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COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT
Unity State SOUTH SUDAN
Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission
United Nations Development Programme European Union
The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control under the Ministry of Interior is the Gov-ernment agency of South Sudan mandated to address the threats posed by the proliferation of small arms and community insecurity to peace and development. The South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission is mandated to promote peaceful co-existence amongst the people of South Sudan and advises the Government on matters related to peace. The United Nations Development Programme in South Sudan, through the Community Security and Arms Control Project, supports the CSSAC Bureau strengthen its capacity in the area of community secu-rity and arms control at the national, state and county levels. The consultation process was led by the Government of South Sudan, with support from the European Union. Cover photo: Community members in Abiemnhom sketch their county map on the ground using locally available materials. © CSAC/UNDP
COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT
Unity State
South Sudan
Published by
South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission
United Nations Development Programme
MAY 2012 JUBA, SOUTH SUDAN
CONTENTS
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... i
Foreword ........................................................................................................................... .ii
Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... iv
1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 1
2. Background of Unity State ......................................................................... 3
3. Methodology
3.1. Training of Trainers ......................................................................... 5
3.2. Community Consultations .............................................................. 5
3.3. Validation Meeting ........................................................................... 7
4. Summary of conflict and insecurity in Unity State
4.1. Cattle raiding .................................................................................... 8
4.2. Competition over water and grazing lands ................................. 8
4.3. Attacks by rebel militia groups ...................................................... 11
4.4. Border conflicts ................................................................................ 11
4.5. Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya ........................ 12
4.6. Inter- and intra-clan fighting .......................................................... 12
4.7. Unemployment................................................................................. 12
4.8. Food insecurity ................................................................................. 13
5. Insecurity issues affecting women and girls .......................................... 13
6. Insecurity issues affecting the youth ........................................................ 15
7. County-specific findings
7.1. Rubkona County ................................................................................ 17
7.2. Guit County ........................................................................................ 20
7.3. Abiemhnom County ......................................................................... 23
7.4. Leer County ........................................................................................ 27
7.5. Koch County ...................................................................................... 32
7.6. Mayendit County .............................................................................. 37
7.7. Panyijar County ................................................................................. 41
7.8. Mayom County .................................................................................. 44
7.9. Pariang County .................................................................................. 49
8. Next Steps .................................................................................................... 53
Maps
Map of Unity State .............................................................................................................. 4
Incidence of cattle raids/theft ............................................................................................... 9
Conflict over land/water and tribal conflict ......................................................................... 10
ACRONYMS
AfDB African Development Bank
BCSSAC Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
CAP Community Action Plan
CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement
CRMA Crisis Risk Mapping and Analysis
CSAC Community Security and Arms Control
DDR Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration
FAO Food Agricultural Organization
GoSS Government of South Sudan
MOWRI Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation
NGO Non- Governmental Organization
PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal
RMGs Rebel Militia Groups
RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal
SAF Sudan Armed Forces
SPLA/M Sudan People’s Liberation Army/Movement
SSLA South Sudan Liberation Army
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNMAO United Nations Mine Action Office
UNMISS United Nations Mission in South Sudan
i
FOREWORD
At the core of peacebuilding and development in South Sudan
is the achievement and sustainability of security among com-
munities who stand to benefit most from peace dividends.
However, small arms and light weapons (SALW) continue to
proliferate amongst civilians, posing a threat to community
safety and largely, to the political stability and economic devel-
opment of the country.
The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
(BCSSAC) is addressing this threat by mobilising and building
bridges between communities and the Government towards
peaceful disarmament. The Bureau also leads the process of
formulating small arms control policies and regulations as well
as develops rule of law and conflict-sensitive development
measures to address the root causes of community insecurity. The Bureau works in partnership with
the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Community Security and Arms Control
(CSAC) Project and other regional and international bodies to foster a collective action that will ad-
dress the larger issues around the illicit proliferation of small arms.
The Bureau has been leading the process towards conducting community consultations, with techni-
cal and financial assistance from UNDP. This approach is part of our long-term agenda of creating
an enabling environment within communities, by extending state authority to the grassroots. The
consultations allow the Bureau to effectively gather communities’ knowledge and opinions of com-
munity security in 55 counties thus far, thereby facilitating for an evidence-backed process for pro-
gramming and policy formulation. Going down to the county level provides communities most af-
fected by insecurity the opportunity to voice their concerns. In turn, it provides authorities inroads
to the perception and attitudes of their communities. County authorities and community members
are empowered to identify the root causes of conflict and create a county action plan that will ad-
dress these issues.
The Bureau subscribes to this dynamic, bottom-up approach which is a proven methodology that
brings the Government to the people and has the ability to triangulate the governance, security and
socio-economic aspects of conflict in South Sudan. We are therefore pleased to disseminate the out-
comes of community consultations to other stakeholders, decision-makers and policy-makers.
The Bureau recognizes the valuable partnership it has with UNDP through the CSAC Project, the
South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC), other UN agencies and programmes,
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), state and county governments, and most of all the com-
munity members who were actively involved in the consultations.
Major General Daniel Deng Lual
Chairperson
Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
Ministry of Internal Affairs
South Sudan
ii
FOREWORD
Following South Sudan’s independence in July 2011, commu-
nities most affected by conflict have made security their chief
priority. The Government and communities recognized that
security is a pre-requisite for service delivery, economic activ-
ity and growth. In the process of state-building, it is equally
important that the Government interface with communities to
understand their needs and concerns.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in
South Sudan supports the country’s state-building process by
focusing, among others, on peacebuilding and community
security efforts. We work with the Government and communi-
ties to ensure that conflict sensitivity and responsiveness are mainstreamed into state and county
planning.
The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project is the cornerstone of UNDP’s peace-
building efforts. Since 2009, CSAC has supported the Bureau for Community Security and Small
Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC) to ad-
dress the root causes of armed violence and implement conflict-sensitive development projects and
peacebuilding measures at the county level. CSAC supports the extension of state authority by sup-
porting county consultations to understand the needs of the community and give the local govern-
ment the opportunity to deliver services that meet these needs, thus undermining the demand or ci-
vilian use of small arms.
UNDP has supported the Government address the security priorities that communities identified
during the consultations, through conflict-sensitive projects being implemented in six states in South
Sudan. While current CSAC projects on the ground are limited to address the communities’ top-most
security needs, these projects complement other government initiatives whose programmes have
been supporting conflict prevention at the state and county levels.
UNDP fully supports the Government’s key priorities as it moves forward to establishing commu-
nity security and development. We value our partnerships with our national counterparts and will
continue to support their initiatives towards providing greater stability for communities most af-
fected by conflict.
George Conway
Country Director, a.i.
United Nations Development Programme
South Sudan
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005, the Govern-
ment of South Sudan has focused on peacebuilding, conflict prevention and recovery. The United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP) supports the Government and national partners secure
peace and stability through targeted crisis prevention and recovery projects. UNDP’s Community
Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project works with the state agencies, namely the Bureau for
Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconcilia-
tion Commission (SSPRC) to conduct extensive consultations in counties across the states.
The consultations support conflict-sensitive initiatives identified at the county level designed to en-
hance the visibility and legitimacy of the Government. Through extensive dialogue between the
communities and the state government, both parties can find solutions to existing insecurity. Con-
sultations were conducted to identify key insecurity issues and priorities, as well as assess the chal-
lenges of county governments in addressing insecurity. Most importantly, the exercise aimed to
identify a wider peacebuilding and stabilization framework for Unity State.
Unity is the second largest state in the Upper Nile region and is one of the oil-producing states in
South Sudan. The Nuer are the predominant tribe. Agriculture, livestock, fishing, hunting and trad-
ing are the main sources of livelihoods. Rebel militia groups as well as the Misseriya (Arab nomads)
have reportedly displaced communities and have contributed to the insecurity in the state. Around
85,000 returnees from Sudan have settled in Unity State since 2010, the highest number of returnees
by far settling back in any state.
Community consultations in Unity were held in November-December 2011 and March 2012 in nine
counties. The process employed Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods to collect data i.e. key
informant interviews, community mapping, preference ranking and community action planning, in
each of the nine counties. The consultations also looked into how insecurity affects women and
youth, particularly through the use of the gender daily calendar. These aided in obtaining an in-
depth understanding of community members’ perceptions on the different security issues affecting
their respective counties. To facilitate a more open discussion, respondents were at times consulted
in separate groups, namely women, youth, traditional leaders/elders, security organs/law enforce-
ment team and county administrators.
In summary, participants identified the following key causes of conflict across Unity State:
Cattle raiding
Competition over water and grazing lands
Attacks by rebel militia groups (RMGs)
Border conflicts
Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya
Inter- and intra-clan fighting
Unemployment
Food insecurity
In addition, insecurity issues affecting women surfaced, issues which can be attributed to the nature
of the labour culturally assigned to and expected from women. The presence of arms and the al-
leged attacks by rebel militia groups are also sources of conflict that affect women. These have
shown dire consequences in women participants’ domestic and social lives. For instance, women
and girls are traditionally tasked to collect water and find food; in the process they are prone to rebel
iv
militia attacks or abduction when travel-
ling to or from far-flung water points, or to
domestic violence if they did not provide
these household needs. Additionally,
young women are seen as either a cause of
conflict, such as in cattle raids where men
acquire more livestock to afford the steep
dowry, or as an indirect party to conflict
where young men compete for a woman to
be his bride.
Meanwhile, participants saw the youth as
the primary actors involved in conflict in-
cidences, such as young men directly en-
gaging in cattle raids or border disputes.
The lack of educational, livelihood and
leisure opportunities leave the youth with
idle time and no other options, which
could lead them to other activities that re-
sult in conflicts.
Detailed findings were documented per
county, including a conflict analysis ma-
trix, prioritisation of security issues and a
Community Action Plan. These are pre-
sented in detail in Section 7. Findings from
the consultations were used to develop
state government projects, with support
from CSAC, addressing the top-most inse-
curity priorities of communities. A map of
Unity State in Section 8 illustrates the vari-
ous locations of these projects.
Men from Guit County review their group output . © UNDP
1. INTRODUCTION
The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in January 2005 marked a critical juncture for
Sudan, and especially for South Sudan, the area most affected by Africa’s longest running civil war.
The prolonged conflict has left South Sudan with development conditions among the lowest to be
found anywhere in the world, as measured by almost any indicator. Some of the challenges include
enormous and urgent social and economic recovery as well as the need to mitigate the risks of both
man-made and natural crises further impacting the development prospects of the country.
UNDP, through its Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit (CPRU), carries out programmes that sup-
port national partners to secure peace and stability. More specifically, UNDP implements targeted
crisis prevention and recovery projects. Localized conflicts, internally displaced people and the mass
return of refugees illustrate that continued efforts to promote peace and stability in South Sudan are
essential.
The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project supports the Government in strengthen-
ing its capacity in the area of community security and arms control at the national, state, and county
levels. Government leadership or engagement in all activities is essential in all CSAC projects.
CSAC works through the Government agencies, the CSSAC Bureau for and the South Sudan Peace
and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC), formerly the Ministry of Peace and CPA Implementation.
Since 2009 CSAC has been providing capacity building support to both agencies, as well as to state
and county governments to conduct extensive consultations in counties across six states in South
Sudan, including Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Unity, Upper Nile and Warrap. The consulta-
tions support conflict prevention initiatives identified at the county level. Through a developed
strategy of engagement between state-civil actors, a process is initiated where communities have an
opportunity to voice their concerns and set priorities that feed into decision-making and state plan-
ning. The ‘force multiplier’ are conflict sensitive projects which are implemented based on the Com-
munity Action Plans and priorities set by community members during the consultations.
Consultations done in Unity in 2011-2012 aimed to determine the causes of conflict and develop ac-
tion plans that would address these issues, as prioritised by members themselves. Specifically, the
consultations aimed to:
Identify key insecurity concerns affecting community members with a focus on key pri-
orities in addressing and mitigating insecurity;
Provide information on the trends and levels of community insecurity and conflict in a
regional state;
Identify components of a wider peacebuilding and stabilization framework for the re-
gional state;
Identify priority areas based on consultation with local communities, which can then
feed into the eventual state and county planning process; and
Form Local Steering Committees in each county and in each state to oversee the imple-
mentation of identified conflict-sensitive projects.
Information gathered from the consultations will not only help the Government develop and initiate
projects that will address conflict, but it will also support the Government’s (state and county level)
general planning of programmes and policies. Outcomes of these consultations will also be useful
for other UN agencies, international and national organizations, donors and other stakeholders
working towards community security, conflict prevention and development in South Sudan.
1
Women from Pariang County list their daily
domestic chores. © UNDP
1 Unity: South Sudan Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Commission. Accessed March 2012. http://www.ssddrc.org/states/unity.html Unity State: Government of the Republic of South Sudan. Article last updated January 2010. http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/states/unity.html
South Sudan: Compounding Instability in Unity State. Africa Report No. 179. International Crisis Group. October 17, 2011. http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa/south-sudan/179-south-sudan-compounding-instability-in-unity-state.aspx
Report of the Secretary-General on South Sudan. United Nations Security Council. November 2, 2011. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2011/678
5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evalua-tion, p. 8.
2 ”Warrap cattle raiders kill 28 people in Unity state.” Sudan Tribune. September 12, 2011. http://www.sudantribune.com/Warrap-cattle-raiders-kill-28,40125
2. BACKGROUND ON UNITY STATE1
Unity State is one of the 10 states in South Sudan located in the country’s north-central part. With a
total area of 35,956 sq km, Unity state is the second largest state in the Upper Nile region. It borders
Warrap, Lakes, Jonglei, and Upper Nile states, as well as Southern Kordofan and Abyei in the north.
Unity State is composed of nine counties: Leer, Mayendit, Guit, Panyijar, Koch, Mayom, Rubkona,
Pariang and Abiemnhom. The capital of Unity State is Bentiu. The estimated population of Unity
State is approximately 585,801.
Unity has a dry season and a wet season. The average wet season usually lasts from May to Novem-
ber. The White Nile River, the Bahr el Ghazal (Nam) river and other rivers that traverse the state,
generate significant seasonal flooding. Many of the agro-pastoralists in the state move with the sea-
sons, as the expansion of the waterways alters the landscape and creates considerable areas of
swampy terrain during the rainy season.
Unity state is a predominantly Nuer homeland. However, in Abiemnhom and Pariang counties, the
predominant group is the Dinka tribe. Both Dinka and Nuer communities are ruled by traditional
courts, a head chief and a sub-chief of a certain clan. The elders in the communities must endorse the
case among conflicting parties.
The most important socio-economic activities in Unity are agricultural production, cattle keeping,
fishing, hunting and local trading. Since independence, the areas of Unity State and other areas bor-
dering the north have been affected by commodity shortages, contributing to inflation. As North-
South tensions spiked ahead of independence in 2011, the Government of Sudan imposed a block-
ade on North-South supply routes.
Unity State is a part of the oil producing area of South Sudan and the oil resources have generated
additional income for the state. However, the oil production has also contributed to conflict and dis-
placement and led to substantial negative impact on the environment. Local populations have com-
plained over water contamination, which have resulted in the death of livestock and serious illness.
Several militia groups have been active in Unity State and rebel activity continues to be a source of
instability in northern Unity. Rebel activities affect the local populations as these led to displacement
and food shortages, as well as re-mining and counter-insurgency operations. Some of the militia
commanders that operate in Unity have participated in forming the South Sudan Liberation Army
(SSLA) – a loose constabulary that have operated more often as independent units than a unified
movement.
In September 2011, several incidents of cattle raids and violence erupted in Mayendit County where
28 people reportedly died and 18 were injured2. Witnesses reported that, unlike in traditional raids,
the attackers tried to maximize the number of casualties inflicted, including targeting women and
children.
3
4
Parts of the territory of Unity State are also used by the Misseriya or Arab nomads who, for genera-
tions, have migrated into South Sudan with their cattle during the dry season when water and fertile
grazing land recedes in the north. However, due to conflicts and increased violence, the Misseriya
has in recent years sometimes been blocked from entering into Unity State.
With South Sudan’s independence, the shared border remains in dispute. Also, internal border con-
flicts remain a persistent source of insecurity. Clashes between communities over tracts of land have
resulted in injuries and deaths, such as those between Mayom and Rubkona, Rubkona and Guit,
Leer and Mayendit, and Pariang and Guit.
South Sudan’s independence in 2011 prompted the return of huge numbers of South Sudanese who
were residing in Sudan. More than 340,000 have gone back to South Sudan since October 2010, some
85,000 of them to Unity, far more than any other state.
Conflict, erratic rainfall and the high food and fuel prices caused by North-South border closures
have led to a situation of food insecurity in several counties in Unity State. Projections for 2012 indi-
cate that the cereal deficit could reach the double of the estimated 2011 deficit.
3. METHODOLOGY
Consultations in Unity State were conducted on 23 November – 5 December 2011, in seven counties
including Leer, Mayendit, Guit, Panyijar, Koch, Mayom, Rubkona, Pariang and Abiemnhom. Due to
security considerations, consultations in Mayom and Pariang were conducted later on 3-9 March
2012. A total of 454 community members and leaders participated in the consultation meetings from
all nine counties. The outputs of the consultations included a conflict analysis in each county, rank-
ing of security needs and a community security action plan. These are presented in detail in Section
7 – County-Specific Findings.
The county consultations are the initial steps of a wider support process of building the capacity of
national partners and supporting the development and implementation of conflict-sensitive devel-
opment projects. The support also includes consultation teams undergoing training, engaging com-
munities in active participation and holding a validation meeting with authorities.
3.1. Training of Trainers
To prepare individuals designated to conduct the county consultations, a comprehensive five
-day Training of Trainers on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methodology was held for
community resource persons. Trainees were provided with a number of PRA tools to assist
them in working with communities to identify, map, and analyse the causes and effects of
conflict as well as prioritise community security issues. These tools included community
mapping, seasonal calendar, trend lines, gender daily calendar and semi-structured inter-
views.
3.2. County consultations
Consultations - overview
The consultation workshop lasted for three days in each of the counties consulted and in-
cluded key tools such as community mapping, conflict analysis matrix, seasonal calendars,
gender daily calendars and semi-structured interviews.
5
Participation
Men, women, youth and elders are often affected differently by conflict and have accord-
ingly different ideas about what make them safe. In order to obtain sustainable peace it is
therefore essential to build on a wide range of experiences and perspectives, and to ensure
that planning is based on the knowledge of all the members of a community. To ensure that
the participants represented all the members of the county, each county commissioner was
requested to mobilize 50 participants comprised of:
An equal number of women and men (25 women and 25 men);
Both youth and elders/traditional leaders (female youth and male youth, female
elders and male elders);
Participants from law enforcement agencies/security forces; and
Participants from all the different payams in the county.
However, out of a total number of 332 participants from Rubkona, Guit, Abiemnhom, Leer,
Koch and Mayendit counties, only 110 participants (33 percent) were women.
Mapping of Conflict Issues and Areas
This phase involved the sketching of a county map to identify conflict zones and critical is-
sues which affect the stability in the county. The mapping exercise was done on the ground
in an open space, using locally available materials, to give the entire community the oppor-
tunity to participate.
Seasonal Calendar
The seasonal calendar was used to map out the seasonality of insecurity and conflict issues,
enable discussions on the factors contributing to conflict patterns and the exploration of pos-
sible interventions to prevent or manage insecurity.
Trend Lines
Drawing trend lines from recent years made it possible to explore changes in security dy-
namics and the number of incidents for each of the conflict issues identified, and to discuss
the causes of any increase or decrease in conflict.
Gender Daily Calendar
The tool outlined the activities women, men and youth are engaged in during a typical day.
The calendar explored the different situations of men and women in the community and
encouraged discussions on gender roles and how men and women can be affected differ-
ently by conflict and insecurity.
Semi-Structured Interviews
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with county administrators, youth, men and
women. County administrators with particular knowledge about the security situation in
the counties were chosen as resource persons. Women and youth were chosen for group
interviews to make sure their views and concerns were captured.
Conflict Analysis Matrix
Findings from the consultations using the above tools unearthed the various issues causing
insecurity in the county. After organizing the data collected, the consultation team extracted
the focal problems identified by the community, including causes, effects, parties involved
in the conflict, parties supporting the conflict and possible opportunities to address the
problems. The product of this process was the conflict analysis matrix.
6
7
Preference Ranking
Participants were divided into groups of men, women and youth to discuss conflict issues
they previously identified, and prioritise which of these were the most important for their
security and safety situation. All the identified conflict issues were ranked, with one being
the highest priority and 10 as the lowest priority.
Community Action Plan (CAP)
The most tangible result of the community consultations is the CAP for each county, in-
tended to delineate the following:
Proposed projects as agreed collectively by the community;
Proposed actions and resources;
Duties and responsibilities of individuals and groups, work schedules; and
Identification of areas where the community requires external assistance.
Steering Committee
A County Steering Committee was created in each county with representatives from the
local youth, women, men/elders and government. The roles and responsibilities of the Com-
mittee are to:
be the bridge between the community, county administration, state authority,
the Bureau and UNDP;
participate in the project approval before implementation;
oversee the implementation of the projects;
ensure routine monitoring;
provide leadership;
ensure community mobilization; and
ensure quality control.
A State Steering Committee was also formed, chaired by the Director General for the Minis-
try of Local Government and Law Enforcement, and includes members from key state line
ministries and departments, along with United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)
Civil Affairs.
3.3. The Validation Meeting
The validation meeting took place two days after the last county consultations. Present in
the validation meeting were the deputy governor, county commissioners, members of the
Bureau, SSPRC, community members, and staff from UNDP and UNMISS. The meeting in-
tended to share the outcomes of the county-level consultations on a wider scale with all rele-
vant authorities and stakeholders, and to validate the agreements made with the communi-
ties to ensure that their identified priorities during consultations were properly recorded
and would be addressed. The validation meeting also served to avoid any duplication of
efforts with other organizations in communities’ proposed projects. Due to travel obstacles,
several county commissioners were not able to attend the meeting.
4. SUMMARY OF CONFLICT AND INSECURITY ISSUES
Outcomes from these consultations are complemented by results from community consultations on
socio-economic threats and risks, through UNDP’s Crisis Risk and Mapping Analysis (CRMA) Pro-
ject. CSAC and CRMA collaborated in developing their methodologies and information to provide a
layered and in-depth community perception database. As such, some of the CRMA mapped data on
socio-economic risk and threat complement the issues discussed in this report, as a context for the
conflict drivers identified in the consultations supported by CSAC.
4.1. Cattle raiding
Cattle are the foundation of cattle keepers’ social, economic and cultural life. Owning a high number
of cattle is considered prestigious, a source of
pride and wealth. It is ascribed to culture and tra-
ditional practices such as providing dowry. Since
the amount of cattle required for dowry can be
enormous, young men who wish to marry resort
to cattle raiding to secure the necessary number.
Revenge attacks for stolen cows are common
where fights can easily escalate into full conflicts.
Furthermore, the abundance of small arms in the
hands of civilians aggravates these conflicts. As
one of the participants commented, “To procure
arms is as easy as buying food stuff.”
Cattle raiding is a widespread problem and consid-
ered a key insecurity issue in all of the nine counties
consulted in Unity State. It is particularly rampant
during the dry season when people and animals can move more easily and need to walk longer dis-
tances in search for water. Participants during the consultations indicated that unemployment, lack
of alternative livelihood options, food insecurity, competition over wealth, grazing land and water,
and the absence of security organs at the payam level are the key drivers for cattle raiding. This has
resulted in fights, deaths, loss of livestock, revenge attacks, food insecurity and even divorce when
the aggrieved party discovers and reclaims the stolen cattle that were paid for dowry.
Cattle raiding influences people’s way of life in Unity State, including their relations within counties
and with bordering states wherein water sources and grazing lands become points of contention.
4.2. Competition over water and grazing lands
Cattle herders compete over scarce water and grazing land for their livestock. Clashes occur more
frequently during the dry season and decline during the rainy season when movement of both hu-
mans and animals are restricted. When competition escalates into fights, human lives and cattle are
lost. The value of livestock and their survival amidst scarce water and pasture is very critical for cat-
tle keepers. “Before a cow dies because of inaccessibility to water and pasture, men should have
died first,” as one participant noted.
Pressure on available pastureland has increased with the influx of citizens returning to South Sudan.
Moreover, populations are pushed to look for other grazing land as they are forcefully evicted from
their traditional land when oil fields are discovered, as experienced by participants from Koch
County.
Community members in Mayom County illustrate the intensity
of conflicts over time. © UNDP
8
9
Incidence of cattle theft in Unity State
10
Conflict over land/water and tribal conflict—Unity State
Conflicts also arise from competing over water for human consumption due to the inadequate sup-
ply of boreholes and the shortage of harvested run-off water during the rainy season. Injuries, ethnic
fights and deaths have resulted from water-related conflicts. Competition over water resources can
also mean contention over fishing areas, as noted by participants from Guit County. This has led to
fights over the shortage of fish and the ensuing lack of income, and at times the destruction of boats
and fishing equipment.
Furthermore, participants, particularly those in Pariang County, claimed that oil companies operat-
ing here have polluted the environment through poor waste disposal, toxic gas emissions and oil
spillage due to bombings. This has rendered some land areas barren where they can no longer grow
crops or let cows graze. This has forced residents to move to neighbouring counties and thereby
compete for water and pasture land. Maps on the preceding pages show the location of cattle raids,
incidences of conflict over water/ boundaries as well as tribal conflict in Unity State.
Scarce water resources also impose an extra burden on women and girls who walk long distances in
search of water. They lose productive time doing so and the long distances between the water source
and their homes have exposed them to sexual violence. Carrying heavy water containers over vast
distances has also led to women’s poor health conditions. Women further revealed that husbands
subject their wives to violence if they could not find or collect water.
4.3. Attacks by rebel militia groups (RMGs)
Although seen as small in number, RMGs have been closely associated with a series of landmine
explosions and sporadic attacks resulting in deaths, rape, or injuries. Sporadic and indiscriminate
attacks by the RMGs have also disrupted and temporarily halted the education and learning calen-
dars of children. RMGs have also been reported to abduct or recruit child soldiers.
Their presence has further displaced and distorted the movement of communities, affecting their
socio-economic and livelihood activities. This has led to less commercial activities and posed a huge
challenge in delivering services, goods and commodities.
Participants believed that RMGs prevail in Unity State because they struggle for power and posi-
tions, and are discontented from elections and influences from the Sudan government. The presence
of RMGs was identified by participants in Rubkona, Abiemnhom, Koch, Mayom and Leer counties.
4.4. Border conflicts
Internal border conflicts are a problem between counties or between its neighbouring states such as
Warrap (Tonj East County), Lakes (Rumbek North County) and Jonglei. External border conflicts, on
the other hand occur between Unity and the
neighbouring Southern Kordofan in Sudan.
These conflicts are common during the dry sea-
son when communities from the conflicting
counties, states and regions are in need of wa-
ter for household use and livestock. Partici-
pants noted that although cross-border con-
flicts have been witnessed in the past, the crea-
tion of new states and counties have resulted in
an upward trend of these conflicts, pushing
populations outside original geographic loca-
tion.
Abiemnhom County residents identify locations where conflicts
occur. © UNDP
11
The root causes behind border conflicts, as perceived by participants, include the artificial colonial
border demarcation, disputes over land ownership, competition over land resources, e.g. oil fields,
grazing land and water sources, and migration of people. While elders and government officials are
responsible for deliberating and making decisions regarding border issues, the youth are directly
involved in fights over territories. Border conflicts in Unity State have resulted in loss of lives and
property, displacement of communities, injuries, and revenge attacks.
Participants claimed that external border conflicts that occur between Unity and its northern
neighbour Southern Kordofan have caused territorial disputes which typically occur during the dry
season when the Misseriya (Arab nomads) migrate to the south in search of water.
4.5. Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya
Every year, the Misseriya are known to move southwards to Unity for water and grazing land. At
the end of the dry season as they head back north, they have been reported to steal cattle and kill
people who get in their way. Participants in Rubkona and Abiemnhom counties, who identified this
as one of the biggest threats to security, have stated that the Misseriya are supported by the Govern-
ment of Sudan. Participants noted though, that conflicts have declined in the last two years as the
South Sudan security forces can now halt the movement of Misseriya at the border.
Participants also reported that the Misseriya have abducted children for child labour and slave
trade. There were reports that boys were mutilated to prevent them from escaping, and that girls
were abducted to be the “wives” of these boys.
4.6. Inter- and intra-clan fighting
Inter- and intra-clan fighting is a common phenomenon in several counties in Unity state. Inter-clan
fighting takes place between different counties or tribes while intra-clan fighting occurs between sub
-clans within the same county.
Inter and intra-clan fighting is often a result of competition over grazing land and over border de-
marcations. The conflicts may lead to killings, inciting a spate of revenge attacks, thus furthering a
vicious cycle of community insecurity. In Panyijar County, complex inter-clan fights have occurred
out of inequitable distribution of stolen cattle between two clans which have jointly carried out a
raid. Should some of the clan’s youth be killed during the planned raids, the aggrieved payam/clan
would expect compensation from their partner clans. These situations have frequently resulted in
disagreements and fights.
Inter- and intra-clan clashes have also occurred as a result of competition over girls, adultery, elope-
ment3, pregnancies outside of marriage, failure to pay dowry and forced marriages. Fighting over
girls/women and the associated cattle raiding to secure dowry, was in some communities considered
the biggest cause of insecurity between clans and families. The actors involved in inter- and intra-
clan fighting are mainly young men; however young women, parents and elders might be indirect
actors. What may have started as a family conflict in many cases could spill over to the entire com-
munity, resulting in indiscriminate killing of women, men and children.
4.7. Unemployment
The lack of jobs and incomes, according to participants are caused by the low level of education, lack
of capital or skills, limited or no economic opportunities, lack of awareness of various opportunities
3 Elopement of girls, as defined by the community, either means a woman eloping with and living with a man before the dowry is paid, or relations without the father’s consent. This can become a source of insecurity for the woman because her parents often send her brother/s to demand for dowry from the man’s family. By eloping with a man, the value of the woman in terms of the number of cattle she would have acquired is reduced. In places like Pariang, women reported that when brothers are sent to avenge the sister, other women and men are killed or injured.
12
and hindrance of investment from the blockage of the north-south roads. Participants also men-
tioned that people have an attitude of expecting the Government to provide them with employment.
Unemployment particularly affects both the male and female youth. Low employment rate in a
county can lead to redundancy, low standards of living, increased numbers of street children, di-
vorce, dependency on other family members, cattle raiding as a means of affording dowry, in-
creased crisis in the areas, migration (rural and urban) and depopulation. When young men are idle
they also tend to get involved in conflicts such as cattle raiding, inter-clan fighting and skirmishes
over young women.
4.8. Food insecurity
Food insecurity can either be a cause or an effect of other underlying security issues, as indicated by
participants. Food shortage is usually caused by drought, floods or the limited access to other mar-
kets which has been particularly problematic during the rainy season when roads are impassable or
flooded. In some areas, food shortage has worsened when the roads connecting Bentiu to Adok and
to Khartoum in Sudan were closed. Insecurity and risk of attacks have further prevented communi-
ties from accessing these markets or other food sources.
Food shortages have led to increased food costs in the market, often beyond the purchasing power
of the majority of households. With the lack of food and proper diet, people have suffered from
anaemia or malnutrition. Women’s security has been compromised as well. Wives have claimed that
they suffer from increased domestic violence if there is no food in the house, and women looking for
food late at night are prone to attacks from militia groups or wild animals.
Additionally, the influx of returnees and reduced food distribution from relief agencies has put an
even greater pressure on the food supply in Unity.
5. INSECURITY ISSUES AFFECTING WOMEN AND GIRLS
5.1. Division of labour according to gender
Although men in some counties worked for hours each day fishing and cultivating, women’s work-
load in most counties is significantly higher than men’s. In rural areas, women do both the house-
hold work and most of the tasks in the farm. They perform an abundance of duties and travel long
distances on foot to fulfil the household’s needs. Several of their duties are physically demanding
and can take several hours each day to accom-
plish. Women have no breaks in their workday –
except when breastfeeding, which constitutes
one of the few times they sit down during the
day. Both younger and older married women
perform all the household duties including
washing, grinding maize and fetching water and
firewood in addition to a number of pastoralist
tasks.
Both men and women expressed that this divi-
sion of labour was in accordance with tradition
and that it was the woman’s role to do this type
of work. If women do not perform the work they Women’s group in Pariang County with the consultation team.
© UNDP
13
are expected to do, their husbands may beat them
up or divorce them. In one workshop, male partici-
pants said that women were born to do this kind of
work and mentioned the dowry as a justification.
When participants were asked if they see any prob-
lems with the division of work, some replied that
the workload could cause trauma and illness. One
female participant’s reply to the question of
whether this would be a problem was “You can
marry another wife.”
5.2. Insecurity risks faced by women and girls
Women suffer considerably in times of conflict, of-
ten left alone to look after the family when the hus-
band leaves to fight and herd cattle or when he dies
in conflict. As such, women are still expected to
provide the next meal for the family, as well as pro-
tect the children and help them escape when con-
flicts worsen. However, women are rarely consulted
on issues of security and conflict resolution.
Women and girls are often afraid to walk long dis-
tances to fetch water or go to the forest to collect firewood or material for building fences. They face
risks from landmines, wild animals and attacks from rebel militia groups (RMGs) which were re-
ported to have committed murder, rape and abduction, and have forcefully stolen water containers
from women. Women who work at night, e.g. to brew beer for sale or to harvest water lily for food,
are at a particular risk of attacks from wild animals and RMGs. In Abiemnhom County, women re-
ported fear of attacks from the Misseriya. To reduce the risk of these militia attacks, women ex-
pressed that a solution to the risk of attacks from militia groups was to have water sources be estab-
lished closer to their homes.
Deployed soldiers living within the villages are perceived as often causing problems and posing
threats to local women, who reported of harassment especially when soldiers are intoxicated.
Women expressed that the payams need police and SPLA presence, but women would rather have
the soldiers be accommodated outside the villages.
Domestic violence is still common and some women have claimed they are most insecure at home
with their husbands. If they do not fulfil the tasks they are expected to do, for instance providing
food or water, they can be severely beaten by their husbands. Participants said that the depreciation
of women stems from the fact that when having paid a high dowry, some men perceive of their
wives as a commodity.
5.3. Sociocultural practices
Some sociocultural practices do not recognize women’s rights, such as the right to inherit property.
Prevailing practices include wife and property inheritance by relatives after the husband’s death.
Early and forced marriages also occur wherein ex-combatants or undisciplined soldiers have report-
edly kidnapped girls to make as their wives. However, women interviewed in the consultations said
that forced marriages were not as common as before, as society changes and women are becoming
more educated.
A typical day for women in Pariang County. © UNDP
14
However, it is possible for women to go to traditional authorities to get a divorce or seek help for
battery or other forms of domestic violence. According to women participants, it is more common to
go to traditional leaders for help instead of availing of the formal judicial system where the process
is tedious. Meanwhile, the inflicted damage may have already worsened before the case is resolved.
5.4. Lack of health facilities
Without proper and accessible medical facilities, women are often at high risk during childbirth be-
cause they are unable to travel on roads believed to be laid with landmines. Neither is it safe for doc-
tors or midwives to take the same road to attend to the woman. Furthermore, the few medical facili-
ties lack trained doctors, medical personnel and medicines.
5.5. Women and food security
Widowed women are expected to provide food for their families but since they do not own any cat-
tle, they depend on costly meat sold in markets. Women are then left with limited food choices, com-
promising the quantity and quality of food provided to the family. Furthermore, women are dis-
couraged from raising crops either for subsistence or to raise their income, for fear of landmines and
of possible militia attacks. They were, however, willing to do so if security organs would provide
stability in rural areas.
6. INSECURITY ISSUES AFFECTING THE YOUTH
6.1. Definition of youth
Youth, in the context of these community consultations, are generally defined as young men and
women, married or unmarried, below the age of 35. As participants were divided into groups of
men, women and youth, they were allowed to
join the group they found appropriate. Thus,
married women who are in the early years of
marriage and those without children are also
referred to as youth.
6.2. Roles of youth
Consultations showed that there is no distinction
between young women and older women’s roles
and division of labour; they generally take care
of all household chores in addition to tending to
vegetable gardens and cattle. Young men’s roles,
on the other hand, revolve almost exclusively
around the cattle; their main responsibility is cat-
tle keeping including moving with the herd ac-
cording to the seasons. This role transitions
young men into potentially good providers par-
ticularly of dowry, and is considered as the rite
of passage to manhood. If unmarried, though,
young men felt marginalised in their households
especially if they have older, married brothers.
They are also frustrated with the steep dowry
requirements that come with increased social
pressure, discouraging them from marrying.
Youth group in Mayom County creates this seasonal calendar.
© UNDP
15
Young women, as other married women, have more responsibilities and have very little free time.
Young men, on the other hand, have a lot of leisure time outside of their cattle-keeping duties. The
large amount of idle time, however, frustrates young men since they claimed to have hardly any
opportunities for income-generating or recreational activities.
6.3. Young men and women in the midst of conflict
Youth are seen as the main actors during conflict wherein young men are direct participants to the
conflict, with young women getting embroiled as well. Fights erupt, for instance, when young men
compete for girls as they herd cattle during the dry season. Some participants also shared that it is
common for young unmarried men and women to have relations during the season’s cultural
dances, resulting in pregnancies and thereby feuds between clans.
As main custodians of cattle, young men are the most prominent parties in cattle raiding and clashes
over grazing land and water. Driven by a desire to get married to secure enough dowry or moti-
vated by a culture of revenge, young men are often caught in a vicious cycle of attacks and counter-
attacks.
Idleness can also be a trigger for conflict. Several male participants pointed out that without jobs or
leisure activities, they are vulnerable to being recruited by rebel militia groups to participate in cattle
raids. Young men, even those who have not been parties to previous incidences, are enticed as con-
flict issues turn into vicious cycles of attacks and retaliation. Young men from Guit County told how
they can be tracked down in Bentiu in case someone wants to avenge other members of their clan.
Meanwhile, young women indicated that they were more concerned with insecurity in their house-
holds and immediate communities; i.e. issues that affected their everyday life. Domestic violence
and disputes over lack of employment or livelihood are key insecurity issues, as well as being
treated as property based on the dowry paid to the woman’s family.
While communities generally perceive youth as the main driver of insecurity and conflict, the youth
also see themselves as agents of positive change. However, they lack opportunities and alternative
livelihoods.
6.4. The need for education and employment
During the consultations, youth participants repeatedly identified the lack of education, training and
employment opportunities as a main concern, especially among young men who said they had few
vocational opportunities. Elders and county authorities echoed this sentiment as well. Without a
proper education, the youth do not meet the skills requirement for employment. On the other hand,
very few vocational opportunities and alternative livelihoods, such as those in agriculture, are avail-
able, leaving the youth to fall back into cattle keeping as their main source of livelihood. Combined
with idleness and the potential enticement from militia groups, youth are easily drawn into conflict.
Young unmarried men face additional challenges, especially if they are the youngest of the sons in
the household. They want to get married but high dowry demands combined with a lack of cattle in
their households place them under strain. In addition, there is a lack of employment opportunities
and tools for taking up agriculture. Consequently, young men reported a particular predicament as
they face social pressures, including falling under the weight of their own expectations.
A general perception among participants in the county consultations, including elders and county
authorities, was that there is an overriding lack of educational and training facilities, which contrib-
ute to the lack of alternative livelihoods for youth. The establishment of vocational training centres
should preferably be demand-driven and optimise youth leadership, including establishing youth
associations.
16
7. COUNTY-SPECIFIC FINDINGS
This section provides detailed results of the consultations in each of the nine counties. The outputs
of these consultations include a conflict analysis matrix, prioritisation of security issues and a com-
munity action plan. It should be noted that all of these findings were a direct expression of thoughts
and opinions of community members, drawn out through group discussions. While editing on
grammar and syntax was done according to publication standards, the matrices in this section re-
tained participants’ own wordings to preserve the integrity of the results.
7.1. Rubkona County
Rubkona County is located in the centre north of Unity State and covers an area of 3,597 sq km with
a population estimated at 100,2364. It borders Guit County to the east, Southern Kordofan state to the
north, Abiemnhom County to the northwest, Mayom County to the west and Koch County to the
south. It has two key towns, Rubkona (formerly known as Yoahnyang) and Bentiu which hosts the
state government. Rubkona County consists of 10 payams, namely Bentiu, Rubkona, Nhialdhiu, Kal-
jak, Budaang, Panhiany, Dhorbor, Wathjak, Ngop and Norlamwuel. Most parts of Rubkona County
remain inaccessible. The Nuer is the predominant ethnic group in the county.
Agriculture, livestock and fishing are the traditional livelihood activities in Rubkona County. Devel-
opment of the petroleum sector provides important economic and employment opportunities. The
closure of the Khartoum-Bentiu road that links the north with Unity state after the 2011 referendum
resulted in a shortage of commodities in the county. About 90 percent of the business activities in
Rubkona are run by communities from Sudan and from Darfur as well as by Nubian merchants.
Participants in the Rubkona County Consultations
Rubkona County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Women Men Total
20 35 55
Conflict Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the
conflict Effects Solutions
Cattle raid-
ing Competition over
wealth among clans Low levels of edu-
cation Presence of small
arms in the public Competition over
grazing land Undefined county
borders Shared land and
water resources
Male youth of Rubkona
vs Mayom Rubkona vs Misseriya
youth Rubkona Payam vs
Wathnyona Payam of
Guit, Budaang Payam vs Tor
Payam of Parieng, Panhiany Payam vs
Bou Payam of Koch Kerguin Payam of Guit,
Ngop Payam of
Rubkona vs Chatjak
Payam of Mayom
Communities Chiefs Government
of Sudan
Loss of lives Loss of properties Diseases Population decrease Hunger
Deployment of
police across coun-
ties Enforcement of law
on cattle raiders Construction of
police outposts at
the borders/
payams raiding
cattle Formation of com-
mittees from com-
munities leaders,
youth and women Provision of trans-
port and communi-
cation equipment
for police Compensation of
stolen cattle
Cont... 4 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12.
17
Conflict Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the
conflict Effects Solutions
Competition
over water Shortage of water in
the local area in
South Kordofan
where the Misseriya
reside
Women internally Youth from Rubkona vs
Youth of Misseriya Rubkona youth vs Koch
Youth Rubkona youth vs Guit
youth
Youth and men
of Rubkona and
Government of
Sudan push
Misseriya youth
Loss of human lives,
cattle and productive
time in search of
other water sources Forced migration Loss of productive
time as women must
walk long distances
in search of water Deaths
Drilling of boreholes Construction of haffirs (large
water catchments)
Competition
over grazing
land
Undefined borders
between communi-
ties Lack of pasture
Youth from Rubkona vs
Misseriya youth Government of
Sudan Cattle raiding Loss of properties Displacement Loss of lives Abduction of chil-
dren
Establishment of border
committee Use of legal document for
movement Deployment of UN troops
Rebel
Militia
Groups
(RMGs)
Competition over
power and wealth Tribalism Discontentment
over election results
RMGs vs SPLA SSLA vs SPLA SSLA vs organised
forces
Government of
Sudan Loss of lives and
properties Population decrease Insecurity Displacement Distortion of move-
ment Presence of land-
mines Violent attacks Recruitment of child
soldiers
Peace negotiations between
the government and the
RMGs Deployment of SPLA Dialogue between Sudan
and South Sudan govern-
ment
Border
conflicts Artificial colonial
border demarcation Competition over
the ownership of
land Competition over
land resources, e.g.
oil and grazing land Migration of people
Male youth and the
communities of
Rubkona vs youth Men and the communi-
ties of Mayom, Koch,
Guit and Pariang coun-
ties, plus Misseriya of
South Kordofan
Youth and men
from both sides Elders Head of secu-
rity in the state Governor SPLA
Loss of lives and
cattle Migration Loss of properties Diseases
Demarcation of borders Deployment of police across
the border Construction of police posts Provision of transport and
communication equipment
to police Road connectivity
Abduction
of children
by Mis-
seriya
Child labour Slave trade
Rubkona community vs
Misseriya male youth Government of
Sudan Loss of children Trauma Loss of manpower
Dialogue with Misseriya Deployment of police forces Border demarcation
Inter/intra-
clan fighting Competition over
grazing land Competition over
girls Border conflicts Revenge Eloping of girls and
early pregnancy Adultery Critic songs
Rubkona youth in the
villages vs Guit/
Mayom youth Youth in the sub-clans
within the county
Elders Restriction of move-
ment Lack of trust and
suspicion Broken relationships Loss of lives and
properties Diseases Population decrease Displacement Limited manpower
Enforcement of law Jobs creation Construction of schools Laws on dowry reduction Vocational training centres
for youth Engagement of faith groups Establishment of joint courts
Cont… Rubkona County: Conflict Analysis
18
Rubkona County: Prioritisation of Conflict Issues
Issue Men Women Youth Total Rank
1—Highest
7– Lowest Cattle raiding 3 4 2 9 3
Competition over water 4 2 6 12 4
Competition over grazing land 6 7 5 18 6
Attack by RMGs 2 3 1 6 2
Border conflict 1 1 3 5 1
Abduction by Misseriya 7 6 7 20 7
Inter- and intra-clan conflict 5 5 4 14 5
Project Action/Resources Possible partners Start
date Who will follow up
Priority 1: Construct six police posts in: Ngob Payam (Wangkei) Tanjiang Payam (Kerthou) Budaang Payam (Reng) Norlam Payam (Jornjang) Panhiany Payam (Tuet) Bentiu Payam (Kei)
Provision of land by the
community, labour by the
community, provision of
building materials
County authority 1 Jan
2012 County authority,
community leaders,
UNDP
Priority 2: Establish irrigation projects for
youth and women in: Wathjar Ngob Kaljak Dhorbor
Meeting with chiefs,
youths and women,
discuss what is
needed for the project
to be implemented Land Labour
Water pumps(4)
Water pipe Tractor
Seeds
Irrigation tools; axes,
holes
County authority
and Community
leaders. State govt/ com-
munity/ county
authority UNDP, AECOM
UNDP, AfDB
UNDP, FAO,
Min. of Agric/
state UNDP, Bureau/
MOWRI
30 Nov
2011 Community com-
mittee
Priority 3: Drill boreholes
Community mobilization,
provision of land by the
community, provision of
local materials, provision
of building materials,
labour
County authority,
community leaders,
central and state gov-
ernment, UNDP
1 Jan
2012 County authority,
community leaders,
Local steering Com-
mittee, UNDP
19
Rubkona County: Community Action Plan
7.2. Guit County
Guit County was formerly part of Rubkona County but was accorded separate status as a result of
the devolution of power in the CPA agreement. Guit covers a surface area of 3,432sq km5 and bor-
ders the following counties: Pariang in the north, Rubkona in the northwest, Koch in the South and
Old Fangak in Jonglei State to the east. It is situated along the Nile River with three significant ports.
Guit County has vast resources such as oil, cattle, fish and grasslands. Guit County has eight
payams, 24 bomas and 208 villages. The payams are Niemni, Kuach, Nyathoar, Kedad, Kuerguini,
Wathnyona, Chotyiel and Bil. All payams are connected to the county headquarter by murrum
roads.
The population is estimated at 33,0046 of which the majority are youth. Guit is predominantly occu-
pied by the Jikany clan of the Great Nuer tribe with a small of number of Fallath Arab Nomads and
some Darfurians. The majority of the population is comprised of cattle keepers but the population
also engage in subsistence farming and modest commercial fishing. The majority of the population
lives in rural areas with only a few elites residing in the urban centres of Unity State. During the dry
season, water and pasture becomes a challenge which leads people to move over long distances to
other areas.
Participants in the Guit County Consultations
Guit County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Women Men Total
13 46 59
Conflict
Issues Causes Parties Effects Possible solution
Unclear
borders Control over taxation. People
taxed are from Guit but tax col-
lected by Pariang Competition over state capital
ownership Communities claim land of Ben-
tiu Political interest of having higher
population to increase political
weight and have more seats in the
State Parliament Higher population means more
access to developmental State
funds allocated Misunderstanding/mistrust be-
tween communities
Tax collectors Politicians Settlers in the contested
areas Communities in Payam
Occasional fighting Death Instability Tension
Border demarcation 3-party mediation: 2 communi-
ties and mediation by an exter-
nal party (not the government ) Referring to old (colonial) maps
to establish facts Engage elders knowledgeable of
local history of the exact borders Traditional conflict resolution
mechanism Engage communities in recon-
ciliation Establishment of border court
(formal judicial system) to solve
controversies
Unemploy-
ment Attitude of seeking Government
employment Lack of skills Unfair competition from skilled
traders Idleness/inertia as consequence of
war, people have no initiative Laziness: people look for clerical
jobs and do not consider farming
or labour intensive work
Women Men Population at large but
mainly youth Youth
Insecurity caused by
idleness People are unable to
support their families Business initiatives of
poor traders suffo-
cated by stronger trad-
ers
Formation of consortia or busi-
ness groups Family-based business project
based on resources owned Awareness/sensitisation on op-
portunities, business ideas, tech-
niques, skills Create own business opportuni-
ties without relying only on pub-
lic employment
5 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Cen-tre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 8.
6 Ibid, p.12.
Cont…
20
Conflict Issues Causes Parties Effects Possible solution
Women are not supported by
husbands/families in their en-
trepreneurship Lack of transparency and merit
in public post recruitment
Vocational training in brick
making, catering, hotel man-
agement, mechanics
Conflict over
marriage/
dowry
Elopement Failure to pay dowry Early pregnancy Dowry paid but pregnancy
with another man occurs before
marriage Arranged marriages
Families Girls Youth Community
Girls punished Inter-family fighting Reduced family
wealth Forced marriage Trauma in marriage
(unfaithfulness, adul-
tery, domestic vio-
lence) Death
Respect rights of others Respect women’s rights to
choose partner Awareness: girls are not just a
source of wealth Shift dowry from cows to
money (no need for raiding) Community consultation on
dowry
Competition
over grazing
land, fisheries
Rubkona men coming to Guit
for pasture during dry season Presence of only one fishing site
(Lel Ganyai)
Youth Men
Fighting Cattle raiding Lack of food Lack of income
Community leaders to facili-
tate youth movement Channel water from river Nile
to Guit Provision of tools for fishing Border demarcation Cleaning the river to expand
fishing ground
Presence of
rebel militia
groups
(RMGs)
Power struggle North Sudan trying to cause
insecurity in the State
RMGs SPLA, SAF
Presence of land-
mines Deaths Disabilities Road blockade
Peace talks à try to solve CPA
pending issues Peace dialogue in the commu-
nity Border demarcation Police posts and patrols
Inter-clan
fighting Competition over girls/
marriage Pregnancy before marriage
Youth Death Diseases Injuries/disabilities No opportunity for
movement
Alternative livelihood and
employment opportunity Youth engagement Traditional leaders to help
solve controversies Education and training
Cattle raiding Culture / Tradition Lack of education Lack of economic opportunities Lack of food
Young men Death Famine Diseases Disabilities Loss of life and prop-
erty
Cutting down trees and reset-
tle in Nyatuol, Chang Pageny,
Pam, Nyayouk Expanding agricultural and
other livelihood activities Provision of agricultural tools
including water tanks
Long distance
to water points Lack of water points Women responsibility to fetch
water
Men Women
Rape Overwork
Boreholes drilling for humans
and animals Grinding mills
Domestic
violence Dowry Women low status in the soci-
ety
Men Women
No appreciation of
women from men Women not involved
in decision making Cultural belief that
women have no
rights Clan fights
Solve inequality through access
to education Provision of reproductive
health services Support to orphans and wid-
ows Adult education
Cont… Guit County: Conflict Analysis
21
Guit County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up
Priority 1: Opening of existing wa-
ter canal to provide ac-
cess to water
Show the site Community 5 Jan 2012 Steering Committee
formed by the payams
Clear the site County government
Provide labour and inspect the
existing canal UNDP
Provide security Local administration
Provide construction company UNDP and Steering Committee
Community mobilization Community
1 Jan 2012 Community leaders,
Steering committee Priority 2: Mechanised agricultural
projects (all
payams) Identification of land County authorities Steering Committee
Formation of farming associa-
tions and membership County authorities and commu-
nity
Feb-Mar 2012 Payam authorities and
Steering Committee
Training of farmers through their
Associations County authorities, UNDP May 2012 Steering Committee
Purchase of a tractor UNDP Steering committee
Purchase of farm inputs (seeds,
tools, pesticide) UNDP Steering Committee and
county authorities
Priority 3: Construction and equip-
ping of two police
posts
Awareness, identifying actual
locations in Thow Managor and
Chang Payams
County and payam authorities Jan 2012 Steering committee and
payam authority
Land clearing Local Mar 2012 Payam authority
Tendering process Steering Committee, UNDP Steering Committee
Mobilisation of local materials Community and payam Community
Actual construction, provision of
equipment/furniture, communi-
cation equipment, vehicle
Contractors/UNDP Steering Committee/
UNDP
Hand over to government UNDP Steering Committee
22
Conflict issue Women Men Youth Total Rank
1—Highest
9– Lowest Unclear borders 3 1 1 5 1
Unemployment 2 3 7 12 4
Marriage/dowry 9 8 6 23 8
Competition over grazing land, water and fisheries 7 2 2 11 2
Cattle raiding 6 5 8 19 7
RMG presence 5 4 5 14 5
Inter-clan fighting 4 6 4 14 5
Domestic violence 8 9 9 26 9
Long distance to water points 1 7 3 11 3
Guit County: Community Action Plan
7.3. Abiemnhom County
Abiemnhom County is situated in the northeast of Unity state bordering South Kordofan and Abyei
in Sudan. Abiemnhom further shares borders with Mayom County to the southeast, Pariang County
to the north, Rubkona County to the east, and Twic County (Warrap State) to the south. Abiemnhom
has a surface area of 2,380 sq km and has an estimated population of 17,0127, most of whom are
Dinka Alor along with some Nuer. The main economic activity in Abiemnhom is agriculture.
Until 2005 Abiemnhom was part of Mayom County but became an independent county with the
signing of the CPA. Abiemnhom’s population was almost wiped out during the second civil war in
1983, which saw the majority of people fleeing to Sudan. Re-settlement only began in 2003. Parts of
Abiemnhom remain unsettled and especially along the borders this allows for easy movement of
RMGs who use Abiemnhom as a corridor for launching attacks in Mayom County.
Participants in the Abiemnhom County Consultations
Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Women Men Total
24 36 60
Conflict issues Causes Parties involved Parties to the
conflict Effects Solutions
Presence of
RMGs Abiemnhom is the
corridor to Mayom
– Bangbang payam No police presence/
security
RMGs and SPLA Government
of Sudan Government
of South Su-
dan
Presence of landmines Disabilities Loss of lives Restriction of move-
ment Food insecurity
Deployment of security forces
(SPLA and police) along the
border of Bangbang and
Awarpiny payams Construction of roads for eas-
ier deployment and delivery of
supplies Construction of boreholes
along the insecure borders for
easier access to water for secu-
rity forces Competition
over grazing
land
Lack of pasture
north of the border
of Sudan during
dry season Khartoum govern-
ment incites Mis-
seriya to capture
land Soft border since
independence
Male youth and
men from
Abiemnhom –
Misseriya youth
Government
of Sudan Displacement Burning of houses
and gardens Loss of property Loss of lives Abduction of children
Deployment of security forces
(SPLA and police) along the
border with Sudan Construction of police posts
and provide transport, com-
munication and provisions
Competition
over water Lack of clean water Lack of boreholes Competition over
fisheries Competition over
river Kiir
Youth (men and
women) from
Abiemnhom –
Misseriya youth
Communities
Abiemnhom -
Khartoum
Insecurity Loss of lives Long distances to
fetch water for
womenà miscarriages
and health problems
Connection of water pipes Construction of more bore-
holes Clear/demarcation of borders
Competition
over oil Presence of oil Ownership of oil
Government of
Sudan Government of
South Sudan
Government
of Sudan Government
of South Su-
dan
Inadequate oil Food insecurity Insecurity Fear Lack of development Displacement Loss of lives
International interventions –
demarcate borders Involvement of UN security
council Resolve outstanding CPA
issues
Cont... 7 Ibid, p. 12.
23
Conflict issues Causes Parties involved Parties to the
conflict Effects Solutions
Presence of
landmines RMGs allegedly
sent by Khartoum
government to
plant landmines
Youth and men of
the militia group Government
of Sudan Restriction of move-
ment Food insecurity Inflation Loss of lives Limited access to
medical care for preg-
nant women and
farmers
UNMAO should carry out
demining in the affected areas The government of South Su-
dan should raise the issue in
the international community Deployment of troops to inse-
cure payams UNMISS should patrol the
areas affected
Attack by Mis-
seriya Control over re-
sources, e.g. gum
Arabic, fisheries Grazing land Water Khartoum govern-
ment instigation to
divide the Dinka
and Nuer tribe
Youth and men of
Misseriya Government
of Sudan (they
give arms to
the Misseriya)
Loss of cattle Loss of lives Rape Displacement Destruction of prop-
erties Abduction of children
Deployment of police and
military in the payams Border demarcation
Border conflict Struggle for re-
sources, e.g. grass,
sand, fish, etc. Quest to annex
some lands Grazing land
Youth and men
from Abiemnhom
vs. Misseriya
Government
of Sudan Assault/harassment of
women particularly Restriction of move-
ment Underdevelopment Lack of education
Deployment of police and
army to the payams at the
border Clear demarcation of Sudan
and South Sudan Mediation of this dispute over
border between north and
south done by the interna-
tional community
Cattle raiding Presence of arms in
hands of Misseriya Wealth and pres-
tige Ex-combatant
(need for survival) Lack of rule of law No police presence Dowry Water issues Community Incite-
ment
RMGs Misseriya Youth
Divorce (if cows sto-
len are discovered
and taken back) Fights Loss of lives Loss of livestock Revenge attacks Food insecurity Displacement Loss of livelihood Enmity/sour relation-
ship among the com-
munity
Increase the number of police
forces at the border Awareness and intercom-
munity dialogues Provision of water dams and
canals Roads network Establishment of Joint courts Disarmament (regional) Border protection and restric-
tions
Presence of
small arms Demobilised and
not disarmed SPLA
Ex-combatant
(disserted) Presence of RMGs Presence of Mis-
seriya (Arab no-
mads) Cattle Raiding Protection of
wealth
Misseriya Militia groups Youth from War-
rap state Ex-combatants
(SPLA)
Government
of Sudan Unknown
militia groups
Displacement Intercommunity fight-
ing Collapse business Lack of commodities Hunger and malnutri-
tion Diseases Loss of lives Close down of schools Fear/stress leading to
premature delivery/
miscarriages Disabilities Increased number of
orphans Bad effect on babies/
children
Police presence (well
equipped) Clear border demarcation Disarmament Increase dialogues between the
two countries Prison along the border
Cont...
Cont… Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis
24
Conflict issues Causes Parties involved Parties to the
conflict Effects Solutions
Unemployment Insecurity Low level of educa-
tion Lack of capital Lack of entrepre-
neurial Skills Blockage of North-
South Roads thus
investment dis-
couraged
Youth (women
and men)
Low standard of liv-
ing Increase the number
of street children Divorce Dependency Increase crisis in the
areas Cattle raiding due to
redundancy and de-
sire for dowry Migration (rural and
urban) Depopulation Redundancy
Income generating activities Provision of loans for small
scale business Vocational training (carpentry,
African gum, fisheries, brick
laying) Agricultural farming projects Provision of sewing machines
for women’s groups Construct recreational centre
for youth activities
Cont… Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis
Abiemnhom County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Conflict issue Women Men Youth Total Rank 1—Highest
10– Lowest
Cattle raiding 4 2 5 11 3
Competition over water 3 3 2 8 2
Competition over grazing land 5 5 6 16 5
Unclear border 6 4 3 13 4
Presence of small arms 7 6 9 22 8
Misseriya attacks 1 1 1 3 1
Presence of RMGs 2 8 7 17 6
Unemployment 9 7 4 20 7
Competition over oil fields 8 10 10 28 10
Presence of landmines 10 9 8 27 9
25
Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up
Priority 1: Construction of police
posts in at least four,
preferable seven payams
Identify location and land Community, payam
authorities Jan 2012 Steering Committee,
Commissioner, com-
munity leaders Survey the location County surveyors Feb 2012
Identify building materials
(local) Community Mar 2012 Steering Committee
Tendering process UNDP, Government Apr 2012 Steering Committee, UNDP
Procurement of materials UNDP Government
Apr 2012 Steering Committee Commissioner Community leaders
Actual construction Apr 2012 Steering Committee Commissioner Community leaders
Purchase furniture and
equipment UNDP Jul 2012 UNDP
Steering Committee Hand over UNDP
Government Aug 2012
Provision of land Community Jan 2012 Steering Committee,
county authorities Priority 2: Construction of seven
boreholes in the
payams Provision of local materials
(with pay) Community
Provision of labour (with
pay) Community
Provision of security County authorities
Provision of accommodation
Provision of construction
company UNDP
Priority 3: Sorghum farming in the
seven
payams
Meet with communities and
authorities County commis-
sioner Jan. 2012 Steering Committee,
county authorities,
UNDP Search for fertile land Community
Machines for tree cutting UNDP State Government Community FAO WFP NGOs
Seeds
Labour
Thresher machine
Generator
Water
Pumping machine
Pesticides
Fertilizers
Storage facility
Abiemnhom County: Community Action Plan
26
7.4. Leer County
Leer County is situated in the southeast part of Unity State, approximately 135 km from the state
capital Bentiu. It consists of 16 payams and 48 bomas. It is the most densely populated county in
Unity State, with an estimated population of 53,022 and an area of 1,612 sq km.8 The county borders
Koch County to the North, Mayendit County to the East, Panyijar County to the southeast and Jon-
glei State to the East. The border between Leer and other counties is not yet demarcated.
The population in Leer relies on livestock, fishing and subsistence agriculture. The county receives
rains between June to October which often results in floods. The swampy terrain makes the county
endemic to diseases such as malaria and to parasitic infections like Kala Azar and bilharzias, among
others.
Participants in the Leer County Consultations
Leer County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Women Men Total
18 38 56
Conflict
Issues Causes Parties in the
conflict Parties to
the conflict Effects Solutions
Competi-
tion over
pasture
Less rainfall Drought Claim of ownership
of communal grazing
land Revenge Inadequate water
sources for pasture
growth Justice system still
slow, laws on raiders
not used Overstocking of ani-
mals Revenge to acquire
dowry for sisters who
have been eloped
Youth of
Leer, May-
endit and
Panyijar
Parents Elders Tradi-
tional
leaders
Loss of herds of cattle Loss of life Spread of livestock diseases Degradation of vegetation and
land Violent fights Mistrust between counties
Water sources construction Mobile animal health clinics Formation of youth organiza-
tions in cattle camps Youth training on peace build-
ing and unity Creation of income earning/job
opportunities Burning of bushes should be
stopped Creating ranches
Poor man-
agement of
returnees
Limited funds Unclear return polices Poor planning of
return process Concentration of
returnees in urban
areas High influx of return-
ees during the refer-
endum Inadequate humani-
tarian support Fear of statelessness
Sudan and
South Su-
dan Govern-
ments
Humani-
tarian
partners
Pressure on existing resources
and services Increase of crime Incompatible cultural practices
from different diasporas Over-population Competition over land, water,
education etc Increased unemployment Language barrier – medium of
instruction is English so children
from Sudan are unable to fit in Natural resources mismanage-
ment Mismanagement of return re-
sources
Allocation of adequate basic
services – water, education,
health etc Creation of job opportunities Vocational training and income
generating activities for the
youth Awareness raising on return
policies
Cont... 8 Ibid, p. 12
27
Conflict
Issues Causes Parties in the
conflict Parties to the
conflict Effects Solutions
Competition
over water Drying up of rivers –
Gaar, Tiam and
Kuelnyang Long dry spell seasons –
which takes about 5
months Inadequate water sources
in all payams whereby
people have to share one
borehole – Pillieny and
Thornyang payams Five payams do not have
boreholes – Adok, Dhor-
gani, Gander, Gir, Juong High returnees influx Broken boreholes
Women, youth
and children Elders and
leaders Long waiting time at water
points Fights among youth in de-
fence of their sisters and
mothers; Women have less sleeping
time because many hours
are spent at water points Fights among women and
girls from various payams Miscarriage among expect-
ing women Less food in the house Poor personal hygiene at
household level Health conditions deterio-
rate leading to neck, head,
chest pain and miscarriage
by expectant mothers Women are beaten by hus-
bands if there is no water in
the house Girls drop out of school to
support with water fetching
for the family
Increase water sources/
points in all payams Surface water harvest-
ing
Borders
disputes Creation of new counties Discovery of oil fields in
Leer Displacement of people Unjust system of com-
pensation between Leer
and Mayendit Un-institutionalised con-
flict management mecha-
nisms ( when a good
officer who manages
conflicts well is trans-
ferred the new person
hired uses bad mecha-
nisms) Fear that the less popu-
lated areas would be
annexed Fear that counties would
not be allocated resources
or get services due to
less population Perception by some peo-
ple that traditional justice
applied favours some
people Confusion on voter regis-
tration Scramble to control coun-
ties between Mayendit
and Leer (main roads
taxes)
Youth in Leer
and Mayendit Elders,
women and
politicians
Fighting over resources
(water and schools) Restriction of movements Displacement of people Mistrust among communi-
ties Loss of life and property Out migration by men Rape of women and chil-
dren Inter-county disputes over
compensation paid by the
oil company to destructed
farms, houses and resources
Border demarcation Inter-county dialogue Adequate allocation of
funds and services by
government to all coun-
ties regardless of popu-
lation and size Empowerment of local
authorities to mobilize
communities on peace
matters and coexistence Provide more equip-
ment for security organs Proper management of
the return process Empower local authori-
ties in resource mobili-
zation Support the reintegra-
tion of returnees Adequate basic services
(Water, Health, Educa-
tion); Cultural awareness
Cont… Leer County: Conflict Analysis
Cont...
28
Conflict
Issues Causes Parties in the
conflict Parties to the
conflict Effects Solutions
Attacks by
Rebel Militia
Group
(RMG)
Failure to reintegrate militia
to national army Failure to succeed in captur-
ing political seats by certain
politicians Illegal possession of firearms
by citizens Motivation to accumulate
wealth Unconfirmed ranks Opposition of elections and
referendum
Youth organ-
ized by
Galuak
Political
leader that
failed to
capture his
seat
Fighting Killings Displacement of
people Rape of women and
children Restriction of move-
ment Forced recruitment
of children Low production of
food Rape of women Stealing of water
containers and
cooking pots
Deployment of forces along
the borders Comprehensive disarmament Reintegration of militia groups Dialogue between Govern-
ment and RMGs Border demarcation between
South Sudan and Sudan
Cattle
raiding Less job opportunities Inadequate food supply Absence of security forces High cost of dowry Revenge Presence of arms Lack of awareness on the
effects of cattle raiding and
other opportunities for gen-
erating wealth Less food importation from
the North due to the dys-
functional port Adok and
absence of roads Belief that possession of
many heads of cattle is pres-
tigious Bribing prison officers by
elders to have their con-
victed sons released from
prison Motivation to have money
and clothes for Christmas Release of cattle raiders by
prison authorities due to
poor capacity of prisons to
provide basic needs
Youth of Leer
and Mayendit,
Koch, Mayom,
Rubkona and
Panyijar
Parents
who push
their sons to
raid Militia who
supply
guns
Cross-border fight-
ing Displacement of
people Loss of property Restricted move-
ments Less production of
food Out-migration by
men and youth Women are left
behind to bear the
burden of family
care Loss of patriotism
Construction of police stations
and deployment of police Promote job creation for the
youth Construction of road to link
State Headquarters with coun-
ties Support foreign investors to
create job opportunities Improve communication sys-
tems to access security organs
in time of need Hold dialogue between the
youth in the payams /inter-
county dialogue Increase cross border dialogue Build mobile schools for the
youth in the cattle camps Provide the youth with techni-
cal skills including masonry,
carpentry, electronics and
metal work
Cont… Leer County: Conflict Analysis
29
Cont…
Conflict
Issues Causes Parties in the
conflict Parties to
the conflict Effects Solutions
Food
insecurity High influx of returnees Use of traditional farming
system Closure of borders be-
tween South Sudan and
Sudan Over reliance on rain-fed
farming Drought Floods Polygamy – overstretch
food resources Absence of food security
priority by Government Displacement Alcoholism by men Loss of livestock and agri-
cultural land due to open
disposal of waste products
by oil company Fights between Dier in
Leer and Mayendit Restricted movement Death of household heads Pest infestation Lack of diversification of
income sources Attacks by wild animals
Men, youth
and women Militant
Groups Sudan
Govern-
ment
Malnutrition among children
and women Out-migration of men Women left behind to care
for children Forced and early marriage of
girls Pregnant mothers become
anaemic Death of pregnant women Robbery with violence Loss of life Some children refuse to go to
school – high dropout Miscarriages by expecting
mothers/women School dropout; children join
cattle camps and get men-
tored to raiding practices High rate of divorce Women overwhelmed (Sleep
at 01:00 am and wake up at
04:00 am in the rainy season) Poor sexual relationship
between spouses Men beat wives and children
if there is no food Exposure habits of rape
Initiation of income generat-
ing activities for women Irrigation pumps to harvest
twice a year Modern farming methods
(Tractors, improved seeds,
extension of services) Creation of employment
opportunities for youth Dialogue among the youth
for peaceful coexistence Enact and enforce laws
against alcohol and beating
of women Awareness raising against
domestic violence Rotational system Engage South Sudan Wild
Life Services to control
wildlife Open East Africans routes
for food Construction of dikes to
control flooding Construction of inter-state
roads Attraction of foreign inves-
tors in food production
Cont… Leer County: Conflict Analysis
Leer County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
9 Leer county commissioner, police commissioner, South Sudan Wildlife Service, South Sudan People’s Liberation Army, and South Sudan People’s Liberation Movement secretary.
Conflict / Insecurity Issues Youth Women Men / Elders County
authorities9
Total Rank 1—Highest
7– Lowest
Competition over pasture 5 7 5 6 23 6
Poor management of return process 6 3 4 5 18 4
Border disputes 4 6 6 4 20 5
Competition over water 3 2 3 2 10 2
Food insecurity 1 1 1 1 4 1
Cattle raiding 2 5 2 3 12 3
Attacks by Rebel Militia Groups
(RMGs) 7 4 7 7 25 7
30
Leer County: Community Action Plan
Proposed
projects Proposed components Activities Resources Possible partners
Priority 1: Food secu-
rity project
Provide one tractor, improved
seeds and extension services
for the county towards im-
proved farming Mobilize and train farmer
groups’ members (three mem-
bers in each payam) Provide the women’s union in
Leer county with support to
initiate one retail shop and a
restaurant at Leer county head-
quarter to improve income to
supplement food needs Provide women with one grind-
ing mill at Leer Payam centre Provide the youth in all the
payams with skills in masonry,
welding and carpentry includ-
ing adult education
Mobilize and form
farmer groups with
both men and
women Train farmers on
improved farming
systems Strengthen the
women ‘s union
with skills to enable
them run the retail
shop, restaurant
Tractors
Irrigation
pumps Seeds
Tools
Funds
Technical
experts Grinding
machine Funds
Local govern-
ment UNDP Other UN or-
ganizations
Priority 2: Water
project
Mobilise and build the capacity
of water user group to main-
tain the water sources Drill 64 hand pumps (3 in each
payam) Construct water reservoir for
livestock and kitchen garden-
ing in each payam Repair five boreholes in
Adok, Dhorgani, Gander, Gir,
and Juong Repair one water tank at Leer
headquarters near the market
Identifying payam
committees / leader-
ship that will work
with the steering
committee
Drilling ma-
chines Water pumps Engineer
Other related
equipment
and materials
Authorities in the
county Traditional lead-
ers Return and Rein-
tegration Com-
mission (RRC) Water Depart-
ment
31
7.5. Koch County
Koch is located in the south of Unity State and borders Guit County to the northeast, Mayom
County to the west, Rubkona County to the north, and Mayendit County to the south. It shares its
border with Tonj East and Tonj North County of Warrap state to the west. The county has seven
payams; Gany, Norbor, Pakur, Boaw, Ngony, Mirmir and Jaak. It is estimated that the total popula-
tion of Koch is 74,863.10
Koch County is predominantly inhabited by Nuer people, of which there are five distinct clans,
namely Rayien, Boor, Lang, Wuot and Jidiet. However, during the wars other ethnic groups came to
the area. Koch communities rely on livestock, agriculture, fishing and oil for their livelihoods. Koch
County has 11 murrum roads that connect it to various payams. None of these roads has tarmac and
are thus inaccessible during the rainy season.
Participants in the Koch County Consultations
Koch County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Women Men Total
21 29 50
Conflict
issues Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the
conflict Effects
Cattle
raiding To get rich
High cost of dowry ( 60-100 cows) Revenge
Restock lost livestock
Myth that cattle belong to the Nuer people
Myth that cattle belong to Dinka in War-
rap Lack of alternative income for the youth
Lack of education by the youth to engage
in viable activities Lack of roads from payam to payam
hence raiders caught cannot be handed
over to law enforcers Absence of police station, radio communi-
cation and vehicles Presence of vegetation used has hideouts
by cattle raiders in the rainy season Punishment to those who have impreg-
nated their sisters
Youth in Warrap
raid Koch Youth in Koch raid
Warrap Youth in Mayom
raid Koch Youth in Koch raid
Mayom
Parents
Extended fam-
ily
Spread of firearms
Food insecurity in Koch Loss of property
Abduction of women and
children Rape of women
Limitation in movement Hunger
Loss of livelihoods sources
Loss of household assets
Inter clan fights Overcrowding of people and
livestock Environmental degradation
due to overstocking Children displaced from
school
Food
insecurity Destruction of crops by elephants
Rape of women when they are working in
the farm Abduction of boys when working in the
farms Killing of boys who provide manpower in
the farms for food production Concentration on traditional farming
methods that do not produce much yields Low yields due to reliance on rain-fed
farming High cost of farm inputs
Inaccessible roads hence other foods can-
not be purchased from Juba or the North
Youth who attack
from neighbouring
counties Koch youth who
revenge and also
attack the
neighbouring
counties Men who beat
wives whenever
there is no food
RMGs who
attack people
while working
in the farms
School dropout by children
due to hunger Women beaten by husbands
whenever there is no food in
the house Migration by men to other
regions leaving behind
women with the burden of
family care
10 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008.” In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. South-ern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12.
Cont...
32
Conflict
issues Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the
conflict Effects
Competition
over water Competition over ownership
of river Dol and Bilchang Inadequate water sources Discrimination of small clans
from water points High livestock population
Youth are not occupied/ are
idle
Warrap youth who
bring cattle to Dol
river Koch youth who
bring cattle to Dol
river Mayom youth who
bring cattle to Dol
river Women and girls
who fight at the
water points
Elders Fathers
Fighting between Warrap and Koch youth
Fighting between Koch and Mayom
youth Killings
Loss of life of youth
Loss of children by parents
Loss of sources of livelihood sources Outbreak of livestock diseases
Death of livestock
Women covering long distances ( 5hours)
to fetch water resulting to miscarriages,
rape, attacks by wild animals/ snakes,
roadside deliveries, injuries, attacks by
RMG who steal Jerri cans
Competition
over land
ownership
Displacement of populations
as a result of clashes in the
North Creation of the new counties
which push some clans out-
side their original geographi-
cal locations
Rubkona elders
community claim-
ing rights over
land Mayom elders
community claim-
ing rights over
land Koch elders claim-
ing ownership of
land
Government of
South Sudan Elders
Loss of human life
Loss of property Fighting between Koch and Mayom
youth Fighting between Koch and Rubkona
youth Killings
Loss of life of youth Loss of children by parents
Loss of sources of livelihood
Outbreak of livestock diseases
Death of livestock Displacement of people
Competition
over pasture Drought
Overstocking Pollution of vegetation by oil
company Discrimination of the smaller
clans Youth have no other activities
Warrap youth who
bring cattle to Dol
river Koch youth who
bring cattle to Dol
river Mayom youth who
bring cattle to Dol
river
Elders and
parents Fighting between Warrap and Koch youth
Fighting between Koch and Mayom
youth Killing of youth and people in general
Loss of life of youth
Loss of children by parents
Loss of sources of livelihood Outbreak of livestock diseases
Displacement of populations
Death of livestock
Forceful
eviction by
oil compa-
nies
Discovery of oil fields
Failure by the government to
provide strong policies on
compensation
Koch elders vs
Government of
Sudan Elders vs oil com-
pany management Youth vs oil com-
pany
Government of
Sudan Uncovered trenches
Open disposal of waste on land, rivers
and pasture Death of livestock in the open trenches
Injuries of people from the open trenches
Death of children in the open trenches
Displacement of people whose land have
oil fields Inadequate pasture
Children consuming chemicals disposed
in the open resulting to death
Cont… Koch County: Conflict Analysis
Cont...
33
Conflict
issues Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the
conflict Effects
Attacks by
rebel militia
group (RMG)
Rebellion against Govern-
ment of South Sudan Intentions to acquire political
power
Youth organized by
James Galwak Gai
Government of
Sudan Raping of women children
Killing of people Forceful recruitment of children
to the militia group Abduction of women and chil-
dren Burning of villages
Displacement of people Looting of property
Re-arming of militia
Forceful accusation of victims
and families Victimization of men who report
atrocities by RMG to their wives Food insecurity
Robbery with violence
Looting of household cooking
pans and water Jerri cans by the
militia Loss of dignity for women
Spread of Sexually Transmitted
Infections Rejection of girls who have been
raped Presence of land mines planted
by the militia
Cont… Koch County: Conflict Analysis
Koch County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Conflict / Insecurity Issues Youth Women Men / Elders County
authorities11
Total Rank 1—Highest
7 Lowest
Cattle raiding 3 3 1 2 9 3
Competition over water 2 2 2 1 7 1
Food insecurity 1 1 3 3 8 2
Competition over pasture 4 5 4 6 19 4
Attacks by rebel militia groups 6 4 7 7 21 7
Competition over land owner-
ship 7 6 5 4 22 5
Forceful eviction by oil com-
pany 5 7 6 5 23 6
11Koch commissioner, Police commissioner, South Sudan Wildlife service, South Sudan People’s Liberation Army, and South Sudan People’s Liberation Movement secretary
34
Koch County: Community Action Plan
Project Proposed project com-
ponents Activities Resources Possible partners Start
Date Who will
follow up Priority 1: Water project
Construct 9 water pans
in Norbor, Pakur, Gany,
Nyang, Ngony, Koch,
Bouw, Jaak and Tharjath
payams for livestock
Organize community
meetings to identify
space / land for the
water pans Train community on
water pan construc-
tion and maintenance
Water pan
equipment Funds Land
Expert on water
pans
County Authority
UNDP Other humanitarian
agencies
10 Jan 2012
County
Authority Commu-
nity
Construct 9 bore holes
in Norbor, Pakur, Gany,
Nyang, Ngony, Koch,
Bouw, Jaak and Tharjath
payams for domestic use
Organize community
meetings to identify
space / land for the
boreholes Select a water use
committee and train
them on borehole
maintenance
Borehole equip-
ment Funds Land
Expert on bore-
hole construc-
tion
County Authority
UNDP Other humanitarian
agencies
10 Jan 2012
County
authorities
Construct a drainage
system along the river
bank to prevent and
control the floods
Mobilize community
to support the con-
struction work in
kind and cash where
possible
Materials and
equipment for
construction of
drainage system Funds Expert
County Authority
UNDP Other humanitarian
agencies
10 Jan 2012
County
authorities
Construct 4 bridges to
ease transportation in
Norbor, Pakur, Gany,
Nyang, Ngony, Koch,
Bouw, Jaak and Tharjath
payams
Mobilize the commu-
nity to support the
construction work in
cash and kind
Equipment and
materials Expert on
bridge construc-
tion Funds
County Authority
UNDP Other humanitarian
agencies
10 Feb 2012
County
authorities
Install water irrigation
generators in Norbor,
Pakur, Gany, Nyang,
Ngony, Koch, Bouw,
Jaak and Tharjath
payams
Mobilize the commu-
nity to support the
installation process Mobilize the commu-
nity to form user
groups in all the
payams where instal-
lation shall take place Train the user groups
on management of
the irrigation interven-
tion
Irrigation
equipment Funds Expert
County Authority
UNDP Other humanitarian
agencies
10 Feb 2012
County
authorities
Cont...
35
Priority 2: Food security
project
Proposed project com-
ponents Activities Resources Who will provide Start
Date Who will
follow up
Provide one tractor,
improved seeds, small
scale irrigation and
field extension ser-
vices in all the 7
payams Initiate and install
one grinding mill for
women for the grains
produced at Koch
headquarters Build capacity of the
youth in all the
payams in technical
skills specifically in
carpentry, mechanics,
tailoring and life
skills to enable them
earn income to meet
their food needs Establish one Primary
Healthcare facility
with a feeding pro-
gramme for children
aged 7 years and be-
low at Koch head-
quarters
Train farmers on im-
proved farming meth-
ods Provide materials ,
seeds and tools for
farming Train women on how
to manage a grinding
mill machine
Tractors
Irrigation
pumps Seeds
Tools
Funds
Technical ex-
perts Grinding ma-
chine Funds
County authority
Ministry of agricul-
ture UNDP
5 Jan
2012 County
Authority
Train youth in techni-
cal skills specifically
in carpentry, mechan-
ics, tailoring and life
skills
Identify training cen-
tres Identify youth to be
trained in technical
skills from all the
payams Train youth in techni-
cal skills (carpentry,
mechanics, tailoring ) Provide loans to the
youth for business
start-up
Technical Train-
ers venues Technical Materials and
equipments
County Authority
Concerned Ministry UNDP
20 Jul 2012
County
Authority
Establish a health facil-
ity and feeding centre
for children aged 7 years
and below
Mobilize community
to identify location of
facility and centre Trainer care takers for
the centre Recruit staff to work
at the facility and
centre
Medical staff
Care takers Community
mobilisers Funds
Food
County Authority
Ministry of Health UNDP
30 Jan 2012
County
authority
Cont… Koch County: Community Action Plan
36
7.6. Mayendit County
Mayendit borders Koch County to the north, Leer County to the east, and Panyijar to the south.
Mayendit also borders Warrap State (Tonj East County) to the northwest and Lakes State (Rumbek
North County) to the southwest. The headquarters is in Dhorgaapni at the central part of the county.
Koch County occupies an estimated area of 3,067 sq km with a demographic representation of 100
percent Nuer. Three major Nuer sub-clans are found here, namely Kuei, Jalok and Beek. Mayendit
has an estimated population of 53,78312.
Mayendit County is composed of 13 payams and 39 bomas. The payams include Rubkuay, Daplual,
Bor, Thaker, Leak, Tutnyang, Madol 1, Pabuong, Maalkuer, Tharjiath, Jaguar, Maal and Mirnyal.
Water-related and water-borne diseases are common due to the swamps, which are attributed to the
floods that occur during the rainy seasons. Movement of people tends to be limited during this pe-
riod including transportation of goods within the county. The county has extensive grazing lands
and its economy is mainly based on crop production and cattle keeping.
Participants in the Mayendit County Consultations
Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Women Men Total
14 38 52
12 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008.” In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12
Conflict
issues Causes Parties in in the
conflict Parties to the
conflict Effects Suggested solutions
Cattle
raiding Revenge
Presence of small arms
among ordinary commu-
nity members, there was
no uniform disarmament Absence of law enforcers
Absence of compensation
between the Nuer and the
Dinkas No communication net-
works to call for reinforce-
ment Unemployment among
the youth Raiding done to accrue
wealth Poor deployment of police
officers High cost of dowry which
is 30-70 herds of cattle Lack of education among
the youth
Youth from
Warrap,
Lakes states
and Leer
County
Elders
Women Chiefs
Witch doc-
tors
Loss of life and
property Fear and Mistrust Food insecurity
Displacement of
families Restricted move-
ment
Erect a police post along the
border Hold peace dialogue among
Inter –States. Inter-states
should increase water
points Construct roads to connect
payam to payam Conduct uniform disarma-
ment to all 10 states Review deployment proce-
dures by avoiding deploy-
ment of officers in home
states Install agricultural and
vocational training centres Improve inter-county/state
communication
Cont...
37
Conflict
issues Causes Parties in in the
conflict Parties to the
conflict Effects Suggested solutions
Competi-
tion over
water
Inadequate rainfall
Inadequate water points Over-population causing
displacement Lack of run-off harvesting
systems Competition for water
between animals and
humans Over-stocking of animals
Big numbers of returnees
and displaced people
struggling to access over-
stretched water sources Presence of firearms in
Warrap state
Youth of
Warrap, May-
endit, Leer
and Koch
who fight to
protect their
mothers and
sisters against
attacks at
water points Women and
girls who
fight at water
points Youth of
Warrap, Koch
and Leer who
fight over
water for
their animals
Politicians
who pro-
vide arms Poor devel-
opment
policies that
do not place
water as a
priority
Women cover long
hours to fetch water
thus 2 hrs to return Poor health of
women due to
heavy water con-
tainer they carry Poor personal hy-
giene Women are beaten
by their husbands
whenever there is
no water Trauma and stress
on women and chil-
dren due to violence
associated with
mothers’ beatings
Construct 13 hand pumps
and water yards in 13
payams Provide non –food items
like Jerri cans Sensitize men against vio-
lence on women Carry out surface/rain
water harvesting/catchment
facility – haffirs Disarm all states to im-
prove stability
Competi-
tion over
pasture
Inadequate pasture
Inadequate water sources
for pasture Outbreak of animal dis-
eases Overstocking of animals
Intertribal fights between
Dinka and Nuer tribes
Youth from
Warrap, and
Mayendit Youth from
Lake States,
Koch, Leer
and Mayendit
Elders
Chiefs
Fighting among the
Youth Loss of life Displacement of
families Migration to other
relatively peaceful
payams Children do not
attend schools Children drop out
Lack of access to
medical services Cattle are raided
Restricted move-
ment Food insecurity
Mistrust among
neighbouring com-
munities Food is not pro-
duced
Construction of political
outposts and deployment of
law enforcers Dialogue between Warrap,
Lakes and Unity Disarmament in all states
Construct road connection
from Remer to Madol to
Pabuong to Bhol and
Malkuer payams
Border
disputes Warrap claims ownership
of the stretch that covers 7
payams in Mayendit Mayendit claims owner-
ship of border stretch that
Warrap wants Warrap does not have
adequate pasture due to
dry climate Presence of firearms in
Warrap and lakes States Presence of gangs in
Lakes who attack Madol
and Bhor The border is not demar-
cated
Warrap youth
who attack 4
payams in
Mayendit Mayendit
youth who
defend their
county Youth and
women who
are killed in
Lakes State
Elders of
Warrap
elders of
Mayendit Politicians Women
who chal-
lenge men
to prove
their worth
if they are
not able to
defend the
borders of
the county
Loss of cattle
Burning of homes Displacement of
people Killing of youth
Loss of sources of
livelihood
Deploy police and SPLA
soldiers at the border Open roads and connect
road from headquarters to
payams for police move-
ment Establish border courts
Build prisons where crimi-
nals can be locked up as
they serve their jail term
Cont… Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis
Cont...
38
Conflict
issues Causes Parties in in the
conflict Parties to the
conflict Effects Suggested solutions
Food
insecurity Floods
Droughts – less rains Traditional farming sys-
tem Displacement as a result
of inter-state youth fights Dependence on rain-fed
farming Blockage of Khartoum –
Bentiu road Polygamy with high num-
ber of children which
stress available food re-
sources Food production shoul-
dered mainly by women
only Alcoholisms by men
Non-functional port
(Paak) Overpopulation by dis-
placed people from 7
payams bordering War-
rap strained food re-
sources Population increase by
returnees Inadequate food for the
returnees
Men who
beat their
wives Men who are
involved in
alcoholism Women who
have no food
to feed their
families
Politicians
who fail to
put food
security as a
priority
Poor health of
women and children
– anaemia among
expectant women
and children,
(malaria, diarrhoea,
malnutrition) Reproductive sys-
tems of women
affected due to lack
of food Women are beaten
by husbands when
there is no food Women are predis-
posed to Urinary
Tract Infections
because they spend
over 4 hours collect-
ing water lily while
standing inside
water Women have no
time to rest, they
work long hours Less opportunities
for education for
girls and women High rate of school
drop out by girls
and children in
general whenever
there is no food
Introduce modern farming
system – improve seeds of
sorghum, g/nuts, sesame,
vegetables etc, tractor, ex-
tension services Install grinding mill Construct police posts con-
struction at the border areas
along Warrap/Unity bor-
ders for stability Open port Paak for accessi-
bility of food items and
trade along the River Nile Road construction to con-
nect payams to reach food
markets
Abuse of
power by
organized
forces
Deployment of organized
forces to their own home
states Partisan practices by de-
ployed forces during con-
flicts Provision of arms by or-
ganized forces to their
ethnic groups to revenge
Youth of
Warrap and
Mayendit
who receive
arms and
carry out the
actual attacks
Govern-
ment Organised
forces Elders
County
leaders
Increase of revenge
attacks Death of youth,
men , women and
children Loss of livestock
Burning of houses
Body injuries
Loss of livelihoods Displacement of
families Food insecurity in
homes
Wait for presidential decree
Cont… Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis
39
Mayendit County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Conflict issues Youth Women Men/elders County
authority Total Rank
1—Highest
6– Lowest
Cattle raiding 2 4 2 3 11 2
Competition over water 6 2 3 2 13 3
Competition over pasture 5 6 4 4 19 5
Food insecurity 1 1 1 1 4 1
Abuse of power by organized
forces 4 5 6 6 21 6
Border disputes 3 3 5 5 16 4
Mayendit: Community Action Plan
Proposed
Project Activities Possible partners Start
Date Who will follow up
Priority 1: Food security
project
Community Mobilization for formation of farmer
groups Training farmers on how to use the tractor and seed
selection Train the already existing women group on manage-
ment of the grinding mill Mobilize communities through payam administra-
tors to support the road construction Mobilize community to support the rehabilitation of
Port Paak Mobilize the youth to form a group Register the youth in formal and non-formal centres
to learn skills in masonry, mechanics, metal works,
carpentry and electronics
County Au-
thority UNDP Other humani-
tarian agencies
10 Jan
2012 County Authority Steering Committee
Priority 2: Construct a
police outpost
Mobilise the community to support the construction
of the police outpost Purchase equipment for communication and vehi-
cles for transportation Organise state and interstate peace conference Talk to the government to carry out uniform disar-
mament
County Authority
10 Jan
2012 County Authority
40
7.7. Panyijar County
Panyijar County is situated in the south of Unity State. It shares borders with five counties in Lakes
state. It was promoted to the county in 2005 following the signing of the CPA. It has 15 payams and
the predominant clan in the county are the Nyuong. Panyijar stretches to 5,362 sq km and the popu-
lation is estimated at 50,723.13
The topography of the area is flat and experiences heavy equatorial rainfall leading to regular an-
nual floods. Some parts of the county experience water shortage which causes livestock owners to
move to cattle camps in search of pasture and water. A number of people practice agriculture; sor-
ghum and maize are the predominant crops.
The road connecting Panyijar headquarters to Ganyliel and Taiyar is incomplete as only seven kilo-
metres of the road have been constructed using mud instead of the ideal gravel called murrum. A
road connects the State with the county but only until Panyijar headquarters and is not operational
during the rainy season.
Panyijar County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Conflict
Issue Causes Effects Possible Solutions
Cattle
raiding Ambitious /prestige in the number
of cows owned Revenge in return to previous
cattle raids To acquire cattle for dowry in
marriage / repay debts Traditional values and mindset
about conflicts between the Dinka
– Nuer Tribal tendencies between Nuer
and Dinka Differences on historical and dis-
agreement issues (split within the
SPLM) Shared facilities without order
and law particularly in the ab-
sence of government
Loss of human life / livestock losses Displacement of people (further
migration) Animal diseases transfer (foot and
mouth disease) Loss of property Kidnapping of women during raids Forced marriages Abduction of young girls/abduction
and killing of boys Increased illiteracy (boys never go to
school)
Mobilize youths to join schools while
encouraging middle-aged men to un-
dertake economic activities such as
agriculture project – sorghum produc-
tion with or without external support Enhance awareness among elders,
women, youth and leadership on the
harmfulness of cattle raiding Engage key stakeholders (chiefs, elders
across the counties/lakes state) on dia-
logue The ongoing disarming to continue Construction of 4 police stations
(Pachar, Wunpab (Mayon payam,
Marial payam, Pakom, Chuk, Panchin-
jok) Lobby for establishment of the mobile
network extension Establish border market between Dinka
and Nuer to promote positive interac-
tion among the 2 communities Competition
over pasture
and water
Rush to access grass near water
points in dry seasons before other
clans and communities Swampy areas with grass are near
boundaries
Losses of lives Displacement of people (further
migration) Instability among affected people Revenge in the previous losses/raids Loss of animals to hyenas Moving far areas to take animals
encounter combative communities,
wildlife, difficult situations
Reconciliation among communities
involving local leaders, chiefs (payams
and Lakes state) Construction of a police station on the
grazing zone Enhance communication between Nuer
and Dinkas Reconstruction of the prison at the
county headquarters
Small arms Militia sold guns to the people Those departing or resigning from
the military come home with guns Arabs/South Sudan fight allowed
communities to be equipped with
guns
Killing self, family and community
members when there is disagreement Used during cattle raiding Loss of lives
Disarmament continues
13 Ibid, p. 12.
Cont...
41
Conflict
Issue Causes Effects Possible Solutions
Presence of
criminals Food insecure Disarmament process on going Presence of arms in the hands of
a few Weak justice system Lack of prisons
Death/ambush on people Stealing and destroying
property Instability / insecurity
Construction of prison in the county head-
quarters Strengthening justice system in the county Construction of police stations identified
Border
conflicts Unclear boundaries / demarca-
tion violated Disproportionate distribution
after cattle raids When some of their own are
killed in the raids During marriage ceremonies
Loss of lives/properties Animosity among the com-
munities Displacement of people
Enforcement of the police in the existing and
new police stations Telecommunication / mobile communications Engage the youth in businesses / agriculture
projects (sorghum and other food crops) Maintenance of roads Formation of local construction companies to
engage the youth
Food
insecurity Poor road network In access to tools and farm
equipment Floods Inadequate knowledge in agri-
culture Over-reliance and dependency
on livestock Insecure forests/limited or no
collection of wild fruits
Hunger Cattle raiding Fighting Stealing Creation of criminal gangs Rape Sometimes killings
Improve road network (Panyijar to Rumbek/
Juba to Panyijar) Establish mechanized farming Promote fishing activities Promote irrigation along the river Educate farmers on improved farming
Long
distance to
water points
Drought / dry periods Long distance to water points Grinding floor for the house-
holds (long hours)
Women walk long distance
to fetch water Work overload affecting the
health of women Insecurity
Construct boreholes (Machora, Theanweng) Grinding meal for women
Domestic
violence Payment of dowry Cultural practices – beating Early and forced marriage Requests for money depend-
ency on women for daily subsis-
tence Drunkenness among men
Divorce sometimes Death /poor health of
women
Community education on the rights of
women Promote income-generating activities for
women
Cont… Panyijar County: Conflict Analysis
42
Panyijar County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Conflict issue Men Women Youth Total Rank 1—Highest
8– Lowest
Cattle raiding 2 2 2 6 2
Competition over grazing lands and pasture) 7 8 7 22 8
Presence of small Arms 4 3 6 13 4
Presence of criminal gangs 8 7 3 18 6
Border conflicts 6 6 8 20 7
Food insecurity 1 1 1 3 1
Long distance to water point 3 4 5 12 3
Domestic violence 5 5 4 14 5
Panyijar County: Community Action Plan
Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up
Priority 1:
Agri-business
project
Strengthen existing youth and
women groups (may form new
ones)
Youth and Women Leader
(Elizabeth Nyapada and
Mading Pouch), elders
chiefs
Elizabeth Nyapada and
Mading Pouch
Identify the actual land for the
project:
Binjak (River Yangar)
Chuck HQ near river Pal-
dengei
Bangkal- pachal, near river
mock
Community / chiefs/ ad-
ministrators
Elizabeth Nyapada and
Mading Pouch
Identify and train bulls for train-
ing at household level
Households ( men)
Identification of sites Community and chiefs,
county commissioner
Dec 2011 Head chief/ county
commissioner
Priority 2:
Construction of 4
police stations
Clearing land for constructions
Community / chiefs,
county commissioner
Jan 2012
Building Materials
Cement
Iron sheets
Iron Bars
Timber
Sand
Labour
Community/ GOSS/ UNDP
and others
Jan- Mar
2012
Local Steering Com-
mittee/county commis-
sioner
Priority 3:
Construction of
boreholes
Geological survey/ selection of
sites
Community/chiefs/ UNDP Jan 2012 County commissioner
and Steering Commit-
tee
Clearing the land Community / chiefs/ ad-
ministrators
Jan 2012 Chief in the respective
payam
Drilling of boreholes Community, GOSS/
UNDP/ Chiefs
Jan- Mar
2012
Steering Committee /
county commissioner /
UNDP
Formation of borehole manage-
ment committees
Community/chiefs Apr 2012 Steering committee /
UNDP
Training pump mechanics Community/ chiefs May 2012 Steering Committee /
UNDP
43
7.8. Mayom County
Mayom County is one of the nine counties of Unity State, located to the northwest of the State. Its
county headquarters is also called Mayom. It borders Abiemhnom County to the northwest, South
Kordofan in the north, Rubkona County to the northeast, Mayom County to the east, Tonj East
County to the southeast, Tonj North County to the south, Gogrial East County to the South West and
Twic County of Warrap state to the West14. Mayom has an estimated population of 120,715 and an
area of 4,970 sq km.15
Mayom County is home to the Bul – Nuer population who are agro-pastoralists, living on subsis-
tence farming, livestock keeping and fishing from River Chuolpi. Over time, merchants from Bentiu,
Sudan and neighbouring states Darfur and Warrap migrated to Mayom to establish a market econ-
omy.
Mayom County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
14 Mayom County Planning Unit (2011) County Strategic Plan and Budget 2012 to 2015 (unpublished). 15 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Cen-
tre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12.
Conflict
issue (s) Causes Who is involved
openly and the role
they play
Who is involved
secretly and the
role they play
Effects Solutions
Presence of
RMGs Impacts of elec-
tions held in 2010
especially the los-
ers Forced armed re-
cruitment in Khar-
toum
Dinka, Nuer and
Misseriya spon-
sored by Govern-
ment of Sudan .
They fight to rebel
against the Govern-
ment of South Su-
dan.
Government of
Sudan so that
they can destabi-
lize South Sudan
Attacks by lions Looting of property Killing people Displacement of
families Grabbing of proper-
ties Planting of land
mines
There should be peace talks
b/w the govt. and the Arabs The government should
promote peace and stability
in the country Government should estab-
lish training centres, voca-
tional schools, Government should con-
struct police posts and
maintain peace and security
in the region
Cattle
raiding Presence of small
arms Lack of education Revenge as impact
of previous raiding Unemployment Lack of infrastruc-
ture , police, roads
and health centres
Dinka ( youth from
Warrap and Lakes)
are involved , they
do the actual fight-
ing; and Youth
from Mayom who
also go and re-
venge previous
attacks Misseriya who wait
and raid cattle at
the onset of the
rains when they
are returning to
South Kordofan RMG who raid and
take away cattle by
force
Dinka elders are
involved indi-
rectly because
they even use
‘Kujur’ to use
supernatural
powers to pro-
tect the youth
who go for cattle
raiding Government of
Sudan who sup-
port the RMG
Death Displacement of
families Rape of women Abduction of
women and children Houses are burnt Youth and men are
killed
Patrolling police should be
deployed Disarmament of small arms Establishment of schools,
roads and health centres Government should set up
police posts
Cont...
44
45
Conflict
issue (s) Causes Who is involved
openly and the role
they play
Who is involved
secretly and the
role they play
Effects Solutions
Unemploy-
ment Lack of education
and vocational
skills Lack of capital to
start a business Lack of companies Insecurity Lack of opportuni-
ties from the gov-
ernment Lack of skills re-
quired in the job
market
Youth are directly
involved because
they do not have
employment and
the all the cattle
belong to their
fathers
Children, wives,
parents and
relatives are
involved be-
cause they de-
mand for sup-
port even if one
has no income
Cattle raiding Inter-clan fights Death Injury and disability Youth joining militia
groups
Open vocational training
centres for the youth to
learn skills such as mechan-
ics, computer, welding,
masonry etc.
Competi-
tion over
water for
livestock
Not enough water
for livestock Movement of live-
stock to another
county Keeping many
cattle in one family Overcrowding of
cows at water
points
RMGs Youth
Elders Politicians
RMGs stealing cows Death of cows RMGs beating youth
in cattle camps Abduction of chil-
dren, women and
youth
Disarmament of civilians Deployment of police in
border areas
Inter-clan
fighting Traditional dance
with spear and kill Revenge Competition over
farmland Revenge of previ-
ous attacks Killing of a man
who impregnates a
girl then family
later comes to re-
venge Elopement of girls
Youth who fight to
protect their fami-
lies and communi-
ties
Elders who pro-
vide advise Death Injuries
Education for youth Creation of awareness to
women and elders Developing Laws on girls
child education by the gov-
ernment Police patrols in all ten
payams
Long dis-
tance to
fetch water
Not enough water
points Water tank that
was installed is not
functional Attack from RMGs Not enough rain Some boreholes are
broken Not enough water
storage containers
Women from
Mayom, and other
neighbouring
payams and coun-
ties who fight at
the water points Misseriya who
prevent women
from fetching wa-
ter
Government of
Sudan who use
Misseriya to
attack Mayom
Loss of life Fight among
women at water
points Rape women Pregnant women
loss their babies
Construction of 11 bores
holes in the ten payams Repairing some boreholes
which are broken Installing of water tank for
animals and livestock in
Mankien payams Installation of hand pump
in all 10 payams
Competi-
tion over
girls /
women
Taking girls by
force Forced marriage
(old men on young
girls) Marriage that fol-
lows traditional
laws Boys and girls are
not in school
Brothers of girls
who attack men
who have force-
fully married or
eloped their sisters Sometimes parent
members
Parents and
elders who au-
thorize their
sons to launch
attacks as re-
quired tradition-
ally
Fighting with boy’s
family Beating young girls Death (including
boys and girls) Disability Wounds Clan fighting
Sending boys and girls to
school
Cont… Mayom County: Conflict Analysis
Cont...
46
Conflict
issue (s) Causes Who is involved
openly and the role
they play
Who is involved
secretly and the
role they play
Effects Solutions
Attacks
from Mis-
seriya
Competition over
pasture Misseriya want to
take control of terri-
tory Misseriya are
armed Cattle raiding
Men and youth of
Mayom who do the
attacks Misseriya
Government of
Sudan who sup-
plies arms; insti-
gates and creates
divisions Elders who are
the link between
the community
and the govern-
ment: link b/w
Govt.
House burning Child abduction Loss of livestock People dying Starvation
Border demarcation Disarming of Misseriya Peace negotiations and
agreement on terms for mi-
gration Identification documents Mediation committee to
solve controversies Police patrols Infrastructure development:
roads, clinic, school, market Construct water points
Presence of
landmines Conflict between
RMGs & Govern-
ment Destabilization of
area
RMGs who plant
landmines to pre-
vent the organized
forces from reach-
ing them
Government of
Sudan who pro-
vide support to
RMGs to destabi-
lize South Sudan
Death (relating to all
groups) Disability (all) Orphans (children) Widows (men and
women) No movements of
people and goods Starvation / lack of
goods High commodity
prices
Demining of Mayom area Repair of roads Peace negotiations with
RMGs Uniting the community
(through community leaders
and authorities) Patrols by security forces
Presence of
Arms Presence of RMG:
they supply weap-
ons Cattle raiding (to
protect own cattle
and to raid) Conflict between
youth (internal and
external)
RMGs who are
supplying arms to
the local commu-
nity Youth who are
carrying and using
the arms
Government of
Sudan primary
source of weap-
ons
Death Criminality Disability Cattle raiding Cattle theft Breaking relations
within community
and with neighbour-
ing community Resistance to tradi-
tional leaders author-
ity (chiefs authority
not respected) Raping of young
girls by gangs)
Disarmament Involvement of cattle camps
heads in meetings with local
govt. and chiefs Educating youth on peaceful
coexistence (peace educa-
tion) Creation of job opportuni-
ties / employment such as
agricultural schemes, fishing
boats, nets, hooks; access to
credit
Cattle steal-
ing Poverty (stealing
for feeding or sell-
ing) Dowry greediness Displacement due
to conflict (lack of
everything) Climatic conditions
(drought leads to
lack of food)
Any community
member They steal cat-
tle, sometimes
one or two
Death Loss of live stock Arrest / detention Conflict b/w commu-
nities or within com-
munity
Creation of job opportuni-
ties Farming projects Education of youth and chil-
dren (all) Free health services (cattle
are stolen to pay health fees)
Border dis-
putes Competition over
pasture, water and
fishing grounds Cattle theft Diseases and epi-
demics of cattle
The youth from
outside Mayom
who cross over with
cattle, and men who
come to fish in
Mayom water
points
Elders who allow
such movements
and also support
attacks
Cattle raids Death Loss of property /
starvation Conflict between
communities Diseases spreading
(humans and ani-
mals)
Construction of roads link-
ing bordering town for faster
monitoring and follow up Police patrols and posts b/w
Mayom and Warrap state
(Majok, Malou, Dol, Kueng-
did, Manyang Ayuk, Titil,
Koch) and Rubkona (Wak)
and Mayom(Turkey) Peaceful negotiation between
neighbouring villages
Cont… Mayom County: Conflict Analysis
Mayom County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Conflict / Insecurity Issues Women Youth 1 Youth 2 Elders/Men Total Rank 1—Highest
13 Lowest
Cattle raiding 4 3 9 4 20 4
Presence of arms 6 5 3 2 16 3
Unemployment 13 7 5 6 31 9
Inter-clan fighting 1 9 10 9 29 7
Long distance to fetch water 2 1 1 10 14 1
Competition over women
and girls 11 13 13 13 50 13
Attacks from Misseriya 5 12 6 11 34 10
Presence of landmines 9 6 2 7 24 5
Presence of RMGs 3 2 8 1 14 2
Cattle stealing 7 10 11 12 40 12
Border disputes 12 8 4 5 29 7
Competition over land 10 - 7 8 25 6
Competition over water for
livestock 8 11 12 3 34 10
47
Mayom County: Community Action Plan
Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up
Priority 1: Construction of 11
boreholes: Wangbur at Pibor
boma; Kuarbinaa at
Joknyang boma;
Mankien at Deng-
bong boma; Riak at
Thorboth; Biech at
Tongtul; Ngop at
Rupguey; Wangkey
at Loathjuat; Pub at
Nurjuoy; Ruathayi-
bol: Kuer yiek; and
Bul 2.
Show the site Community March 2012 Local Steering Committee
Clear the sites Community Members and
County Authorities March 2012 Local Steering Committee
Inspection of Sites UNDP March Local Steering Committee Provide security Local Administration Local Steering Committee Biding and Selection of the Com-
pany to construct boreholes UDP and Steering Committee April 2012 Local Steering Committee
Actual Constructions UNDP, Selected Company May 2012 Steering Committee,
UNDP Hand over the project to Com-
munity thru the County Author-
ity
UNDP, County Community August 2012 Steering Committee
Monitoring and Maintenance of
the Boreholes Community, Steering Com-
mittee and payam Admini-
stration
After comple-
tion starting
August
Priority 2: Introduce mecha-
nized cash crop farm-
ing in all payams
and provide tractors,
seeds and agricul-
tural tools; as well as
training of youth and
women in agricul-
tural skills
Community mobilization Community March 2012 Community leaders
Identification of land and alloca-
tion County Authorities Steering Committee
Formation of farming associa-
tions and Membership and Man-
agement Committee
County authorities and Com-
munity April 2012 Payam Authority and
Steering Committee
Selection of beneficiaries through
the formed Association Payam Administration
Management Committee
April- May Steering Committee and
Association Management
Committee
Training of farmers through their
Associations County Authority /UNDP May 2012 Steering committee/
Purchase of a tractor and its ac-
cessories UNDP May 2012 UNDP and Local Steering
Committee Purchase of farm inputs (seeds,
tools, pesticide) UNDP May 2012 Local Steering committee
Hand over the project to Com-
munity thru the County Author-
ity
June 2012 County
Monitoring the Project Local Community through
the Management Committee Steering Committee and
County Authorities Priority 3: Construction and
equipping of 3 Police
Posts (Mankien, Riak
and Wangkic
payams)
Awareness and Identifying ac-
tual locations in Mankien, Riak
and Wangkic Payams
County and payam Authori-
ties March 2012 Steering committee and
payam Authority
Land clearing Community March 2012 Payam Authority
Tendering Process Steering Committee and
UNDP April 2012 Steering Committee
Mobilisation of local materials Community and Payam
Leadership April 2012 Community
Actual Construction Contractors/ UNDP May 2012 Steering Committee/
UNDP Purchase of office furniture, com-
munication equipment UNDP August 2012 Steering Committee
Hand over to Government UNDP Steering Committee
48
7.9. Pariang County
Pariang County borders three states including South Kordofan in Sudan in the north, Upper Nile in
the northeast, Jonglei in the east; it borders Guit County in the south, Rubkona County in the south-
west and Abiemhnom in the west. The county has nine payams and 60 bomas, while its headquar-
ters is located in Rianghnom town. Pariang is one of the least densely populated counties in Unity,
with an estimated population of 82,443 and an area of 9,016 sq km16.
The people of Pariang County depend on agriculture (maize and sorghum), fishing and largely, live-
stock rearing including cattle, goat and sheep. Local authorities estimate that around 99,000 cattle,
and over 200,000 goats and sheep are being raised in the county.
Pariang County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
16 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008.” In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 8.
.
Conflict
issue Cause Parties in Parties to Roles Effects Solutions
Attacks by
Misseriya Political settlement Interest in oil Lack of water and
pasture To get cattle and
hunt wild animals To get gums and
honey To cut cash trees
Youth of
Pariang, Misseriya
Govern-
ment of
Sudan who
use the
Misseriya
to fight
Pariang
Dinka youth in
Pariang who
fight to defend
the Pariang Misseriya who
come and at-
tack Pariang
Loss of lives Loss of proper-
ties Abduction of
children Burning of
houses and dura
and shogun Displacement Insecurity
Border demarcation International commit-
ment and mediation of
border dialogue Construction of police
post Deployment of SPLA
and police
Cattle raid-
ing To acquire wealth For marriage Involvement of
Khartoum govern-
ment Competition over
grazing land and
water
Misseriya Guit Pariang
Youth
Govern-
ment of
Sudan
Guit peo-
ple
Government of
Sudan that use
Misseriya to
attack Pariang The leadership
of Guit who
have come and
established
farms on land
belonging to
Paring
Loss of lives Loss of proper-
ties Displacement Insecurity Food insecurity Unemployment Lack of health
facilities Lack of educa-
tion
Deployment of SPLA
to the borders of
Kolek, Paknem, Aliry
and Palob International interven-
tion Unity State govern-
ment to stop Nuer
tribe from occupying
the areas of Parieng
e.g. Nyeel payam Unity State and GoSS
to organize peace
dialogue between
Neur of Guit and
Dinka of Parieng External
border dis-
pute
Oil field Political resettlement Extension of North-
ern Sudan territory
Government
of Sudan
Government
of South Su-
dan
Arab
world, e.g.
Iran
The Arab
world that
backs the oil
companies and
the SAF
Loss of lives Displacement Loss of proper-
ties Food insecurity
Demarcation of inter-
national border be-
tween Sudan and
South Sudan by UN
and international com-
munities
Cont...
49
Conflict
issue Cause Parties in Parties to Roles Effects Solutions
Lack of
education Civil war Lack of teachers (are
employed otherwise) Culture promotes
cattle herding but
not access to educa-
tion Lack of money to
pay teachers’ salary Lack of English-
speaking teachers
Parents Former Gov-
ernment of
National
Unity
Former
Govern-
ment of
National
Unity who
did not
make ef-
forts to
establish
good
schools
Parents pre-
venting girls to
go to school State govern-
ment does not
pay sufficient
salaries to
teachers
Unemployment Lack of oppor-
tunities Cattle raids
Building more schools
in all bomas Employ English-
speaking teachers Train teachers Adult education Government has to
supply school supplies
Pollution of
the environ-
ment
Poor waste disposal
by oil companies Toxic gases pollute
the air Oil exploitation Bombing of oil wells
Oil compa-
nies and
Pariang peo-
ple
Govern-
ment of
Sudan who
support the
oil compa-
nies
Oil companies
who pollute
the environ-
ment Pariang people
who suffer
from pollution
Water polluted Displacement of
residents with-
out compensa-
tion Diseases (skin,
infertility of
women, miscar-
riage)
Relocation of residents
away from oil explora-
tion area Provide health facili-
ties Have strict environ-
mental laws and its
enforcement Construction of safe
boreholes Compensate people
for displaced
Unemploy-
ment Lack of education /
skills Discrimination/ tri-
balism Cultural attachment
to the high value of
cattle Lack of employment
opportunities
Oil compa-
nies who do
not recruit
Pariang youth Parents of the
unemployed
youth The youth of
Pariang Female youth
who are not
allowed to
work
The State
govern-
ment that
has not
created
opportuni-
ties for the
youth
State govern-
ment does not
provide oppor-
tunities Nuer majority
discriminate
against Pari-
ang youth Parents pre-
vent their girls
from learning
and working
Lack of food
medication,
money Involvement in
raids to revenge
attacks on Pari-
ang
Collect firewood and
sell at the market (for
ladies) Government has to
force all boys and girls
to go to school (force
parents) Policies to encourage
school attendance Vocational training
(e.g. tailoring mechan-
ics, carpentry, driving,
electronic) Adult education
Food
insecurity Displacement Loosing tools and
fertile land Lack of water Overcrowding dur-
ing displacement Birds eating crops Crops affected by oil
fields waste Aerial bombardment
cause poor land
productivity Frequent/regular
attacks by SAF and
Misseriya Fear of leaving kids
unattended while
farming
Unity State
Government Misseriya families
Misseriya
who raid
cattle be-
longing to
Pariang
people
The previous
government of
National Unity
that focused on
oil and not on
people’s need
for farming Misseriya com-
peting for
cattle, water,
pasture Birds destroy-
ing crops
Weakness of
body and mal-
nutrition Anaemia Starvation Street children Vulnerability to
diseases Theft, dishonor
of family Quarrels within
the family Women/men
not able to pro-
duce children Death Injuries
Peace negotiations
with Misseriya Introduction of mecha-
nized farming for
increased production
(tractors etc.) Irrigation schemes Insecticides and pest
control
Cont… Pariang County: Conflict Analysis
Cont...
50
Conflict
issue Cause Parties in Parties to Roles Effects Solutions
Competi-
tion over
water
Distance from main
sources of water
(Nile) Old haffirs silted Haffirs contaminated
by remnants of war
or by proximity to oil
fields Displacement from
water sources Lack of boreholes
Oil companies Attacks by
SAF The previous
Government
of National
Unity Youth, chil-
dren and
women of
Pariang
Women and
children of
Pariang who
are attacked
by Misseriya
when going
to fetch wa-
ter
Oil companies:
Contamination
from oil fields SAF: Bombing,
abandoning
ammunitions Unity State
Gov.: No plan-
ning/ provision
of water points
(Government
too young to
blame)
Attacks by ani-
mals (hyena,
snakes) Rape of women
and girls Abduction of
children and
women Unexpected
delivery Miscarriage Injury – death /
during travel
Provision of water
points (water yards,
hand pumps) in pe-
ripheral payams (8)
HQs Solar pump plant at
payams HQ HP at bomas Haffir dug for domes-
tic use and animal use Rehabilitation of exist-
ing haffirs (within
fencing or safe for
children)
Youth, chil-
dren and
women of
Pariang
Poor hygiene –
infections No settlement
of returnees Fights at water
points Marriage failure
(groom is asked
to provide
water in small
tanks to bride’s
family; failure
to which the
two are not
allowed to get
married)
Repair of broken bore-
holes
Lack of
health fa-
cilities
Reluctance of previ-
ous government to
invest in health in
the area Lack of doctors
(medical qualified
personnel) in the
existing health cen-
tres
Previous
Government
of National
Unity NGOs People of
Pariang
People of
Pariang who
have no hos-
pital
Previous Gov-
ernment of
Unity that did
not establish
health facilities
in Pariang NGOs who are
not supporting
to have a hos-
pital in Pariang
Death Complications
during delivery Children health
(lack of post-
natal care) Long distance to
other health
centres
Employ qualified
medical personnel Construction of health
facility Drug supplies Health promotion/
awareness
Cont… Pariang County: Conflict Analysis
Pariang County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Conflict / Insecurity Issues Women Elders/Men Youth Total Rank 1—Highest
9– Lowest
Attacks by Misseriya 4 8 6 18 6
Cattle raiding 6 7 8 21 8
Food insecurity 5 2 3 10 3
External border disputes 1 1 9 11 4
Environmental pollution 9 9 5 23 9
Lack of education 7 3 4 14 5 Competition over water 2 4 1 7 1
Lack of health facilities 3 5 2 10 2
Unemployment 8 6 7 21 7
51
Pariang County: Community Action Plan
Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up
Priority 1: Construction of 27
boreholes, three (3) in
each payam
Identification of site Community March 2012 Local Steering Committee
Clear the sites Community Members and
county authorities
March 2012
Inspection of sites UNDP March 12
Provide security Local Administration Bidding and selection of the
company to construct bore-
holes
UNDP and Steering Commit-
tee April 2012 Local Steering Committee
Actual Construction UNDP, Selected Company May 2012 Steering Committee, UNDP Hand over the project to
community thru the County
Authority
UNDP, County Community August 2012 Steering Committee
Monitoring and mainte-
nance of the boreholes Community, Steering Com-
mittee and Payam Admini-
stration
After comple-
tion starting
August
Priority 2: Provision of Medical
Personnel and medical
drugs (Aliiny, Nyiel,
Biu, Panyang, Wankur,
Jamjang, Panrieng)
Recruitment of more doc-
tors State Ministry of Health 2012 Community leaders
Training of Health Cadres UNDP and NGOs April 2012 Local Steering Committee
Provision of drugs to health
centre UNDP April 2012 Payam Authority and Steering
Committee
Hand over the project to
Community thru the
County Authority
UNDP June 2012 County Authority
Monitoring the Project Ministry of Health Steering Committee and
County Authorities Priority 3: Provision of tractors (2
tractors per payam)
Community mobilization Community March 2012 Community leaders
Identification of land and
allocation County Authorities (steering
Formation of farming asso-
ciations and Membership
and Management Commit-
tee
County authorities and Com-
munity Apr 2012 Payam Authority and Steering
Committee
Selection of beneficiaries
through the formed Asso-
ciation
Payam Administration
Management Committee
Apr—May
2012 Steering Committee and Asso-
ciation Management Committee
Training of farmers through
their Associations County Authority /UNDP May 2012 Steering committee
Purchase of a tractor and its
accessories UNDP May 2012 UNDP and Local Steering Com-
mittee
Purchase of farm inputs
(seeds, tools, pesticide) UNDP May 2012 Local Steering committee
Hand over the project to
Community thru the
County Authority
June 2012 County
Monitoring the Project Local Community through
the Management Committee Steering Committee and
County Authorities
52
Warrap
Lakes
Jonglei
Upper Nile
Abiemnhom
Southern Kordofan Southern Kordofan Abyei
Abiemhnom
Mayom
Pariang
Rubkona Guit
Koch
Mayendit
Leer
Panyijar
Ngop
Budaang
Bang-Bang
Nyeel, Wunkur, Jamjang, Gumrak, Panyang, Yida, Aliny, Biu, Panrieng
Exact locations to be determined pending site assessments
Bentiu
8. NEXT STEPS
In Unity State, CSAC is supporting the Government’s conflict-sensitive projects to address the top-
most priorities identified during the consultations.
Police posts Boreholes Agriculture project (provision of tractors) State capital
53
South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control Hai Kuwai, Bilpam, Juba, South Sudan
http://www.goss-online.org
South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission http://www.goss-online.org
United Nations Development Programme UNDP Compound, Ministries Road, PO Box 410, Juba, South Sudan
Phone/+211 811 820 146 E-mail: [email protected] http://ss.undp.org
European Union European Union Compound
Juba, South Sudan