CHAPTER 53

*Community Ecology

Food Chain or

Food Web?

Ch 54 # 1

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=aZU699u9HWeUuM&tbnid=sYy0oBvUiluVoM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/ecosystem/food-web.php&ei=YHEKUtToH7LH4APM3YHwCg&bvm=bv.50500085,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFzADPPgD7wz2m9vhSCo5HD4jambg&ust=1376502472906059

Acorns, Mice, Moths, Deer, Ticks, Lyme Disease

Describe how a decrease in biological diversity results in an increase in the transmission of Lyme disease to humans? How has human activities contributed to this lack of diversity? Text p1147 CH53#2

Acorns, Mice, Moths, Deer, Ticks, Lyme Disease*Low diversity areas,

white-footed mouse often the last to disappear..

*Mice carry Lyme disease bacterium which is transmitted to larval ticks as they feed on the mice.

*In the spring, larval ticks look for hosts

Niche

Size

*Brown (introduced from Cuba) and Green anole (native to Florida)

*Niche- All Abiotic and biotic factors; habitat. Size?

*Size of the fundamental niche vs realized- same for the ‘stronger’, smaller realized niche for the ‘weaker’

Ch 53#3

*Fundamental vs Realized Niche

*Competitive Exclusion

Principlep1151- G.F. Gause

*No two species can co-exist in a community if they share a niche (have the same needs).

*Where there is overlap, competition goes on and one species will always win out.

Ch 53#5

*Instead of out competing another species- they co-exist

*Other ways?

*Resource Partitioning

Ch 53#6

• location• time of day• nesting

sites or times

• Food type• plant root

depth

Inter = Between different species

Intra = within one species

Battle at Kruger 8.24

Competition

Predation

Predator

Prey

Pursuit, ambush

Ch 53#4

*Camouflage

Ch 53#8

“Cryptic Coloration”

Malaysian orchid mantis

Grey Cicada

*Camouflage

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1080207/Masters-disguise-Stunning-pictures-tricks-used-creatures-camouflage-themselves.html

*Octopus

*Grizzly Bear

4.37Camouflage

The yellow banded poison dart frog

*Aposematic Coloration

*Mimicry: Batesian vs Mullerian

‘Batesian’ butterflies disproved? Experiment, 1991 Text p1155

*Batesian mimicry*The harmless mimic gains the same advantage as the

dangerous model.

*The ‘duped’ predator brings about this evolutionary change. How?

*While the increased # could benefit both species, the model could be disadvantaged in this process. How?

*Mullerian mimicry

*The ‘model’ is still an aposematic prey.

*The Viceroy butterfly ‘mimic’(top) appears very similar to the noxious tasting Monarch butterfly (bottom).

*However, the viceroy is actually more unpalatable than the monarch

*The model benefits from being mimic- increasing numbers of toxic prey out there warning away predators

*The predator is not ‘duped’- both really are harmful

An intimate relationship between two or more organisms of different species.

P/S: examples of each?

Symbiosis

Mutualism+/+

Commensalism+/0

Parasitism+/-(host)

Symbiosis

Ch 53#9

*?Mutualism

*?Commensalism

*?Mutualism

*?Parasitism

Ecto or endo?

Ectoparasite

*?Mutualism

*?Parasitism…..ecto or endo?

Endoparasite

*?Mutualism

Lichen:Fungus + Algae

*?Mutualism

The “crocodile bird- Egyptian plover…subsaharan Africa

*?Parasitism

Caterpillar Host to Wasp Cocoons

*?Amensalism

Black Walnut Tree-Emits a chemical that kills or inhibits growth of other trees or shrubs nearby.

*Ecological Succession

A landscape altered usually by a natural disaster ?

*Succession: The orderly replacement of one community by another.

*Krakatoa Eruption

1883 36,000 people died

*Nothing but rock

…1st life form back?

?

*Lichen

http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/53.18x1b.jpg

*A subalpine meadow in the Sierra Nevada under invasion by lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana). Depending upon local geological and climatological conditions, this area of grasses and sedges may eventually be replaced by a forest of lodgepole pines

Do you always have to start with primary succession?(Nothing but rock?)

*Four stages of succession:

*1. Submersed aquatic plants in the deeper water.

*2. Emergent cattails,bulrushes rooted in the mud of shallow water.

*3. Willow thickets along the banks of distant shoreline.

*4. Conifer forest in drier, well drained soil above the willow thickets.

Ecological Succession

in a lake