comparative approaches to personality the five factor model of personality

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COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

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LECTURE OUTLINE (cont) Cross-cultural Validity of the FFM –Age and gender differences across cultures –Convergent validity Cross-cultural comparisons Interpretations and implications

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Page 1: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY

The Five Factor Model of Personality

Page 2: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

LECTURE OUTLINE

• Personality theories• Background• Five Factor Model• Is the FFM universal?

– Etic research– Emic research

• Is the FFM sufficient?

Page 3: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

LECTURE OUTLINE (cont)

• Cross-cultural Validity of the FFM– Age and gender differences across

cultures– Convergent validity

• Cross-cultural comparisons• Interpretations and implications

Page 4: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

PERSONALITY THEORIES

• Broad and comprehensive theories of human behaviour

• Psychoanalytic, Behavioural, Cognitive, Humanistic, Trait theories

Page 5: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

PERSONALITY…

Relatively stable psychological structures and processes that organize human experience and shape a person’s actions and reactions to the environment

Lazarus

Page 6: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

PERSONALITY AND INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGY

• Systematic attempts to interpret ancient religious, philosophical writings and traditions

• Empirical research based on observations of distinct, indigenous traits or characteristics

Page 7: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

PERSONALITY AND INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGY

THEORY-BASED

EMPIRICALLY BASED

RELIGION, FOLK PSYCHOLOGY

Yogic, Buddhist, Confucian philosophies

Research on the effects of meditation

EXPERT, SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY

Social orientation of Chinese

Face and favour, kiasu, bahala na

Page 8: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

Background of Universals

• Trait theories• Comparative approaches and

taxonomies

Page 9: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

FIVE-FACTOR MODEL (FFM)

The structure of personality:• Psycho-lexical approach• 4000 trait names in English• Reduced to five factors

- The Big Five amongst hierarchical models of personality (Cattell, 1996; Eysenck, 1991, 1992)- The cross-cultural generalizability of the Five-Factor Model (Costa & McRae, 1992, 1996)

Page 10: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

NEUROTICISM

• Vs. adjustment• Inclination to construct, perceive and

feel reality as problematic, threatening, and difficult

Page 11: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

EXTRAVERSION

• Vs. introversion• Quantity and intensity of social

relationships with the environment• Tendency to engage or seek contact

Page 12: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

OPENNESS

• Active search for and love of new experiences

• Eagerness for novelty without anxiety

Page 13: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

AGREEABLENESS

• Concerns nature of one’s relationships with others

• Interpersonal relationships from compassion to antagonism

Page 14: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

• Persistency of behaviour and control of impulses

• Dynamic (e.g., anticipation, task orientation) and control (e.g., organization, perseverence) elements

Page 15: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

NEO PI

• Neuroticism– Anxiety– Angry hostility – Depression– Self consciousness– Impulsiveness– Vulnerability

Page 16: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

NEO PI

• Extraversion– Warmth– Gregariousness – Assertiveness– Activity– Excitement-seeking– Positive emotions

Page 17: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

NEO PI

• Openness– Fantasy– Aesthetics– Feelings– Actions– Ideas– Values

Page 18: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

NEO PI

• Agreeableness– Trust– Straightforwardness– Altruism– Compliance– Modesty– Tendermindedness

Page 19: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

NEO PI

• Conscientiousness– Competence– Order– Dutifulness– Achievement striving– Self discipline– Deliberation

Page 20: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

SAMPLE ITEMS

• I am not a worrier.• I like to have a lot of people around me.• I try to be courteous to everyone I meet.• I like to keep my belongings neat and clean.• I don’t like to waste my time on day-dreaming.

Page 21: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

FACTOR STRUCTURE (Costa & McCrae,

1992): NEUROTICISM

N E O A C

Anxiety .83 -.12 -.02 -.05 -.08

Angry hostility .65 .12 -.03 -.38 -.12

Depression .75 -.24 -.03 -.02 -.27

Self-consciousness .64 -.31 -.11 -.04 -.13

Impulsiveness .56 .26 .12 -.17 -.38

Vulnerability .74 -.10 -.22 .10 -.34

Page 22: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

FACTOR STRUCTURE: EXTRAVERSION

N E O A C

Warmth -.02 .66 .09 .49 .06

Gregariousness -.03 .67 -.12 .22 -.12

Assertiveness -.13 .66 .08 -.15 .20

Activity .04 .64 -.07 -.03 .41Excitement Seeking .03 .51 .19 -.28 -.12

Positive Emotions -.23 .60 .18 -.30 .03

Page 23: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

FACTOR STRUCTURE: OPENNESS

N E O A C

Fantasy .13 .04 .55 -.15 -.31

Aesthetics .00 .11 .67 .27 -.05

Feelings .50 .23 .56 .06 .11

Actions -.21 .28 .29 -.09 -.28

Ideas -.15 -.10 .61 -.03 .32

Values -.17 .04 .43 .06 .03

Page 24: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

FACTOR STRUCTURE: AGREEABLENESS

N E O A C

Trust -.23 .18 .02 .68 .12

Straightforwardness -.07 -.23 .03 .68 .13

Altruism -.10 .29 .18 .64 .29

Compliance -.09 -.17 -.06 .69 -.08

Modesty .29 -.46 -.14 .32 -.15

Tender-mindedness .27 .19 .15 .62 .02

Page 25: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

FACTOR STRUCTURE: CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

N E O A C

Competence -.39 .28 .16 -.14 .65Order -.07 .05 .00 .07 .73Dutifulness -.15 -.03 -.07 .28 .69Achievement-striving

-.03 .22 .07 .04 .78

Self-discipline -.30 .15 -.04 .14 .78Deliberation -.29 -.19 .05 .04 .69

Page 26: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

COEFFICIENTS OF CONGRUENCE(Rolland, 2002)

SAMPLE N E O A CChinese .97 .93 .92 .94 .97Croatian .95 .80 .92 .86 .94Dutch .96 .98 .97 .98 .97Estonian .95 .90 .95 .92 .96French .89 .96 .97 .97 .97Hebrew .98 .92 .96 .94 .95Icelandic .93 .94 .95 .98 .96

Page 27: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

COEFFICIENTS OF CONGRUENCE

SAMPLE N E O A C

Italian .92 .80 .94 .81 .98Korean .97 .94 .94 .95 .96Malay .94 .93 .83 .94 .97Norwegian .96 .93 .90 .96 .94Philippine .96 .86 .95 .89 .97Portuguese .98 .89 .89 .93 .96Russian .92 .93 .92 .96 .95Spanish .94 .90 .92 .86 .95

Page 28: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

ETIC STUDIES

• The cross-cultural generalizability of Neuroticism, Openness and conscientiousness is evident

• Certain facets of Extraversion and Agreeableness seem to be more sensitive to cultural context

Page 29: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

EMIC STUDIES

• In some psycho-lexical emic studies (e.g., Italy, Hungary) Openness cannot be extracted

• In some instances more than 5 factors emerge

Page 30: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

Cross-cultural validity

• Extraversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness is clearly established by emic and etic approaches

• Neuroticism and Openness seems to be more problematic using emic methods

Page 31: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

AGE DIFFERENCES ON NEO-PI

• N,E,and O decline from adolescence to 30

• A and C increase from adolescence to 30

• Same trends apparent after 30 but at slower rate

Page 32: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

CORRELATIONS WITH EPQ AND HOFSTEDE DIMENSIONS

EPQ N E O A C Neuroticism .63** -.47* .12 -.53* .16 Extraversion -.62** .19 .00 .34 .19 Psychoticism .36 -.64** .09 -.08 .26 Lie-Scale .20 -.40 -.23 -.07 .54* PD .28 -.58* -.40* .19 .52* UA .58* .03 .31 -.56* -.25 Individualism -.12 .64* .34* -.07 -.30 Masculinity .55* -.27 .37* -.32 .06

Page 33: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCESN E O A C

Indonesians 48.6 43.3 49.9 51.9 50.3PRC Chinese 53.1 44.5 48.3 47.8 50.3Canadians 50.5 51.7 51.6 51.9 49.2Indians (Telugu) 52.3 43.5 44.0 55.9 54.0Germans 52.8 47.3 56.7 49.1 46.7South Africans (bl) 49.1 41.4 47.7 50.4 47.9Czechs 54.2 47.4 52.3 50.7 47.5Turks 50.9 50.3 50.8 48.5 50.4Peruvians 50.8 45.5 50.0 48.6 49.0

Page 34: COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

QUESTION

• Costae and McCrae (1996):“Individual differences are ubiquitous, but it appears that the ways in which people differ are everywhere the same.” (p. 207)

• Is the comparative approach to personality a useful endeavour?