community ecology. you must know… the difference between a fundamental niche and a realized niche...
TRANSCRIPT
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COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
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YOU MUST KNOW…• THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A
FUNDAMENTAL NICHE AND A REALIZED NICHE
• THE ROLE OF COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION IN INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION
• THE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS OF PARASITISM, MUTUALISM, AND COMMENSALISM
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YOU MUST KNOW…• THE IMPACT OF KEYSTONE
SPECIES ON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
• THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SUCCESSION
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CONCEPT 54.1• COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS ARE
CLASSIFIED BY WHETHER THEY HELP, HARM, OR HAVE NO EFFECT ON THE SPECIES INVOLVED
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• COMMUNITY – A GROUP OF POPULATONS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES LIVING CLOSE ENOUGH TO INTERACT
• INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS – MAY BE POSITIVE FOR ONE SPECIES, NEGATIVE, OR NEUTRAL AND INCLUDE COMPETITION, PREDATION, AND SYMBIOSES
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• INTERSPECIFIC – BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT GROUPS
• INTRASPECIFIC – COMPETITION WITHIN THE SAME SPECIES
• EX – 2 MALES FIGHTING OVER THE SAME
TERRITORY
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INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITIONS• OCCURS WHEN RESOURCES ARE
IN SHORT SUPPLY• A -/- INTERACTION BETWEEN THE
SPECIES INVOLVED• 2 CONCEPTS• COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION
PRINCIPLE• NICHES
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COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
• WHEN TWO SPECIES ARE VYING FOR A RESOURCE, EVENTUALLY THE ONE WITH
THE SLIGHT REPRODUCTIVE ADVANTAGE WILL ELIMINATE THE OTHER
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NICHES• THE NICHE OF A SPECIES IS
DETERMINED BY THE HABITAT IN WHICH IT LIVES
• THE ECOLOGICAL NICHE IS THE SUM OF THE HABITAT REQUIREMENTS (BIOTIC & ABIOTIC RESOURCES) THAT THE SPECIES USES IN ITS ENVT THAT ALLOW A SPECIES TO PERSIST AND PRODUCE OFFSPRING
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• FUNDAMENTAL NICHE – THE NICHE POTENTIALLY OCCUPIED BY THE SPECIES
• REALIZED NICHE – A PORTION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL NICHE THE SPECIES ACTUALLY OCCUPIES
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PREDATION• A +/-
INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO SPECIES WHERE THE PREDATOR EATS THE PREY
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SYMBIOSIS• OCCURS WHEN INDIVIDUALS LIVE IN
DIRECT CONTACT WITH ONE ANOTHER
• PARASITISM – A +/- INTERACTION• MUTUALISM – A +/+ INTERACTION• COMMENSALISM – BENEFITS ONE
SPECIES BUT NEITHER HARMS NOR HELPS THE OTHER SPECIES (+/o)
• EX – FERN GROWING IN THE SHADE OF ANOTHER PLANT
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51-1, 51-2 - DEFENSES• CRYPTIC COLORATION - CAMOUFLAGE• APOSEMATIC OR WARNING COLORATION
– A POISONOUS ANIMAL IS BRIGHTLY COLORED AS A WARNING TO OTHER ANIMALS
• BATESIAN MIMICRY – A HARMLESS SPECIES HAS EVOLVED TO MIMIC THE COLORATION OF AN UNPALATABLE OR HARMFUL SPECIES
• HERBIVORY – A +/- INTERACTION WHERE AN HERBIVORE EATS PART OF A PLANT OR ALGA, IT’S ADVANTAGEOUS FOR AN ANIMAL TO BE ABLE TO DISTINGUISH TOXIC FROM NONTOXIC PLANTS
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TYPES OF ANIMAL LEARNING
• ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING – ANIMALS TAKE ONE STIMULUS AND ASSOCIATE IT WITH ANOTHER
• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (a type of associative learning) – ONE STIMULUS IS SUBSTITUTED FOR ANOTHER TO EVOKE THE SAME RESPONSE (PAVLOV)
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• FIXED-ACTION PATTERN – INNATE, PREPROGRAMMED RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS
• HABITUATION – THE LOSS OF RESPONSIVENESS TO UNIMPORTANT STIMULI
• IMPRINTING – INNATE BEHAVIOR THAT IS LEARNED DURING A CRITICAL PERIOD EARLY IN LIFE. ONCE MADE, IT IS IRREVERSIBLE.
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• INSIGHT LEARNING – THE ABILITY TO DO SOMETHING RIGHT THE FIRST TIME WITH NO PRIOR EXPERIENCE. IT REQUIRES REASONING ABILITY.
• OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING – TO LEARN HOW TO DO SOMETHING BY WATCHING ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL DO IT FIRST
• OPERANT CONDITIONING – BASED ON TRIAL AND ERROR. THE ASSOCIATION IS MADE BETWEEN THE ANIMAL’S OWN BEHAVIOR AND A RESPONSE.
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CONCEPT 54.2• DOMINANT AND KEYSTONE
SPECIES EXERT STRONG CONTROLS ON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
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• SPECIES DIVERSITY – MEASURES THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT SPECIES AND THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF EACH SPECIES
• TROPHIC STRUCTURE – REFERS TO THE FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
• FOOD CHAIN – THE TRANSFER OF FOOD ENERGY FROM PLANTS THROUGH HERBIVORE THROUGH CARNIVORES THROUGH DECOMPOSERS
• FOOD WEB – CONSISTS OF TWO OR MORE FOOD CHAINS LINKED TOGETHER
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• DOMINANT SPECIES – HAVE THE HIGHEST BIOMASS (THE SUM WEIGHT OF ALL THE MEMBERS OF A POPULATION)
• KEYSTONE SPECIES – EXERT CONTROL ON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE BY THEIR IMPORTANT ECOLOGICAL NICHES
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CONCEPT 54.3• DISTURBANCE INFLUENCES
SPECIES DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION
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DISTURBANCE• STORM, FIRE, HUMAN ACTIVITY,
ETC. THAT CHANGES A COMMUNITY BY REMOVING ORGANISMS OR CHANGING RESOURCE AVAILABILITY
• NOT NECESSARILY
BAD
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INTERMEDIATE DISTURBANCE HYPOTHESIS
• STATES THAT MODERATE LEVELS OF DISTURBANCE CREATE CONDITIONS THAT FOSTER GREATER SPECIES DIVERSITY THAN LOW OR HIGH LEVELS OF DISTURBANCE
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ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
• THE TRANSITIONS IN SPECIES COMPOSITION IN A CERTAIN AREA OVER ECOLOGICAL TIME
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• PRIMARY SUCCESSION – PLANTS AND ANIMALS GRADUALLY INVADE A REGION THAT WAS VIRTUALLY LIFELESS WHERE SOIL HAS NOT YET FORMED
• EX – GRADUAL COLONIZATION OF A NEWLY FORMED VOLCANIC ISLAND
• SECONDARY SUCCESSION – OCCURS WHEN AN EXISTING COMMUNITY HAS BEEN CLEARED BY A DISTURBANCE THAT LEAVES THE SOIL INTACT
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CONCEPT 54.4• BIOGEOGRAPHIC FACTORS
AFFECT COMMUNITY BIODIVERSITY
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• LATITUDE OF THE COMMUNITY – PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE IS GENERALLY MORE ABUNDANT IN TROPICS
• AREA OF THE COMMUNITY – IF ALL OTHER FACTORS ARE HELD EQUAL, THE LARGER THE GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF A COMMUNITY IS, THE MORE SPECIES IT HAS
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ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY• RATES OF IMMIGRATION AND EXTINCTION
ARE INFLUENCED BY THE SIZE OF THE ISLAND AND THE DISTANCE OF THE ISLAND FROM THE MAINLAND ( THE GREATER THE SIZES OF THE ISLAND, THE HIGHER THE IMMIGRATION RATES AND LOWER THE RATES OF EXTINCTION)
• AS DISTANCE FROM THE MAINLAND INCREASES, THE RATE OF IMMIGRATION FALLS AND EXTINCTION RATES INCREASE