comp 268 computer organization and assembly language
DESCRIPTION
COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language. A Brief History of Computing Architecture. Figure 1-2. A six-level computer. Steps needed to run Fortran program (circa 1960). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
COMP 268Computer Organization and Assembly Language
A Brief History ofComputing Architecture
![Page 2: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Figure 1-2. A six-level computer.
![Page 3: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Steps needed to run Fortran program (circa 1960)
1. Retrieve the FORTRAN compiler card deck from the cabinet, place it in the card reader, and push the start button.
2. Place the card deck containing the FORTRAN source file program in the card reader and push the continue button.
3. When the computer pauses, feed the FORTRAN source file into the card reader for the 2nd pass.
4. If there are no errors, the compiler will punch the “compiled” program on a new card deck. If the compiler does detect 1 or more errors, you will have to make the necessary corrections to your FORTRAN program and return to step 1.
5. Once you have a “compiled” program that is free of syntax errors, feed it into the card reader along with the data card deck and the subroutine library deck that is available in the cabinet.
6. If the program works successfully, the output will be printed on paper. If there is a run-time error, a core dump will be printed instead. If you receive a core dump, you will need to take it home and find the error in your program. Once the errors have been corrected begin again with step 1.
![Page 4: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sample FORTRAN job for early operating systems
![Page 5: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
0th Generation – Mechanical Computers (1642 – 1940)Charles Babbage - Difference Engine and Analytical EngineKonrad Zuse – Electronic relays in 1930’sAlan Turing – BOMBE in Great Britain (1940)
1st Generation – Vacuum Tubes (1940 – 1955)Tommy Flowers – Colossus in Great Britain (1943)John Atanasoff – ABC computer at Iowa State Coll.John Mauchley & J. Presper Eckert – ENIAC at MIT (1945) Univac I (1951)John von Neumann – “stored program concept” & the EDSAC
2nd Generation – Transistors (1955 – 1965)Kenneth Olsen - PDP-1 & PDP-8IBM’s 7094Seymour Cray and CDC’s 6600
3rd Generation – Integrated Circuits (1965 – 1980)IBM’s System/360DEC’s PDP-11
4th Generation – VLSI (1980 - ??)
Computer Generations
Alan Turing
![Page 6: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ENIAC - background
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer• Eckert and Mauchly• University of Pennsylvania• Trajectory tables for weapons • Started 1943• Finished 1946
– Too late for war effort
• Used until 1955
![Page 7: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ENIAC - details
• Decimal (not binary)• 20 accumulators of 10 digits• Programmed manually by switches• 18,000 vacuum tubes• 30 tons• 15,000 square feet• 140 kW power consumption• 5,000 additions per second
John Mauchly
J. Presper Eckert
![Page 8: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
von Neumann/Turing• Stored Program concept• Main memory storing programs
and data• ALU operating on binary data• Control unit interpreting
instructions from memory and executing
• Input and output equipment operated by control unit
John von Neumann
![Page 9: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Structure of von Neumann machine
![Page 10: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Commercial Computers
• 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
• UNIVAC I (1951)
• Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
• Late 1950s - UNIVAC II
![Page 11: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
IBM• Punched-card processing
equipment
• 1953 - the IBM 701– IBM’s first stored program
computer– Scientific calculations
• 1955 - the IBM 702– Business applications
Thomas Watson, Sr & IBM 701
Keypunch Machine
![Page 12: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Transistors
• Replaced vacuum tubes• Smaller• Cheaper• Less heat dissipation• Solid State device• Made from Silicon (Sand)• Invented 1947 at Bell Labs• William Shockley et al.
![Page 13: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Transistor Based Computers
• Second generation machines
• NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines
• IBM 7094
• DEC – PDP-1
PDP-1: 2,700 Transistors; 200kHz
![Page 14: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Microelectronics
• Literally - “small electronics”
• These can be manufactured using semiconductor material, such as silicon
• IBM – System 360 (1965)
![Page 15: COMP 268 Computer Organization and Assembly Language](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568137d1550346895d9f7254/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Moore’s law: Transistor density doubles every 18 – 24 months
"Transistor Count and Moore's Law - 2011" by Wgsimon