company product

Axis Software Private Limited1215/2/13, K.P. Kulkarni Marg, Off Apte Road, Shivaji Nagar, Pune 41100

www.axistech.com

Company Axis Software Pvt Ltd, India

Products Biometric ATMs, PIN based ATMs, Kiosks, POS, Cashless ATMs

Date 10/05/10

Product Photographs(ATMs, Kiosks, POS)

http://www.axistech.com/

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. COMPANY PROFILE

2. AXIS PRODUCT CONFIGURATION DOCUMENT

a) Standard ATMs

b) Optional features available with axis ATMs

c) Cashless ATM

d) Kiosks

e) POS

f) Retro Fit Kit

3. TERMS AND CONDITIONS

4. AXIS SUPPORT POLICY


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1. COMPANY PROFILE

1. Name of the Company Axis Software Pvt. Ltd.Registered under the Companies Act in 1993

2. Brand Name AXIS3. Nature of Business Design, Develop, Manufacture & Marketing of Biometric ATMs,

PIN Based ATMs, Cashless ATMs, Kiosk & POS

4. Product Lines

a)Transaction Terminals

b) Fixed and Wireless Products

c) Software Products

• Biometric ATM• PIN Based ATM• Cashless ATM• Kiosk• Point of Sale (POS)• Retro Fit Kit• Time and Attendance System• Access Control System

• Fixed Line ATM Terminals• Wireless ATM Terminals• Mobile ATM Terminals• Bill Payment Kiosk• Passbook Printing Kiosk• Fund Transfer Kiosk• Check Depositing Kiosk• Ticketing Kiosk• Information Kiosk• Fixed Line POS terminals• Wireless POS terminals• Biometric POS

• Biometric Authentication Software• Time and Track Software• Kiosk Monitoring Software• Remote Monitoring Software• WOSA XFS/ J XFS


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5. Technology Expertise • Hardware & software customization for ATMs, Kiosks, Cashless ATMs, POS, Time and Attendance system, EMV, application development experience on various Card based technologies

• Research, design & development Encryption (Symmetric & Asymmetric) Biometrics

• Wide experience in product development & prototyping

6. ExportsWe export our products to various countries in APAC, EMEA & USA


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COMPANY PROFILE in detail:Headquartered in Pune (India) and founded in April 2000, Axis is a technology-driven Company, developing innovative products and solutions that increase user confidence in the electronic infrastructure, increase service efficiency and build new delivery channels through the application of intelligent technologies -both software and hardware- using biometrics, encryption and related technologies.Axis’ areas of focus are PIN based and Biometric based ATMs, Kiosks for various transaction applications (Funds Transfer, Check-cashing, Ticketing, loan Application etc.), Attendance and Access Control Systems (both logical and physical), Large database systems for National ID, Voter Identification and Criminal Justice (Police) systems, having its expertise in card based technologies.Axis has designed a full-featured ATM, called -Automated Banking Machine or ABM for an American financial institution. The ABM has other banking features like funds-transfer, check truncation (cashing), loan application, loan disbursal and currency and coin acceptance and disbursal. Axis has also developed an innovative product called the Biometric Retrofit Kit for ATMs/kiosks. This kit converts a regular ATM to a Biometric base, either fingerprint or iris, ATM. This very easy to deploy kit is very affordably priced.

Axis is generally considered the first in the world to have developed a biometric, EFT switch based authentication, full-featured ATM. Axis has successfully tested these ATMs/kiosks and is currently deploying them, inter alias, through Citibank. If you are deploying ATMs/kiosks for the first time then you should seriously consider our Biometric based ATMs/kiosks that require no expensive back-end infrastructure, like EFT switch and HSM, and can be deployed almost overnight at a fraction of the cost of regular PIN based ATMs/kiosks. You do not need to invest in cards, expensive PIN management software and helpdesks for lost cards and forgotten PINs. A user can be registered in minutes and start using the ATM immediately.

How do we make this possible?• Complete in-house research, design, development & manufacturing• Very short overall product development cycle• Wide experience in product development including prototyping & injection molding• Required skills for developing advanced financial systems• Linux / Microsoft / Embedded Platforms

Axis is ISO: 9001:2000 certified. Axis has several patents applied for in the USPTO and employs close to 100 employees with a strong focus on R&D and innovation.

Advantages of Axis ATMs:• High transaction security• Very low total cost of ownership• Low operating cost• Easy to use• Quick and easy to deploy• High customer convenience• Alternative authentications – biometrics, in addition to PINATMs can operate in Switch

or Switch-less mode with minimal changes to existing infrastructure


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2. Axis Product Configuration Document

A) Axis Standard ATMs:

1. AX 811 with Standard features

Type: Stand Alone

Access: Front Loading

Emulation: NDC Compliant

Authentication 1: PIN

Authentication 2: Biometric

Processor & Memory: Intel CHIP Set

Media Reader / Writer: Combination DVD Read / CD Write

Speakers: Dual 4W

Card Reader: Magnetic / DIP

PIN Pad and Menu Keys: EPP + 8 FDKs

Display: 10” Colour TFT LCD

Security Lock Type: Single Mechanical Combination Lock

Cash Cassette Configuration: 1 Cassette

Each Cassette Capacity: 1000 Notes

Consumer Printer: 35 Column Thermal

Electronic Journal: Available


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2. AX 811 E with Standard features

Type: Stand Alone







Speakers: Dual 4W




Safe: 6mm or UL 291 Level 1 Compliant

Security Lock Type: Single Mechanical Combination Lock

Cash Cassette Configuration: 1 Cassette





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Type: Stand Alone







Speakers: Dual 4W





Security Lock Type: Digital Combination with Time Delay + Mechanical Lock

Cash Cassette Configuration: 2 Cassettes




Camera: Optional


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Type: Through The Wall

Access: Rear Loading






Speakers: Dual 4W










Camera: Optional


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Type: Lobby Type







Speakers: Dual 4W










Camera: Optional


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7. AX 831 E with Standard features

Type: Stand Alone







Speakers: Dual 4W










Envelop Depositor: Available

Camera: Optional


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8. AX 841 (ABM) with Standard featuresType: Stand Alone







Speakers: Dual 4W






Cash Cassette Configuration: 3 Cassettes (Multiple up to 4)


Cash Deposit: Available

Coin Deposit: Available

Coin Dispense: Available

Check Scanner: Check 21 Compliant



Envelop Depositor: Available


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B) Optional Features Available with Axis ATMs

Features AX 811

AX 811E

AX 821

AX 825

AX 835

AX 831

AX 831E

AX 841

Number of Cassettes up to 8

EMV Compliant Card Reader

Motorized Card Reader

Hybrid Card Reader

Touch Screen

UL 291 Level 1 Compliant

UL 291 Business Hours compliant

Check Scanner

Bar Code Reader

Coin Acceptor

Coin Dispenser

Cash Acceptor

Fingerprint Biometric

IRIS Biometric

Face Biometric

Camera


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C) Cashless ATM

Type: Wall Mount






Speakers: Dual 4W



Display: 6.4” Colour TFT LCD


Camera: Available

Size: 400 X 190 X 60

Power: 60W


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D) KIOSKS

1. Bill Payment Kiosk

Model: AX 731Access: Rear LoadingProcessor: Intel ChipsetRAM: 512 MBHDD: 40 GB or HigherDisplay: 15” Colour TFT LCD with Touch ScreenSpeakers: Dual 4WAuthentication: PIN based with EPP – TDESCard Reader: Magnetic / Dip TypeCheck Scanner: MICRCash Acceptor: 4 Way Acceptance with 1200 notes capacityBarcode Reader: Code 128 Compliant (Optional)Shell: 2mm ThicknessSafe for Cash Acceptor: 6 mm ThicknessShell Lock: Mechanical LockConsumer Printer: 35 Column Thermal

2. Passbook Printing Kiosk

Model: AX 731Access: Rear LoadingProcessor: Intel ChipsetRAM: 512 MBHDD: 40 GB or HigherDisplay: 15” Colour TFT LCD with Touch ScreenSpeakers: Dual 4WAuthentication: PIN based with EPP – TDESCard Reader: Magnetic / Dip TypeCheck Scanner: MICR (Optional)Shell: 2mm ThicknessSafe for Cash Acceptor: 6 mmShell Lock: Mechanical LockPassbook Printer: Automatic document alignment & edge ensign, Thicker passbook handling up to 2.2mm


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3. Check Acceptor Kiosk

Model: AX 731Access: Rear LoadingProcessor: Intel ChipsetRAM: 512 MBHDD: 40 GB or HigherDisplay: 15” Colour TFT LCD with Touch ScreenSpeakers: Dual 4WAuthentication: PIN based with EPP – TDESCheck Scanner 1: MICR with TruncationCheck Scanner 2: MICRShell: 2mm ThicknessCheck Drop Area: 3 mm thicknessSpeakers: Dual 4WKeyboard: Full Metal keyboard with touch-padSoft Keyboard: OptionalCamera: OptionalShell Lock: Mechanical LockConsumer Printer: 35 Column Thermal

4. Information Kiosk

Model: AX 731Access: Front LoadingProcessor: Intel ChipsetRAM: 512 MBHDD: 40 GB or HigherDisplay: 15” Colour TFT LCD with Touch ScreenSpeakers: Dual 4WAuthentication: PIN based with EPP – TDESSpeakers: Dual 4WKeyboard: Full Metal keyboard with touch-padSoft Keyboard: OptionalCamera: OptionalShell Lock: Mechanical LockConsumer Printer: 35 Column Thermal


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5. Fund Transfer Kiosk

Model: AX 731Access: Rear LoadingProcessor: Intel ChipsetRAM: 512 MBHDD: 40 GB or HigherDisplay: 15” Colour TFT LCD with Touch ScreenSpeakers: Dual 4WAuthentication: PIN based with EPP – TDESSpeakers: Dual 4WCash Acceptor: 4 Way note acceptorCard Reader: Magnetic / DIPCoin Acceptor: OptionalCheck Scanner 1: MICRCheck Scanner 2: MICR TruncationKeyboard: Full Metal keyboard with touch padSoft Keyboard: OptionalCamera: OptionalShell Lock: Mechanical LockConsumer Printer: 35 Column Thermal

6. Ticketing Kiosk

Model: AX 731Access: Rear LoadingProcessor: Intel ChipsetRAM: 512 MBHDD: 40 GB or HigherDisplay: 15” Colour TFT LCD with Touch ScreenSpeakers: Dual 4WAuthentication: Numeric KeypadSpeakers: Dual 4WCash Acceptor: 4 Way note acceptorCard Reader: Magnetic / DIPCoin Acceptor: OptionalCamera: OptionalShell Lock: Mechanical LockConsumer Printer: 35 Column Thermal

7. And Many More in the List as per client requirement.


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E) Axis POS:

1. Axis POS AX 901

2. Axis Bio-POS AX 911


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F) RETROFIT KIT

Retro Fit Kit ATM (AX-801)

Axis Biometric Retrofit Kits for ATMs:

Axis has developed an innovative new product called the Biometric Retrofit Kit for ATMs. This kit converts a regular ATM to a biometric based, either fingerprint or iris, ATM. This very easy to deploy kit is very affordably priced. This kit has generated a huge interest among financial institutions. This device can convert your standard ATMs to Biometric ATMs. Retro Fit Kit can be integrated with existing standard ATMs to make them more secure with fingerprint authentication technology. The functionality of the ATM remains the same with an added advantage of Biometrics. Various combinations of PIN number, cards, & biometrics can be used for authentication depending upon the security levels.

Robust and fault tolerant. Can operate in non air-conditioned Environment Quick and easy to deploy. Can start using within hours of Installation User-friendly Displays, Optional Touch Screen Dynamic interfaces - Intelligent audio, visual & silent alerts Compatible with popular ATM switches. Advanced image processing and pattern recognition algorithms for Fingerprint verification

Technical Details:

Protocol Support: Supports NDC Protocol

Device Supports: Audio: Online audio instructions

Fingerprint Scanner: Optical

Display: Two Lines LCD

Operating Humidity: 90 % RH

Operating System: Linux


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3. TERMS & CONDITIONS

1. PAYMENT TERMS

100% as advance along with the purchase order

2. DELIVERY PERIOD

Delivery is subject to Force Majeure conditions, for which Axis shall not be responsible Delivery of the ordered equipment, shall be within 4-6 weeks subject to Axis receiving a confirmed order with advance payment specifying the configuration and site location

3. DUTIES & TAXES

The above rates of hardware and software are exclusive of any other applicable local taxes. All such taxes are extra and will be payable at actual by the buyer

4. INSTALLATION & TRAINING

Installation:

Axis engineers will install the ATM Hardware and Software at the buyer’s site @US$250.00 per ATM. The buyer will have to bear the to-and-fro economy class air travel charges, food & local stay for two Axis installation engineers. Due to some conditions/reasons, if the buyer is not able to get the installation done or is unable to provide the required resources (in terms of ATM installation) to Axis engineers within 15 day’s, then it will be assumed that the delay in ATM installation is caused by the buyer & that the buyer will have to pay an extra charge US$100.00 per day per engineer.

Training at Axis Software premises Pune, India:

A 4-day Axis Certified ATM Training is available at our Technical Training Workshop at Pune @ US$ 500.00 per buyer personal for a maximum of three buyer personnel, which includes:

ATM Administration and Transaction Analysis

First Level Maintenance and ATM Replenishment Training

ATM Troubleshooting Procedures

ATM Startup and Shutdown

ATM Diagnostics

Customer’s Fingerprint Registration Procedure


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ATM software Flow & System study

Travel Conveyance and Accommodation at Pune is to be borne by the buyer. Please inquire with Axis for the training schedules.

Training at buyer’s site or other convenient location:

If in case this training is required at the buyer’s site or some other convenient location by the buyer, US$ 1,500.00 will be charged per day. The buyer will have to bear the to-and-fro economy class air travel charges of the installation engineer. We will also provide an on-site ATM procedures training for two bank personnel at the ATM site once the ATM is installed.

Note: All the above are payable in advance.

5. WARRANTY

The equipment supplied by Axis shall be warranted against defects for a period as follows:

12 months from date of delivery / dispatch. Our warranty shall not apply to goods which have been altered or repaired or damaged after installation by anyone except our authorized Employees, nor shall it apply if the goods have been damaged by power fluctuations, abuse, negligence, customer modification, misapplication, lightning, water damage or any other natural calamities. Our obligation and liabilities hereunder shall not be enforceable until our goods have been fully paid for. Our warranty is limited to the original purchaser only.

6. AMC (annual maintenance contract) CHARGES

After Warranty, AMC @ 13% and 15% of the total order value will be charged for the first and second year respectively, payable at the beginning of the contract period.

7. OTHER CONDITIONS

Certification: Any product certification required for shipment, will be bare by the buyer

Exclusion of work: Any sort of civil and electrical work, conducted for the buyer would perform main power supply to the system

Quotation validity: Thirty (30) days from the date of this quotation Purchase Order should favor Axis Software Pvt. Ltd., Pune

8. JURISDICTION - Any future disputes that may arise out of this proposal are subject to the jurisdiction of courts at Pune, India only.


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4. AXIS Support Policy

Axis uses world-class and new components for all its products. As a result, AXIS’ products are working even in rural India, where the temperatures soar up to 480 C and it is very dusty, for 4 to 5 years without any major preventive or remedial maintenance requirement. Axis recommends that moving parts require minimum support and hence the remedial and preventive maintenance will be significantly low if components with moving parts are avoided. For instance: a Dip Card Reader is much more efficient and needs less maintenance than a Motorized Card Reader. The major maintenance issues with the Cash Dispenser are associated with the removal of currency bills that are jammed. Axis products are designed in such a way that all components are easy to reach and service. Bank personnel trained by Axis can easily accomplish a bill jam removal.

AXIS believes in training the deployer for the maintenance of its products so that the deployer gets maximum uptime from them. Case in point is if there is a paper jam and a support person is to be deployed by AXIS, and then it might take the support engineer to reach the site in a day, or more in some cases, which would result in expensive down time. Alternatively, if deplorer’s personnel are trained, the situation can be remedied in a matter of a few minutes, resulting in dramatically increasing the uptime of the service the buyer wishes to provide.

All of the above significantly reduce the Total Cost of Ownership of Axis products resulting in quicker payback for the investment made and also the increase in the confidence levels of the users of the services because of very high uptimes.

The deployer also saves a lot of money on the subsequent Annual Maintenance Costs, as they get mitigated due to larger role being played by the deployer. There is also a greater sense of ownership amongst the deployer’s personnel resulting in overall better service experiences for the user.

AXIS provides training to deployer’s personnel free of cost if the deployer purchases a total of at least 50 ATM units.

AXIS’ Online and Telephonic support is available round the clock for guidance if so required post training.

Axis maintains spares for at least duration of 5 (five) years after the delivery of the products.


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KEY AXIS PRODUCTS & BIOMETRICS

Time N’ TrackIt is a family of powerful microprocessor based Time & Attendance and Access Control system enabled with the latest Biometrics, encryption and smart card technology. The System supports a very friendly user interface and advanced policy software. The SBC supports various biometric technologies and sensors.DesCop It’s a Biometrics based desktop protection system from Axis, which secures your computer from unauthorized use. You can control access to your sensitive files and prevent them from falling into the wrong hands. DesCop offers comprehensive data security protection with:• Logon/Screensaver System • Logging on to the network• File encryption system • File/Folder/Drive/Application locking system • Encryption of the file while sending it over the network• Effective user management Access can be controlled through any one or a combination of Password, Biometrics or Smart Card and can also be added to the toolbar of applications such as Internet Explorer, Microsoft office, Outlook, etc. BioEnableBioEnable is a software integration kit, which allows an easy integration of the “Axis Biometrics Authentication Suite” with your Enterprise or E-Business applications. Your employees, customers or clients can easily log into your computer networks, whether web-based or other, to access accounts, confidential files, applications, and privileged content. And have their identity biometrically authenticated to gain access to service without the hassle of remembering passwords or pins and without compromising the security of your business. BioEnterpriseCorporates can provide secure access to their enterprise applications such as ERP software, Banking & Finance applications and Internet servers, quickly without any integration. BioEnterprise provides a new layer of security over passwords. It verifies the user's identity and allows quick access to one, some or all applications at once. NO matter where your employees log on from, they can quickly and easily access authorized files and company information. BioExchangeBioExchange allows you to exchange documents securely in an organization. You can secure any document with a right click of your mouse. Once secured, it can be opened; only by you and the peoples to whom you have authorized to open it. BioExchange provides unique integration of Bio PKIBioPKI provides efficient and tested framework for secure transactions and exchange of data across networks. BioPKI patches certain drawbacks, which PKI has such as, mobility problem, storage of private key, and physical access to machine storing your private key. With BioPKI, your private key is generated only when you give your biometric and you can transact safely from any machine anywhere in the world.


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ASAT (Axis Semi Automated Teller)ASAT is a biometric based semi automated transaction system for Banks, Financial Institutes, Government Organizations and Corporates. ASAT allows banks to automate branch operations without investing in huge electronic network infrastructure like ATMs. ASAT consists of a biometric authentication terminal installed outside the teller counter. Customers enter account number and verify biometric to withdraw money instead of going through the manual process of filling withdrawal slips, signature verification and repetitive cash counting by the teller.

ACC (Automated Cheque Clearance)Axis provides an innovative patent pending product that offers a secured, efficient platform for Corporate Banking. The current cheque clearance authentication process is manual, time consuming and prone to human errors. It is also very tedious as it involves checking authentication directives (Business Logic) and matching signatures on the cheque with that in the database in order to grant clearance. Axis Automated Cheque Clearance (ACC) adds another layer to signature authentication with an annotation, which is coupled with biometric authentication.

In ACC, an annotation is printed on the cheque, which stores confidential information such as signatory details, cheque information and fingerprints of the signatories. When a cheque comes in for clearance the Axis System with the banker just scans the annotation and matches the data with that in the database and authentication is done. At the same time other authorizations are also ascertained like whether signatories are authorized to sign, whether the amount they are authorized to sign is not exceeded etc.

All biometric systems operate in a similar fashion. First, the system captures a sample of the biometric characteristic (ie.enrollment process). During enrollment, some biometric systems may require a number of samples in order to build a profile of the biometric characteristic. Unique features are then extracted and converted by the system into a mathematical code.


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This sample is then stored as the biometric template for the enrollee. The template can reside on a computer database, smart card or barcode.

In addition, the biometric system may require a trigger, or a means of matching the template to the person, for e.g. a PIN is keyed-in to access the template, or a smart card storing the tem-plate is inserted into a card reader. In either case, the end user interacts with the biometric sys-tem for a second time to have his or her identity checked. A new biometric sample is then taken and this is compared with the template. If the template and the new sample match, the end user is granted access. This is the basic premise of biometrics - that a person has a sample of their biometric data captured and the biometric system decides if it matches with an-other sample.

The following four-stage process illustrates the way our biometric systems operate:Capture - a physical or behavioral sample is captured by the system during enrollment Extraction -unique data is extracted from the sample and a template is created Comparison -the template is then compared with a new sample Matching - the system then decides if the features extracted from the new sample are matching or not.


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Fingerprint Verification

Basics

Fingerprints are one of those bizarre twists of nature. Human beings happen to have built-in, easily accessible identity cards. You have a unique design, which represents you alone, literally at your fingertips. How did this happen? People have tiny ridges of skin on their fingers because this particular adaptation was extremely advantageous to the ancestors of the human species. The pattern of ridges and "valleys" on fingers make it easier for the hands to grip things, in the same way a rubber tread pattern helps a tire grip the road. The other function of fingerprints is a total coincidence. Like everything in the human body, these ridges form through a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The genetic code in DNA gives general orders on the way skin should form in a developing fetus, but the specific way it forms is a result of random events.

The exact position of the fetus in the womb at a particular moment and the exact composition and density of surrounding amniotic fluid decides how every individual ridge will form. So, in addition to the countless things that go into deciding your genetic make-up in the first place, there are innumerable environmental factors influencing the formation of the fingers. Just like the weather conditions that form clouds or the coastline of a beach, the entire development process is so chaotic that, in the entire course of human history, there is virtually no chance of the same exact pattern forming twice.

Consequently, fingerprints are a unique marker for a person, even an identical twin. And while two prints may look basically the same at a glance, a trained investigator or an advanced piece of software can pick out clear, defined differences. This is the basic idea of fingerprint analysis, in both crime investigation and security. A fingerprint scanner's job is to take the place of a human analyst by collecting a print sample and comparing it to other samples on record. In the next few sections, we'll find out how scanners do this.

Verification

There are a variety of approaches to fingerprint verification. Some of them try to emulate the traditional police method of matching minutiae, others are straight pattern matching devices, and some adopt a unique approach all of their own, including moiré fringe patterns and


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ultrasonic. Some of them can detect when a live finger is presented, some cannot. There are a greater variety of fingerprint devices available than any other biometric at present.

Potentially capable of good accuracy (low instances of false acceptance) fingerprint devices can also suffer from usage errors among insufficiently disciplined users (higher instances of false rejection) such as might be the case with large user bases. One must also consider the transducer / user interface and how this would be affected by large scale usage in a variety of environments. Fingerprint verification may be a good choice for in house systems where adequate explanation and training can be provided to users and where the system is operated within a controlled environment.

It is not surprising that the workstation access application area seems to be based almost exclusively around fingerprints, due to the relatively low cost, small size (easily integrated into keyboards) and ease of integration.

Matching

Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based identification is the oldest method, which has been successfully used in numerous applications. Everyone is known to have unique, immutable fingerprints. A fingerprint is made of a series of ridges and furrows on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and furrows as well as the minutiae points. Minutiae points are local ridge characteristics that occur at either a ridge bifurcation or a ridge ending. Fingerprint matching techniques can be placed into two categories: minutiae-based and correlation based. Minutiae-based techniques first find minutiae points and then map their relative placement on the finger. However, there are some difficulties when using this approach. It is difficult to extract the minutiae points accurately when the fingerprint is of low quality.

Also this method does not take into account the global pattern of ridges and furrows. The correlation-based method is able to overcome some of the difficulties of the minutiae-based approach. However, it has some of its own shortcomings. 8Correlation-based techniques require the precise location of a registration point and are affected by image translation and rotation.


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Fingerprint matching based on minutiae has problems in matching different sized (unregistered) minutiae patterns. Local ridge structures cannot be completely characterized by minutiae. We are trying an alternate representation of fingerprints, which will capture more local information and yield a fixed length code for the fingerprint. The matching will then hopefully become a relatively simple task of calculating the Euclidean distance will between the two codes. A commercial fingerprint-based authentication system requires a very low False Reject Rate (FAR) for a given False Accept Rate (FAR). This is very difficult to achieve with any one technique. We are investigating methods to pool evidence from various matching techniques to increase the overall accuracy of the system. In a real application, the sensor, the acquisition system and the variation in performance of the system over time is very critical. We are also field testing our system on a limited number of users to evaluate the system performance over a period of time.

Classification

Large volumes of fingerprints are collected and stored everyday in a wide range of applications including forensics, access control, and driver license registration. An automatic recognition of people based on fingerprints requires that the input fingerprint be matched with a large number of fingerprints in a database (FBI database contains approximately 70 million fingerprints!). To reduce the search time and computational complexity, it is desirable to classify these fingerprints in an accurate and consistent manner so that the input fingerprint is required to be matched only with a subset of the fingerprints in the database


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Fingerprint classification is a technique to assign a fingerprint into one of the several pre-specified types already established in the literature, which can provide an indexing mechanism. Fingerprint classification can be viewed as a coarse level matching of the fingerprints. An input fingerprint is first matched at a coarse level to one of the pre-specified types and then, at a finer level, it is compared to the subset of the database containing that type of fingerprints only. We have developed an algorithm to classify fingerprints into five classes, namely, whorl, right loop, left loop, arch, and tented arch. The algorithm separates the number of ridges present in four directions (0 degree, 45 degree, 90 degree, and 135 degree) by filtering the central part of a fingerprint with a bank of Gabor filters. This information is quantized to generate a Finger Code, which is used for classification.

Our classification is based on a two-stage classifier, which uses a K-nearest neighbor classifier in the first stage and a set of neural networks in the second stage. The classifier is tested on 4,000 images in the NIST-4 database. For the five-class problem, classification accuracy of 90% is achieved. For the four-class problem (arch and tented arch combined into one class), we are able to achieve a classification accuracy of 94.8%. By incorporating a reject option, the classification accuracy can be increased to 96% for the five-class classification and to 97.8% for the four-class classification when 30.8% of the images are rejected.

Image Enhancement A critical step in automatic fingerprint matching is to automatically and reliably extract minutiae from the input fingerprint images. However, the performance of a minutiae extraction algorithm relies heavily on the quality of the input fingerprint images. In order to ensure that the performance of an automatic fingerprint identification/verification system will be robust with respect to the quality of the fingerprint images, it is essential to incorporate a fingerprint enhancement algorithm in the minutiae extraction module. We have developed a fast fingerprint enhancement algorithm, which can adaptively improve the clarity of ridge and furrow structures of input fingerprint images based on the estimated local ridge orientation and frequency. We have evaluated the performance of the image enhancement algorithm using the goodness index of the extracted minutiae and the accuracy of an online fingerprint verification system. Experimental results show that incorporating the enhancement algorithms improves both the goodness index and the verification accuracy.


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Scanners: (Optical Scanner) A fingerprint scanner system has two basic jobs - it needs to get an image of your Finger, and it needs to determine whether the pattern of ridges and valleys in this image matches the pattern of ridges and valleys in pre-scanned images. There are a number of different ways to get an image of somebody's finger. The most common methods today are optical scanning and capacitance scanning. Both types come up with the same sort of image, but they go about it in completely different ways.

The heart of an optical scanner is a charge-coupled device (CCD), the same light sensor system used in digital cameras and camcorders. A CCD is simply an array of light-sensitive diodes called photo sites, which generate an electrical signal in response to light photons. Each photo site records a pixel, a tiny dot representing the light that hit that spot. Collectively, the light and dark pixels form an image of the scanned scene (a finger, for example). Typically, an analog-to-digital converter in the scanner system processes the analog electrical signal to generate a digital representation of this image. See How Digital Cameras Work for details on CCDs and digital conversion.

The scanning process starts when you place your finger on a glass plate, and a CCD camera takes a picture. The scanner has its own light source, typically an array of light-emitting diodes, to illuminate the ridges of the finger. The CCD system actually generates an inverted image of the finger, with darker areas representing more reflected light (the ridges of the finger) and lighter areas representing less reflected light (the valleys between the ridges). Before comparing the print to stored data, the scanner processor makes sure the CCD has captured a clear image. It checks the average pixel darkness, or the overall values in a small sample, and rejects the scan if the overall image is too dark or too light.

If the image is rejected, the scanner adjusts the exposure time to let in more or less light, and then tries the scan again. If the darkness level is adequate, the scanner system goes on to check the image definition (how sharp the fingerprint scan is). The processor looks at several

Straight lines moving horizontally and vertically across the image. If the fingerprint image has good definition, a line running perpendicular to the ridges will be made up of alternating sections of very dark pixels and very light pixels. If the processor finds that the image is crisp and properly exposed, it proceeds to comparing the captured fingerprint with fingerprints on file.

Disclaimer: Axis® is a registered trademark owned by Axis Soft.pvt.ltd. Other brands and names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Neither the whole nor any part of the information contained in, or the product described in, this document may be adapted or reproduced in any form without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. The product described in this document is subject to continuous developments and improvements. Axis Soft.pvt.ltd gives all particulars of the product and its use contained in this document in good faith. However, all warranties implied or expressed, including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability, or fitness for purpose, are excluded. This document is intended only to assist the reader in the use of the product. Axis Soft.pvt.ltd shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising from the use of any information in this document, or any error or omission in such information, or the use or inability to use the product.


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