community-based entrepreneurship for rural development

2015/04 K. Miyoshi & Y. Okabe 1

Community-based Entrepreneurship for Rural Development- Introduction to Training Program-

Koichi MIYOSHI: Professor (Dr.), Graduate School of Asia Pacific Studies,Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University [email protected] OKABE: Bureau Chief,Institute for Community Design

mailto:[email protected]

Facilitators

Koichi MIYOSHI (APU-GSA) Yumiko OKABE (Institute for Community

Design) Ana PUATU (APU-GSA)

22015/04 K. Miyoshi & Y. Okabe

APU Officers (Research Office)

Seigo TAKEBAYASHI: Deputy Director Ryoko MASUNAGA: Program Officer : Program Officer


Self Introduction Koichi MIYOSHI Dr.

Current Position Professor, Graduate School of Asia pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan

Asia Pacific University

Past Position Managing Director, Office Of Evaluation Visiting Professors: Graduate School of Tokyo University, Graduate

School of Chuo University etc. Deputy Managing Director, Planning Department Chief Representative of JICA USA Office

Specialties Community Capacity and Rural Development Evaluation and Planning International Cooperation Policy

2015/04 4K. Miyoshi & Y. Okabe

List of Training Program Course (Country/Region), (As of FY 2014)


Course Name FY Year Country/RegionNumber of

Participants

1 Training Course in Seminar for Municipal Mayors of Clustered LGUS: One Village One Product Movement 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Country: Philippines 38

2 The Country focused Training Program on the "One Village One Product" Movement in Tunisia 2006, 2007 Country: Tunisia 18

3 Training Course in Region Development Promotion for ASEAN Countries - One Village One Product 2007, 2008, 2009 Region: ASEAN 31

4 Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for AFRICAN Countries + Malawi 2008, 2009, 2010 Region: Africa 47

5 Training Course in Enforcement of Region Administrative Function for Local Industrial Promotion 2008, 2009, 2010 Country: Chile 28

6 Training Course in Seminar on One Village, One Product Movement in Savannakhet and Saravanh 2008, 2009 Country: Laos 8

7 Training Course in ANDEAN Region One Village One Product Promotion 2009, 2010, 2011 Region: Andean 45

8 Training Course in Development and Promotion of Region Industries Utilizing Local Resources for INDOCHINA and PACIFIC Regions 2009 Region:

Indochina & Pacific 13

9 Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for AFRICAN Countries (A) & (B) 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Region: Africa 110

10 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for ASIAN Countries – One Village One Product 2010, 2011, 2012 Region: Asian 49

11 Training Course in Promotion of Local Industries for GUATEMALA 2010, 2011, 2012 Country: Guatemala 46

12 Training Course of Promotion of One Village One Product Movement in COLOMBIA 2010, 2011, 2012 Country: Colombia 49

13 Training Course in NEPAL One Village One Product Promotion 2011 Country: Nepal 15

14 Enhancement of Capacity for Promotion of One Village One Product Program in Uganda 2012 Country: Uganda 14

15 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for Central & South America – One Village One Product (A)&(E) 2012, 2013 Country: Central and

South America 60

16 Training Course of Promotion of One Village One Product Movement in Kenya 2012 Country: Kenya 15

17 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for East Europe – One Village One Product 2013 Country: Eastern Europa 8

18Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for Asia and Pacific Regions （ C ） 2013 Country: Asia and

Pacific Regions 15

19 Thailand Training Course: Marketing Techniques and OTOP Enhancement for Producers, Farming Households and Agricultural Products 2013 Country: Thailand 17


Course Name FY Year Country/RegionNumber of

Participants

20 Training Course in Seminar for Municipal Mayors of Clustered LGUS: One Village One Product Movement 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Country: Philippines 38

21 The Country focused Training Program on the "One Village One Product" Movement in Tunisia 2006, 2007 Country: Tunisia 18

22 Training Course in Region Development Promotion for ASEAN Countries - One Village One Product 2007, 2008, 2009 Region: ASEAN 31

23 Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for AFRICAN Countries + Malawi 2008, 2009, 2010 Region: Africa 47

24 Training Course in Enforcement of Region Administrative Function for Local Industrial Promotion 2008, 2009, 2010 Country: Chile 28

25 Training Course in Seminar on One Village, One Product Movement in Savannakhet and Saravanh 2008, 2009 Country: Laos 8

26 Training Course in ANDEAN Region One Village One Product Promotion 2009, 2010, 2011 Region: Andean 45

27 Training Course in Development and Promotion of Region Industries Utilizing Local Resources for INDOCHINA and PACIFIC Regions 2009 Region:

Indochina & Pacific 13

9 Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for AFRICAN Countries (A) & (B) 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Region: Africa 110

10 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for ASIAN Countries – One Village One Product 2010, 2011, 2012 Region: Asian 49

11 Training Course in Promotion of Local Industries for GUATEMALA 2010, 2011, 2012 Country: Guatemala 46

12 Training Course of Promotion of One Village One Product Movement in COLOMBIA 2010, 2011, 2012 Country: Colombia 49

13 Training Course in NEPAL One Village One Product Promotion 2011 Country: Nepal 15

14 Enhancement of Capacity for Promotion of One Village One Product Program in Uganda 2012 Country: Uganda 14

15 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for Central & South America – One Village One Product (A)&(E) 2012, 2013 Country: Central and

South America 60

16 Training Course of Promotion of One Village One Product Movement in Kenya 2012 Country: Kenya 15

17 Training Course on Community Capacity and Rural Development Promotion for East Europe – One Village One Product 2013 Country: Eastern Europa 8

18Training Course in Community Capacity and Rural Development - Focusing on One Village One Product – for Asia and Pacific Regions （ C ） 2013 Country: Asia and

Pacific Regions 15

19 Thailand Training Course: Marketing Techniques and OTOP Enhancement for Producers, Farming Households and Agricultural Products 2013 Country: Thailand 17

Concept of Training Program


Inception Report(Project, Program or Policy)

Revision and Modification

Interim Report(Project, Program or Policy)

1. Community Capacity Development and Policy Structure Model- Concept of Community Capacity Development- Concept of Planning and Evaluation- Concept of the Systematic Value Addition for the Rural Entrepreneurs/Development Promoter

• Decentralized Hands-On (DHO) Exhibition Policy Approach Model

• Community-based OVOP Policy Approach Model2. Study Tours3. Case Studies: Group Discussions4. Action Plan: Group Discussions

Final Report(Project, Program and Policy)

ImplementationProject, Program and Policy

Concept + Practice

Our Intentions To discuss an alternative development approach focusing

on community capacity and collective activities that benefits rural communities.

To conceptualize the rural development approach for practical usages; not to theorize the rural development phenomena

To clarify the practical, operational concepts to examine, discuss, and analyse the real life operation. The real life is not simple to interpret by simple theories

for causalities. We can choose various options for development.

122015/04 Miyoshi, K. & Okabe, Y.

Community Capacity Developmentand Policy Structure Model

Outcomes of Community(Change of

Society)

Functions

Strategic Components

Decentralization

Historical Condition and Context

Intermediate Outcomes

(Change of Target Group)

Outputs Activities Inputs

Community

ImplementationOutcomes

Characteristics of Community Capacity


Community Policy Structure

Community Capacity

Community Capacity Developmentand Policy Structure Model

Decentralization

Historical Condition and Context


Outcomes of Community(Change of

Society)

FunctionsEvaluationPlanning Implementation

Strategic ComponentsHuman Resources: ChampionsLeadership: Community LeadersOrganizations for Collective activitiesNetwork: Relational Capital

Intermediate Outcomes(Change of

Target Groups)

Outputs Inputs

CommunityImplementation

Outcomes

Characteristics of Community CapacitySense of CommunityCommitmentsAbility to Set and Achieve ObjectivesAbility to Recognize and Access to Resources

Community Capacity

EconomicFormal/InformalCollective/Individual

SocialFormal/InformalCollective/Individual

EnvironmentalFormal/InformalCollective/Individual

Political

Formal/InformalCollective/Individual

Activities

Community Policy Structure

Systematic Value Addition

Higher Value Added and

Better Well-being Policy Structure

(Collective Activities)

+

Community Capacity




Decentralized Hands-on (DHO)

Exhibition Programs(Catalogue issuing for many programs)

+

DHO Exhibition

Implementation Organization(Community capacity development)



One Product(At least one prominent product or

service) 　 +

One Village(Community capacity development)

Level of Community

International Community

Regional Community

Country Community

Provincial Community

District/Municipality Community

Village Community


2015/04 19

Defining CommunityThe community is a social aggregation constructed

by people in the specific territorial area, usually confirmed

by administrative boundaries, in which the members (organizations, groups,

and individuals) recognize themselves and each other as belonging to the same community. including private, non-governmental and

governmental organizations Specific Area + Common Life

K. Miyoshi & Y. Okabe

2015/04 20

Community Capacity

The ability of a community to produce outcomes in society which organizations and individuals produce as the result of their collective activities by utilizing available resources to them (human resources, physical, social and organizational resources)


2015/04 21

Strategic Components of Community Capacity

Human resources

Who is the best in -----? Leadership

Individual Leadership → 　 Community Leadership Organizations

Support Collective Activities Networks in or related to the community

　 Know Who > Know How



Evaluation, Planning and Policy Structure

Evaluation

Planning

Existing Policy Structure

Revised Future Policy Structure

2015/04 23

Framework of Evaluation and Planning

Subject of Evaluation and Planning Policy Structure/Objective Tree Policy/Program/Project PDM (Project Design Matrix)/PTM (Program Theory

Matrix)/Logical Framework Evaluation and Planning Questions

Measuring Performance: Normative Questions Examining Implementing Process ： Process Questions Clarifying Cause-Effect Relationship: Impact Questions (5 Criteria of DAC/OECD)

Methodology/Method/Approach Economics, Sociology, Business Management etc. Quantitative, Qualitative analysis (Self, Internal, External Evaluation) Traditional, Participatory



Objective Tree: Policy Structure

Breakdown of Policy Higher Result

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

Intermediate Outcome

Program


ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput


Program Theory Matrix (PTM)Policy(End

Outcome)

Program(Intermediate

Outcome)

Project

(Output) (Activity) (Input)

PolicyChange of Society-Indictors

Program A Change of Target group (A)-Indicators

Project A-1 Products and Services of ProjectIndicators

A-1 A-1

A-2 A-2 A-1

Program BChange of Target Group (B)-Indicators

B-1 B-1 B-1

B-2 B-2 B-2


Recognition of Policy, Program and Project in Policy Structure

PolicyEnd

Outcome

ProgramIntermediate

Outcome

Project

Output Activity Input

EOC IOC1 OP1/1 A1/1 IP1/1

OP1/2 A1/2 IP1/2

IOC2 OP2/1 A2/1 A2/1

OP2/2 A2/2 IP2/1

Policy Program

Project


Feature of evaluation and planning

E & P

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program


Program


ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program


Program


ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

2015/04 28

Feature of evaluation and planning

E & P


PolicyEnd Outcome

Program


Program


ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program


Program


ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

Program


ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput

ProjectOutput

IActivities

IInput


PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

IntermediateOutcome

ProjectOutput

lActivities

lInput

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

IntermediateOutcome

ProjectOutput

lActivities

lInput

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

IntermediateOutcome

ProjectOutput

lActivities

lInput

Evaluation

Continuous Modification of Policy Structure

Planning

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

IntermediateOutcome

ProjectOutput

lActivities

lInput

PolicyEnd Outcome

Program

IntermediateOutcome

ProjectOutput

lActivities

lInput

Evaluation PlanningImplementation

Localization of Policy Structure

2015/04 30

National Province A District A


20 Million 500,000 30,000Localization Localization

Policy Structure in Decentralization

2015/04 31

Central Regional District

20 Million 500,000 30,000


Decentralization Decentralization

Integration of Policy StructureEnd Outcome


Output Activities Input

Change of Society

Whose Society

Target GroupBeneficiaries A

National Network:e.g. National Road

Construction e.g.Central:Local:

Maintenance e.g.Central:Local:

Target GroupBeneficiaries B

Regiuonal Network(Prefecture):e.g. Prefectural Road

Construction e.g.Central:Local :

Maintenance e.g.Central:Local

Target GroupBeneficiaries C

Rural Facilities (Municipality):e.g. Rural Road

Construction

Maintenance


Integration of Policy StructureEnd Outcome


Output Activities Input

Change of Society

Whose Society

Target GroupBeneficiaries C

Rural Facilities (Municipality):e.g. Rural Road

Construction

Maintenance

Target GroupBeneficiaries B

Regiuonal Network(Prefecture):e.g. Prefectural Road

Construction e.g.Central:Local :

Maintenance e.g.Central:Local

Target GroupBeneficiaries A

National Network:e.g. National Road

Construction e.g.Central:Local:

Maintenance e.g.Central:Local:2015/04 33


2015/04 34

Three Type of Questions in Evaluation and Planning

Descriptive Questions:Current situationExamining implementation process

Normative Questions:Comparison with target

valuesPerformance measurement

Cause-Effect Questions:Measurement of effect by implementation

Impact evaluation

Implementation Failure Degree of Achievement

Design Failure


2015/04 35

Program Theory Matrix and DAC 5 Criteria

Policy(End Outcome)

Program(Intermediate Outcome)

Project


EOC IOC1 A-1 A-1 A-1

A-2 A-2 A-1

ICO2 B-1 B-1 B-1

B-2 B-2 B-2

Relevance

Impact

Sustainability

Effectiveness

Efficiency

Measuring Performance

Examining implementing process


2015/04 36

Recognition of Program Theory Matrix and DAC 5 Criteria

Policy(End Outcome)


Project


EOC IOC1 OP1/1 A1/1 IP1/1

OP1/2 A1/2 IP1/2

IOC2 OP2/1 A2/1 A2/1

OP2/2 A2/2 IP2/1

Relevance

Impact

Sustainability

Effectiveness

Efficiency

Measuring Performance

Examining implementing process


PolicyProgram

Project


Project approach vs. Program-based approach

Policy(End Outcome)


Project


PolicyChange of Society-Indictors

Program A Change of Target group (A)-Indicators

Project A-1 Products and Services of ProjectIndicators

A-1 A-1

A-2 A-2 A-1

Program BChange of Target Group (B)-Indicators

B-1 B-1 B-1

B-2 B-2 B-2

Shift of Responsibility OutputOutcome

Planning Approach


The Focal Problem Method The Objectives Oriented Method

Problem Solving Appreciative Inquiry Introduction of Best Practice Introduction of Social Theory

39

Intervention to Policy Structure by Model Project

End Outcome Intermediate Outcome

Output Activity Input

EOC- １ IOC-1 OP-1 A-1 I-1

EOC- ２ IOC- ２ OP-2 A-2 I-2

EOC- ３ IOC- ３ OP- ３ A- ３ I- ３

EOC- ４ IOC- ４ OP- ４ A- ４ I- ４

EOC- １２３４ IOC-1234 OP-1234 OP-1234 OP-1234

Expansion

Intervention/Support

Model Project


Approach Model for Rural Development

Policy-Making Organization

Implementation Organization Individual

Individual


Individual


Individual

Producer & Service Provider Level

Production & Service Group

Implementation Organization Level(Rural Community)

（DHOE/Community-based OVOP)


CommunityNetwork

Policy Structure for Rural Development

2015/04

Policy: End Outcome

To improve the lives of producers and service

providers (groups) and build their confidence

- Participation in Centralized/Decentralized

Hands-on Exhibition

- Efforts for qualitative and quantitative improvement of

products and services

- Effective utilization of market place for products

and services

- Knowledge Sharing on Development Experiences

Program: Intermediate Outcome


Project: Output/Activity/Input




Support for Centralized/Decentralized Hands-on Exhibition

Project: Output/Activity/InputSupport for Technical support for potential

products and services

Project: Output/Activity/InputSupport for Effective Utilization of Market Place

for products and services

Project: Output/Activity/InputSupport for knowledge sharing system on

development experiences


Program: Intermediate Outcome- Implementation of

Centralized/Decentralized Hands-on Exhibition

- Technical support for potential products and services

- Market place creation and management for products and

services- Creation of knowledge sharing

system on development experiences

41K. Miyoshi & Y. Okabe

DHO Exhibition Approach

(DHO Exhibition Program Implementation)

+

Community-based OVOP Approach

(Collective Activities)

+

Community Capacity


Characteristics of ExhibitionsCentralized Decentralized

Display

Centralized and Display Oriented Decentralized and Display Oriented

Hands-on

Centralized and Hands-on Oriented Decentralized and Hands-on Oriented

43



Decentralized and Hands-on Oriented

DHO Exhibition Approach Model

End Outcomes(Change of

Society)

Community Capacity of DHO Exhibition Community

Strategic Component


Target Group)

DHO Exhibition related Individual Activities

DHO Exhibition related Collective Activities

Community

Implementation

Outcomes

DHO Exhibition

45

Community-based Activities & Resources


Functions

Characteristics of Community Capacity

DHO Exhibition ： Utilizations of Potential Local Resources and Activities

2015/04 46

Community Activities

Local Resources

Local Resources

DHO ExhibitionCollective Activities

(Fund Raising, Promotion etc.,)

Community Activities

Implementation Organization(Intermediately Supporting

Organization)

DHO ExhibitionIndividual Activities

(Hands-On Programs)

Introduction ofCollective Activities and Implementation Organization(Intermediately Supporting Organization)


Catalogue


Thailand: Khong Dee Muang Surin Festival97 programs (First year)


Japan: Nagasaki Saruku42 course maps


Paraguay: Expo Yguazu Porã110 Programs


Nicaragua: Tierra Mágica153 Programs

Hands-on Program in Catalogue

information on program date, price, Schedule and etc.

Program title and description of the program

Program provider’s comment


Website/SNS


2015/04

54

Source: Ishimaru 2010



Centralized and Display Oriented

Small Famers, Industries and Entrepreneurs

High Value Added Activities

Collective Production/Processing Activities

+

Collective Marketing Activities

Direct Sales Facilities

Antenna Shops


Community-based OVOP Approach Model (Collective Activities)

End Outcomes(Change of

Society)

Community Capacity of Community 　


Target Group)

Small Farmers and IndustriesHigh Value Added

Production, Processing, Marketing Activities

Community

Implementation

Outcomes

Community-based OVOP Program

2015/04 57

(Collective Processing Activities)

(Collective Marketing Activities)

(Collective Production Activities)


Characteristics of Sales Place for Shipment

Wholesale Direct Sales

DependentTraditional Wholesale Market

Auction PriceLarge Lot

Standardized

Independent

Direct Sales FacilitiesFree Pricing

Small LotUnstandardized


2015/04 61

Public Wholesale Market


Oyama Konohana Garten: Direct Sales Shop

2015/04 62

Agricultural CooperativeDirect Sales Facilities

Only a few famers with large production capacity can sell their product through the Public Wholesale Market

WholesalerPublic Wholesale Market

RetailerRetail ShopSuper Market

Oyama ProductSafe, Fresh, Delicious

Any farmers can produce and sell their products through the Direct Sales Shop: Konohana Garten

Self Consumption

Production Cost

Developing Own Market Place



Direct Sales Shop


Antenna Shop

Direct Sales Facilities/Antenna Shops

2015/04 65

Small Farmers/ Small Industries

Agricultural /ProcessedProducts

SafeReliable

Fresh

Traceable

Own DecisionPrice

VolumeStandard

And etcetera

Revenue 75%-90%

Direct Sales Facilities/Antenna Shops

Operation Policy(Collective Activities)

Provision of Market Place

Operation Cost25%-10%

Consumers

SafeReliable

Fresh

Sales100%


Oyama Konohana Garten: Direct Sales FacilityProcessing Products

2015/04 66

Agricultural CooperativeDirect Sales Facilities

Only a few famers with large production capacity can sell their product to Processing Industries

Wholesaler Public Wholesale MarketProcessing Industries

RetailerRetail ShopSuper Market

Processing Cost

Production Cost

Any farmer can produce, process and sell their products through the Direct Sales Facility

Oyama ProductSafe, Fresh, Delicious

Self Consumption

Developing Own Market Places


Enoki Mushroom Production: Oyama Method

2015/04 70

Agricultural CooperativeMushroom bed production

Only a few farmers with production skills can produce enoki mushroom

No Brand Name Oyama Brand

Any farmer can produce enoki mushroom by utilizing mushroom bed production

Farmers production cost Developing Local Brand


From Big to Small

Big facilities 　　　　　　 Small facilities

Big events 　　　　　 Small events

Big Activities Small Activities

One big

Making many smalls as big aggregation722015/04 K. Miyoshi & Y. Okabe

Introduction to JICA Training Program in APU (Photos)



Group Discussion

Enjoy your stay in Japan!!


community-based entrepreneurship for rural development

Small Business & Entrepreneurship

training course of promotion

product promotion

region development promotion

product program

rural development promotion

product movement

promotion of region

andean region