnal

s an

d m

essa

ges.

• C

hann

els

used

for

issu

ance

of

war

ning

mes

sage

s ar

e ac

cess

ible

to

diff

eren

t vul

nera

ble

grou

ps in

th

e co

mm

unity

56CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

references

Abarquez, I. and Murshed, Z., Community-based Disaster Risk Management, Field Practitioners’ Handbook, Bangkok, ADPC, 2004

Alexander, D., Towards the Development of Standards in Emergency Management Training and Education, Disaster Prevention and Management Vol.12 No.2 pp. 113-123, 2003

ALNAP, Humanitarian Action: Improving Performance through Improved Learning, London, Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action (ALNAP), 2002

Bakewell, O.with Adams, J. and Pratt, B., Sharpening the Development Process, A Practical Guide to Monitoring and Evaluation, Praxis Guide No.1, Oxford, INTRAC, 2003

Cabot Venton, C. and Venton, P., Disaster Preparedness Programmes in India. A Cost Benefit Analysis, London, Humanitarian Practice Network (HPN), 2004

Carreno, M.L., Cardona, O.D. and Burbat, A.H., Evaluation of the Risk Management Performance, Lisbon: Presentation at the International Conference to celebrate the 250th Anniversary of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake (forthcoming), 2005

Davis I., Earthquake Mitigation Keynote Presentation, 12th Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Barbican Conference Centre, London, September 2002.

Davis I., The Effectiveness of Current Tools for the Identification and Synthesis of Vulnerability and Disaster Risk, Inter-American Development Bank and Universidad Nacional de Colombia- Sede Manizales Instituto de Estudios Ambientales (IDEA): Manizales 2003available from http://idea.unalmzl.edu.co

Davis I., The Application of Performance Targets to Promote Effective Earthquake Risk Reduction Strategies, Vancouver, Paper 2726, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (WCEE), 1-6 August 2004

Department for International Development (DFID) Consultant Team, White, P., et al, Disaster Risk Reduction: A Development Concern, Norwich: Overseas Development Group, School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, 2004

reference

57

Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (eds), Non-Governmental Organisations: Performance and Accountability, London, Earthscan/ Save the Children, 1995

Enders, J., Measuring Community Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management Vol.16 No.3 pp.52-58, 2001

Hailey, J. and Sorgenfrei, M. 2003, Measuring Success? Issues in Performance Management, Keynote Paper INTRAC’s 5th International Evaluation Conference, Measurement, Management and Accountability? The Netherlands, 31 March- 4th April 2003

Handy, C., Gods of Management, London, Arrow Books, 1995

Hilhorst, D., Being Good or Doing Good?, Quality and Accountability of Humanitarian NGO’s Disasters 26(3): 193-212, 2002

IADB, The Effectiveness of Current Tools for the Identification and Synthesis of Vulnerability and Disaster Risk, Washington, DC, The Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) and Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2005available from http://idea.unalmzl.edu.co

Instituto de Estudios Ambientales, Disaster Risk and Risk Management, Benchmarking A Methodology based on Indicators at National Levels, Inter-American Development Bank and Universidad Nacional de Colombia- Sede Manizales Instituto de Estudios Ambientales (IDEA): Manizales, 2004

Lavell, A., Indicators for Disaster Risk Management, Inter-American Development Bank and Universidad Nacional de Colombia- Sede Manizales Instituto de Estudios Ambientales (IDEA): Manizales, 2003available from http://idea.unalmzl.edu.co

Parker I., Criteria for Evaluating the Condition of a Tropical Cyclone Warning System, Disasters, 23(3) 193-216, 1999

Scriven, M., Evaluation Thesaurus: Fourth Edition, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991

Tearfund, Natural Disaster Risk Reduction: The Policy and Practice of Selected Institutional Donors, Tearfund Research Project, Teddington, Tearfund, 2003

Tearfund, Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction within Institutional Donors: Performance Targets and Indicators, Teddington, Tearfund, 2004

Twigg, J., Disaster Risk Reduction. Mitigation and Preparedness in Development and Emergency Programming, Good Practice Review No.9, London, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), 2004, March 2004

USAID, Managing for Results Terminology in Annex 1 and USAID/CDIE’s Performance Monitoring and Evaluation Tips, 2004available online at http://www.usaid.gov/cgi-bin/goodbye?and http://www.dec.org/usaid_eval.

Venton, P and Hansford, B., Reducing Risk of Disaster in Our Communities, Roots Guide No.9, Teddington, Tearfund, 2006

58CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

CapacityA combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster.

Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as skilled personal or collective attributes such as leadership and management. Capacity may also be described as capability.

Capacity buildingEfforts aimed to develop human skills or societal infrastructures within a community or organization needed to reduce the level of risk.

In extended understanding, capacity building also includes development of institutional, financial, political and other resources, such as technology at different levels and sectors of the society.

DisasterA serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk.

Disaster risk managementThe systematic process of using administrative decisions, organization, operational skills and capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society and communities to lessen the impacts of natural hazards and related environmental and technological disasters. This comprises all forms of activities, including structural and non-structural measures to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse effects of hazards.

appendix 1

terminology proposed by UNISDR

reference

59

Disaster risk reduction (disaster reduction)The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development.

The disaster risk reduction framework is composed of the following fields of action, as described in ISDR’s publication 2002 “Living with Risk: a global review of disaster reduction initiatives”, page 23: • Risk awareness and assessment including hazard analysis and vulnerability/capacity

analysis; • Knowledge development including education, training, research and information; • Public commitment and institutional frameworks, including organizational, policy, legislation

and community action; • Application of measures including environmental management, land-use and urban planning,

protection of critical facilities, application of science and technology, partnership and networking, and financial instruments;

• Early warning systems including forecasting, dissemination of warnings, preparedness measures and reaction capacities.

HazardA potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.

Hazards can include latent conditions that may represent future threats and can have different origins: natural (geological, hydrometeorological and biological) or induced by human processes (environmental degradation and technological hazards). Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Each hazard is characterized by its location, intensity, frequency and probability.

Hazard analysisIdentification, studies and monitoring of any hazard to determine its potential, origin, characteristics and behavior.

Natural hazardsNatural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that may constitute a damaging event.

Natural hazards can be classified by origin namely: geological, hydro meteorological or biological. Hazardous events can vary in magnitude or intensity, frequency, duration, area of extent, speed of onset, spatial dispersion and temporal spacing.

PreparednessActivities and measures taken in advance to ensure effective response to the impact of hazards, including the issuance of timely and effective early warnings and the temporary evacuation of people and property from threatened locations.

Public awarenessThe processes of informing the general population, increasing levels of consciousness about risks and how people can act to reduce their exposure to hazards. This is particularly important for public officials in fulfilling their responsibilities to save lives and property in the event of a disaster.

60CRITICAL GUIDELINES OF CBDRM

Public awareness activities foster changes in behavior leading towards a culture of risk reduction. This involves public information, dissemination, education, radio or television broadcasts, use of printed media, as well as, the establishment of information centers and networks and community and participation actions.

RiskThe probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.

Conventionally risk is expressed by the notation Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability. Some disciplines also include the concept of exposure to refer particularly to the physical aspects of vulnerability.

Beyond expressing a possibility of physical harm, it is crucial to recognize that risks are inherent or can be created or exist within social systems. It is important to consider the social contexts in which risks occur and that people therefore do not necessarily share the same perceptions of risk and their underlying causes.

Risk assessment/analysisA methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that could pose a potential threat or harm to people, property, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend.

The process of conducting a risk assessment is based on a review of both the technical features of hazards such as their location, intensity, frequency and probability; and also the analysis of the physical, social, economic and environmental dimensions of vulnerability and exposure, while taking particular account of the coping capabilities pertinent to the risk scenarios.

Sustainable developmentDevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of “needs”, in particular the essential needs of the world’s poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment’s ability to meet present and the future needs. (Brundtland Commission, 1987).

Sustainable development is based on socio-cultural development, political stability and decorum, economic growth and ecosystem protection, which all relate to disaster risk reduction.

VulnerabilityThe conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.

For positive factors, which increase the ability of people to cope with hazards, see definition of capacity

reference

61

List of participants of the Regional Workshop on CBDRM standards

name organisation email

1 Bernie O’Neill ZOA, Cambodia zoa.cam@online.com.kh

2 Banu Subagyo OXFAM, Indonesia bsubagyo@oxfam.or.id

3 Danilo Atienza Danish Red Cross, Indonesia lam@con21.dk

4 Chandra Lukitasari IIDP, Indonesia iidp@cbn.net.id

5 Keo Chanthalangsy World Vision, Lao PDR keo changthalangsy@wvi.org

6 Frank Elvey Oxfam Hong Kong, Timor Léste franke@oxfam.org.hk

7 Emmeline U Managbanag Philippines National Red Cross e_managbanag@yahoo.com

8 Delfina de Jesus Concern Worldwide, Timor Léste cd@concerneast-timor.tp

9 Raul De La Rosa Concern Worldwide, Timor Léste rpdelarosa@gmail.com

10 Ngo Cong Ching Save the Children, Vietnam chinhnc@savechildren.org.vn

11 David Sandilands Care International, Vietnam dave@care.hcm.org

12 Wantanee Kongomboon Thailand Red Cross rbwkb@redcross.or.th

13 Moloy Chaki BDPC, Bangladesh bdpc@glink.bel.com

14 Krishna Karkee CDS/AFFAN, Nepal kkarkee@hotmail.com

15 Paul Venton Tearfund ,UK paul.venton@tearfund.org

16 Leigh William Vickery Country Program, Lao PDR leighvickery@hotmail.com

17 Supaporn Khrutmuang Action Aid International, Bangkok supaporn@sea-user.org

18 Uzma Hoque UNISDR, Bangkok uhoque@unicef.org

19 Joseph Chung UNISDR, Thailand chung2@un.org

20 Christel Rose UNISDR, Bangkok rosec@un.org

21 Rene Jinon IFRC, Bangkok renedrc@sltnet.lk

22 Edlin S. Lumanog World Vision, Thailand edslumanog@yahoo.com

23 Muhibuddin Bin Usamah UDRM, Thailand muhibuddin@adpc.net

24 Pablo Taebola UNDP, Thailand

25 Prof. Ian Davis workshop facilitator i.davis@n-oxford.demon.co.uk

appendix 2

PDRSEA-3 CBDRM

ASIAN DISASTER PREPAREDNESS CENTER

PO Box 4, Klong LuangPathumthani, Thailand 12120

Tel: (66 2) 516 5900-10Fax: (66 2) 524 5360URL: www.adpc.net