STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT ALBANY

COMPARATIVE ELECTORAL SYSTEMS

Spring 2008

Mr. Zimmerman I. COURSE DESCRIPTION This course focuses primarily upon the republican (representative) form of government at the national, state, and local government planes in the United States. Direct democracy—the New England open town meeting, the initiative, the protest referendum, and the recall—will be examined briefly with respect to their respective role in state and local governments.

The following electoral systems will be analyzed to determine the degree of representation of constituents provided by each system: single-member district system, alternative vote, multi-member district system, combined single and multi-member district system, cumulative voting, limited voting, list system of proportional representation, and single-transferable vote system of proportional representation. Recruitment of candidates, redistricting and gerrymandering, the role of interest groups and political parties in electoral campaigns, fund raising and strategies, and national and state corrupt practices acts will be reviewed. Each student will be responsible for writing a series of short papers and a major research paper. II. REQUIRED BOOKS Steven Hill, Fixing Elections: The Failure of America’s Winner Take All Politics. New York:

Routledge, 2002. David M. Farrell. Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction. Houndmill, Hampshire:

Palgrave, 2001. Douglas J. Amy. Real choices/Real Voices, 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. John R. Koza, Barry Fadem, Mark Grueskin, Michael S. Mandell, Robert Richie, and Joseph F.

Zimmerman. Every Vote Equal: A State-Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote. Los Altos, California: National Popular Vote Press, 2006.

III. READING ASSIGNMENTS The books should be read in the order listed above. IV. CLASS ATTENDANCE AND SPECIAL PROBLEMS Class attendance is mandatory. Each student is responsible for materials presented in lectures which contain information not found in the assigned readings. Unexcused absences result in a lowering of the course grade. If you experience health, financial, or other problems that interfere with your studies, please notify me and we may be able to make special arrangements during the problem period.

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V. QUIZZES AND EXAMINATIONS Periodic short quizzes will be administered to assess progress made by students. In addition, three equally weighted examinations will be administered. All quizzes and examinations will be announced in advance. The third and final examination will be held in the classroom on Thursday, May 15, 2008 from 8 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. VI. RESEARCH PAPER Each student must write a research paper on the representational quality of an electoral system.

A short prospectus (three pages maximum) is due on February 12, 2008, and should describe briefly the research topic, and the methodology to be employed. Please include your E-mail address and telephone number in the prospectus. Failure to turn in the prospectus on the due date results in an automatic ZERO. An extensive bibliography supporting your research paper and an outline are due on March 6, 2008. Failure to turn in the bibliography on the due date results in an automatic ZERO. A complete draft of a well-written and documented research paper is due on March 13, 2008. A revised draft of the research paper is due on April 17, 2008. Two copies of your final revised research paper are due in the classroom at the beginning of class on April 29, 2008. The research topic should be narrowed sufficiently to facilitate completion of an in-depth research paper. Papers will be returned without a grade if they contain an excessive number of typographical, grammatical, and/or spelling errors. A paper will receive a grade of ZERO if there are no numbers on the pages. Care should be exercised in writing the paper to ensure answers are provided to the following questions: Where? When? For Whom? By Whom? How? What? A research paper MUST be based upon “PRIMARY” sources of information; i.e., the original publication containing the information. A “secondary” source should be utilized only when the “primary” source is unavailable in the Capital District since a “secondary” source may contain typographical errors and/or contain material taken out of context. Several of the works cited in the syllabus’ bibliography may not be available in the University Library. Please contact the Interlibrary Loan Office for these and other publications unavailable in the University Library.

Please use CAPTIONS (headings)—center and side—to divide your paper into sections. The first caption should be a center one and under it should be placed subcaptions on the left side of the paper. The number of center captions is determined by the number of major sections of your paper. NOTES

Documentation is important in a research paper, but over-documentation should be avoided. A complete citation must be provided for each direct or indirect quotation of a statement made by another individual. Citations must be provided for all constitutional provisions, statutes, statutory instruments, and court decisions. In addition, a citation must be provided for information that is not general knowledge.

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Each note must be placed at the FOOT OF THE PAGE of the research paper. Notes must follow the style listed below: 1. The first reference to a work must be a full citation. Subsequent citations must be by the author’s surname and an abridged but unambiguous form of title and the precise page(s). 2. Op. Cit. and Loc. Cit. must not be used. 3. Ibid. may be used. 4. A definite scheme of abbreviations may be used in the notes for sources cited repeatedly provided a list of abbreviations is provided. 5. Exact page references must be cited. 6. Include in parenthesis after the address of an electronic source the name of the newspaper, periodical, or organization. Include the page number(s) if listed. Sample note entries are listed below: Daron R. Shaw, The Race to 270: The Electoral College and the Campaign Strategies of 2000

and 2004 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 298. Joseph F. Zimmerman, “Electoral Systems and Direct Citizen Law-Making.”

Diskussionsbeitrage (Forschungs-Schwerpunkt Historische Mobilitat und Nomenwandel, Universitat Gesamhochschule Siegen, Deutschland, April 1988, p. 41.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Where appropriate, the Bibliography should be divided into the following sections: Books, Public Documents, Articles, and Unpublished Material.

BOOKS Amy, Douglas. Real Choices/New Voices: The case for Proportional Representation in the

United States. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. Fortier, John C. Absentee and Early Voting: Trends, Promises, and Perils. Washington, DC: AEI

Press, 2006. Fowler, James H. and Oleg Smirov. Mandates, Parties, and Voters: How elections Shape the

Future. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007. Jankowski, Nic. The Internet and National elections: A Comparative Study of Web

Campaigning. New York: Routledge, 2007. Leal, David L. Electing American Governors: The Politics of Executive Elections. New York:

Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Redfield, Andrew. The Concept of Constituency: Political Representation, Democratic

Legitimacy, and Institutional Design. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Sheppard, Maurice C. The Federal Election Commission. Lanham, MD: University Press of

America, 2006. Zimmerman, Joseph F. and Wilma Rule. The U.S. House of Representatives: Reform or Rebuild? Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2000.

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PUBLIC DOCUMENTS Election Reform: Nine States’ Experience Implementing Federal Requirements for Computerized

Statewide Voter Registration Lists. Washington, DC: United States Government Accountability Office, 2006.

Towards a Better Democracy: Report of the Royal Commission on the Electoral System. Wellington, New Zealand, 1986.

Voting Rights Enforcement & Reauthorization: The Department of Justice’s Record of Enforcing the Temporary Voting Rights Act Provisions. Washington, DC: United States Commission on Civil Rights 2006.

ARTICLES

Aberbach, Joel D. “Alienation and Political Behavior.” The American Political Science Review?,

March 1969, pp. 86-99. Robert W. Bennett, Taming the Electoral College (Stanford: Stanford Law and Politics, 2006),

pp. 119-31. Bowler, Shaun and Robert Hanneman, “Just How Pluralist Is Direct Democracy? The Structure

of Interest Group Participation in Ballot Proposition Elections,” Political Research Quarterly 59, no. 4, 2006, pp. 557-68.

Rule, Wilma. “Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors, and Women’s Opportunity for Election to Parliament in Twenty-three Democracies.” Western Political Quarterly 40, September 1987, pp. 477-98.

Zimmerman, Joseph F. “Alternative Voting Systems for Representative Democracy.” PS: Political Science & Politics 27, December 1994, pp. 674-77.

Zimmerman, Joseph F. “Election Systems and Representative Democracy: Reflections on the Voting Rights Act of 1965. National Civic Review 84, Fall 1995, pp. 287-309.

UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

Zimmerman, Joseph F. “The Interstate Agreement for the Popular Election of the President of

the United States.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Politics Group, University of Leicester, Leicester, England, January 5, 2007.

Zimmerman, Joseph F. “Political Alienation and the Electoral System.” Presented at the National Conference on Government, Portland, Oregon, August 25, 1970.

Zimmerman, Joseph F. “Proportional Representation: The Irish Experience.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of The American Political Science Association, Chicago, Illinois, September 2, 1983.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES Electronic sources should be cited to websites on a separate page with the caption ELECTRONIC SOURCES. Include the name of the newspaper, periodical, or organization in parenthesis.

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VII. GRADE ELEMENTS Each examination will count as one-fifth of your course grade as will quizzes collectively, and your major research paper. VIII. OFFICE LOCATION HOURS Office hours are 10:10 a.m. to 11:30 p.m. on Tuesdays and Thursdays in the Contact Office of Rockefeller College located in Humanities B16. In addition, office hours are held on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 2:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. in Richardson Hall, Room 288 on the downtown campus. (Take the University bus to Draper Hall and walk one building back toward the uptown campus). Other hours may be scheduled by appointment. Messages can be left in my mail box in Milne Hall on the downtown campus. You are free to telephone me at home (439-9440) if you are unable to contact me at my office (442-5378). The office telephone number is a direct line and you may leave a message on voice mail if I am not in the office or you may telephone me at my home. My E-Mail address is zimmer@albany.edu.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books and Monographs Altshuler, Alan A. Community Control: The Black Demand for Participation in Large American

Cities. New York: Pegasus, 1970.

Amy, Douglas J. Behind the Ballot Box: A Ciotizen’s Guide to Voting Systems. Westport, CT:

Praeger Publishers, 2000.

Amy, Douglas J. Real Choices / New Voices: The Case for Proportional Representation

Elections in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.

Analysis of Elections for Community School Boards. New York: United Parents Association,

1970 (mimeographed).

Barber, Kathleen L. Proportional Representation Election Reform in Ohio. Columbus: Ohio

State University Press, 1995.

Blair, George S. Cumulative Voting: An Effective Electoral Device in Illinois Politics. Urbana:

The University of Illinois press, 1960.

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The Book of the States: 2007 Edition. Lexington, KY: The Council of State Government

Governments, 2007.

Brams, Steven J. and Peter C. Fishburn. Approval Voting. Boston: Birkhäser. 1983.

Bromage, Arthur W. Introduction to Municipal Government and Administration, 2nd ed. New

York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Incorporated, 1957.

Carstairs, Andrew M. A Short History of electoral Systems in Western Europe. London: George

Allen & Unwin, 1980.

Childs, Richard S. The First 50 Years. New York: National Municipal League, 1965.

Colomer, Josep M. Political Institutions: Democracy and Social Order. Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 2001.

Cumulative Voting. Chicago: League of Women Voters of Illinois, 1960.

Demas, Boulton H. The School Elections: A Critique of the 1969 New York City School

Decentralization. New York: Institute for Community Studies, Queen College, 1971.

Dubious Democracy: 1994 Elections: U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, DC: Center

for Voting and Democracy, 1995.

Elections in the 21st Century: From paper ballot to e-voting. London: Independent Commission

on alternative Voting Methods, 2002.

Emerson, P. J. Defining Democracy: Decisions, Elections, and Good Governance. Belfast,

Northern Ireland: The De Borda Institute, 2002.

Eulau, Heinz and John C. Wahlke. The Poltics of Representations. Beverly Hills: Sage

Publications, 1978.

Farrell, David M. Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction. Houndmills, Basingstorke,

United Kingdom: Palgrave, 2001.

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Gray, Jerome. Winning Fair Representation in At Large Elections: Cumulative Voting and

Limited Voting in Alabama Local Elections. Washington, DC: Center for Voting and

Democracy and Southern Regional Council, 1999.

Hallett, George H., Jr., Proportional Representation: The Key to Democracy. Washington, D.C:

National Home Library Foundation, 1937.

Hallett, George H., Jr. Statement of George Hallett on Behalf of the Citizens Union Before the

New York City Council Redistricting Commission Urging Consideration of Proportional

Representation as a Preferable Alternative to Redistricting. New York: Citizens Union,

January 7, 1982.

Hamilton, Howard D. Electing the Cincinnati City Council. Cincinnati: Stephen H. Wilder

Foundation, 1978.

Hermens, Ferdinand A. Democracy or Anarchy? A Study of Proportional Representation. Notre

Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1941.

The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design, 2nd ed. Stockholm, Sweden:

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1997.

Lakeman, Enid. How Democracies Vote. London: Faber and Faber, 1970.

Lijphart, Arend and Bernard Grofman, eds., Choosing an Electoral System. New York: Praeger

Publishers, 1984.

Levin, Henry M., ed. Community Control of Schools. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution,

1970.

Levin, Murray B. The Alienated Voter. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Incorporated,

1960.

Campaign Finance: A Model State Law. New York: National Municipal League, 1979.

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McCool, Daniel, Susan M. Olson, and Jennifer L. Robinson. Native Vote: American Indians, the

Voting Rights Act, and the Right to Vote. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Moore, Blaine F. The History of Cumulative Voting, Minority Representation in Illinois, 1870-

1919. rev. ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences, vol. VIII, no.

2, 1919.

Newland, Robert A. Comparative Electoral Systems. London: Arthur McDougall Fund, 1982.

Peacock, Anthony A., ed. Affirmative Action and Representation: Shaw v. Reno and the Future

of Voting Rights. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1997.

Pitkin, Hannah. The Concept of Representation. Berkley: University of California Press, 1967.

Pitkin, Hannah, ed. Representation. New York: Atherton Press, 1969.

Power to the People. Layerthorpe: York Publishing Distribution, 2006.

Prescott, Frank W. and Joseph F. Zimmerman. The Politics of the Veto of Legislation in New

York State. 2 vols. Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1980.

Presidential Election Inequality; The Electoral College in the 21st Century. Takoma Park, MD:

FairVote’s Presidential Elections Reform Program, 2007.

Rae, Douglas. The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. New Haven: Yale University

Press, 1967.

Report of the Royal Commission on the Electoral System: Towards a Better Democracy.

London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1986.

Rule, Wilma and Joseph F. Zimmerman, eds. Electoral Systems in Comparative Perspective:

Their Impact on Women and Minorities. Westport, CT: Greenwood Pres, 1994.

______, eds. United States Electoral Systems: Their Impact on Women and Minorities. Westport,

CT: Greenwood Press, 1992.

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Rush, Mark E. and Richard L. Engstrom. Fair and Effective Representation? Lanham,MD:

Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001.

The Short Ballot: A Movement to Simplify Politics. New York: The National Short Ballot

Organization, 1916.

Straetz, Ralph A. PR Elections in Cincinnati: Thirty-Two years of City government Through

Proportional Representation. New York: New York University Press, 1958.

Taagepera, Rein and Matthew S. Shugart. Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of

Electoral Systems. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.

Thernstrom, Abigail M. Whose Votes Count? Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press,

1987.

Wasby, Stephen L. Vote Dilution, Minority Voting Rights, and the Courts. Washington, DC:

Joint Center for Political Studies, 1982.

Wright, J. F. H. Mirror of the Nation’s Mind: Australia’s Electoral Experiments. Sydney: Hale

and Iremonger, 1980.

Zimmerman, Joseph F. The Federated City: Community Control in Large Cities. New York: St.

Martin’s Press, 1972.

______. The Massachusetts Town Meeting. Albany: Graduate School of Public Affairs, State

University of New York at Albany, 1967.

______. The New England Town Meeting: Democracy in Action. Westport, CT: Praeger

Publishers, 1999.

______. Participatory Democracy: Populism Revived. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1986.

______. The Recall: Tribunal of the People. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1997.

______. The Initiative: Citizen Law-Making. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers 1999.

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______. The Referendum: The People Decide Public Policy. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers,

2001.

______. State-Local Relations: A Partnership Approach, 2nd ed. Westport, Ct: Praeger

Publishers, 1995.

______ et al. Every Vote Equal: A State-Based Plan for Electing the President by National

Popular Vote. Los Altos, California: National Popular Vote Press, 2006.

______ and Wilma Rule. The U.S. House of Representatives: Reform or Rebuild? Westport, CT:

Praeger Publishers, 2000.

Public Documents

Community School Board Elections: 1989. Brooklyn: New York City Board of Education, 1989.

Extension of the Voting Rights Act of 1965: Hearings Before Subcommittee on Constitutional

Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing

Office, 1975.

Memorandum of Decision. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, July 1, 1974.

Report of the Royal Commission on the Electoral System: Towards a Better Democracy.

Canberra, Australia: The Commission, 1986.

Voting Rights Extension: Hearing Before Subcommittee No. 5 of the Committee on the Judiciary,

House of Representatives. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing office, 1969,

Serial No. 3.

Articles Bartolanzo, Adam. “Assessing Instant Runoff Voting in Takoma Park (MD).” FairVote

Research Report, March 2007.

Berkley, George E. “Flaws in At-large Voting,” National Civic Review 55, July 1966,

pp. 370-73, 379.

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Brischetto, Robert. “Cumulative Voting as an Alternative to Districting: An Exit Survey of

Sixteen Texas Communities.” National Civic Review 84, Fall-Winter 1995, pp. 347-54.

Bullock, Charles S., III, and Susan A. MacManus. “Municipal Electoral Structure and the

Election of Councilwomen.” Journal of Politics, February 1991, pp. 75-89.

______. “Voting Patterns in a tri-Ethic Community: Conflict or Cohesion? National Civic

Review 79, pp. 5-22.

Burrell, Barbara C. “The Political Opportunity of Women Candidates for the U.S. House of

Representatives.” Women and Politics 8, no. 1, 1998, pp. 51-68.

Cole, Richard L, Richard L. Engstrom, and Delbert A. Taebel. “Cumulative Voting in a

Municipal Election: A Note on Voter Reactions and Electoral Consequences.” Western

Political Quarterly, March 1990, pp. 191-99.

Darcy, Robert, Susan Welch, and Janet Clark. “Women Candidates in Single- and Multi-

Member Districts: American State Legislative Races.” Social Science Quarterly,

September 1988, pp. 629-45.

Davis, Olethia. “Tenuous Interpretation: Sections 2 and 5 of the Voting Rights Act.” National

Civic Review 84, Fall-Winter 1995, pp. 310-22.

Dennis, Jack. “Support for the Institution of Elections by the Mass Public,” American Political

Science Review, September 1970, pp. 819-35.

Engstrom, Richard L. “Post-Census Representational Districting: The Supreme Court, ‘One

Person, One Vote’, and The Gerry-Mandering Issue. Southern University Law Review 7,

Spring 1981, 173-226.

______. “Shaw, Miller, and the Districting Thicket.” National Civic Review 84, Fall-Winter

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______. “The Supreme Court and Equipopulous Gerrymandering: A Remaining Obstacle in the

Quest for Fair and Effective Representation. Arizona State University Law Journal 1976,

pp. 277-319.

______., Delbert A. Taebel, and Richard L. Cole. “Cumulative Voting as a Remedy for Minority

Vote Dilution: The Case of Alamogordo, New Mexico,” Journal of Law and Politics,

Spring 1989, pp. 469-97.

Goode, David. “The Advent of PR in Cambridge.” Cambridge Civic Journal 1, February 12,

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Greenhouse, Linda. “Hasidic Jews Are Called ‘Victims of a Racial Gerrymander’ at Hearing on

Suit.” New York Times, June 21, 1974, p. 19.

Grofman, Bernard and Arend Lijphart, eds. Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences.

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Hallett, George H., Jr. “Electing the People’s Choice: A New Improved Method.” Empire State

Report, September 15, 1978, pp. 30-32.

Harris, Joseph P. “The Practical Workings of Proportional Representation in the United States

and Canada,” National Municipal Review, May 1930, pp. 337-83.

Heath, C. Robert. “Thornburg v. Gingles: The Unresolved Issues.” National Civic Review 79,

pp. 50-71

Hecht, Peter. “Race for ‘o8: Presidential Selection Process is Under Siege.” Sacramento Bee,

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159-62.

Lijphart, Arend and Bernard Grofman, eds. Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and

Alternatives. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1984.

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McBain, Howard L. “Proportional Representation in American Cities,” Political Science

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Moley, Raymond. “Proportional Representation in Cleveland,” Political Science Quarterly,

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Moncrief, Gary S. and Joel A. Thompson. “Electoral Structure and State Legislative

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Niemi, Richard G. and Laura R. Winsky. “Membership Turnover in the U.S. State Legislatures:

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Oelsner, Leslwy. “Brooklyn’s Hasidim Argue Voting Rights Case Before the Supreme Court.”

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Petrie, Bruce I. and Alfred J. Tuchfarber. “Proportional Representation: A Trial Resuscitation of

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Pillsbury, George. “P.R. and Voter Turnout: The Case of Cambridge, Massachusetts.” National

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pp. 131-61.

______. “The Rise, Decline, and Resurrection of Proportional Representation in Local

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Welch, Susan. “The Impact of At-Large Elections on the Representation of Blacks and

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Zeller, Belle and Hugh A. Bone, “The Repeal of P.R. in New York City: Ten Years in

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Politics 27, December 1994, pp. 674-77.

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______. “Campaign Fund Raising in New York State.” Comparative State Politics 10,

December 1989, pp. 30-31.

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36, March 1970, pp. 1-11.

______. “Election Systems and Representative Democracy: Reflections on the Voting Rights

Act of 1965.” National Civic Review 84, Fall 1995, pp. 287-300.

______. “Electoral Reform Needed to End Political Alienation.” National Civic Review 60,

January 1971, pp. 6-12 and 21.

______. “Electoral Systems and Direct Citizen Law-Making.” Diskussionsbeitrage (Forschungs-

Schwerpunkt Historische Mobilität und Normenwandel, Universität Gesamthochschule

Siegen, Deutschland), April 1988, entire issue.

______. “Electoral Systems: Many Ways to Elect Officials.” Current Municipal Problems 14,

No. 4, 1988, pp. 514-25.

______. “Electoral Systems and Minority Representation.” In Robert L. Morlan, ed., Capitol,

Courthouse& City Hall, 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972, pp. 309-13.

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CT: Greenwood Press, 1992, pp. 209-20.

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______. “Expediting Voter Registration in New York.” Comparative State Politics Newsletter

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1979, pp. 481-87, 507.

______. “The Federal Voting Rights Act and Alternative Electoral Systems.” William & Mary

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No. 4, 2005, pp. 447-54.

______. “How Can Local Government Be Made More Responsive? The American County 35,

April 1970, pp. 35-36.

______. “The Initiative and the Referendum: A Threat to Representative Government?” Urban

Law and Policy 8, 1987, pp. 219-53.

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Perspective 13, Winter 1987, pp. 32-35.

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1980, pp. 307-12.

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______. “Minority Representation.” Popular Government 36, March 1970, pp. 6-9.

______. “Are Neighborhood Governments a Desirable Institutional Change?” Planning 38,

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______. “Neighborhoods and Citizen Involvement.” Public Administration Review 32,

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19

______. “Reforming the Single Member District Electoral System.” Georgia County

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Zimmerman, Joseph F. “Proportional Representation: The Irish Experience.” Presented at the

annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, Illinois,

September 1-4, 1983.

20

21

22

ROCKEFELLER COLLEGE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT ALBANY REPRESENTATION AND ELECTORAL SYSTEMS

Spring 2008

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