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COMPARATIVE FEDERALISM A Study in Judicial Interpretation

by

VICTOR S. MACKINNON M.A., LL.B. (Glas8OW,) LL. M., SID. (Harvard)

Senior Lecturer in Comparative Constitutional Law, University of Edinburgh

FOREWORD BY

ARTHUR E. SUTHERLAND Harvard Law School

MAR TINUS NIJHOFF / THE HAGUE

MAR TINUS NIJHOFF - PUBLISHER - THE HAGUE

The underlying premiss of this book is that a constitution is something more than a set of procedural rules. Rather, it should be viewed as an organic creation, as a point of departure, and not merely a description of a status quo which is to be maintained. The role of judicial interpretation and application of basic texts is a crucial one to this dynamic function.

In federal systems the judicial branch is frequently charged with the task of reviewing exercises oflegislative power, federal and state, in the light of whether that legislation impairs a balance between economic freedom of competition, the protection of local state autonomy, and a measure of national uniformity. The author endeavours to show that in all systems where similar such objectives can be identified, then, while the terms of their respective constitutions may shape the methods of judicial reasoning under them, they do not necessarily dictate the solutions reached. These several but similar objectives will be reflected in similar solutions to problems encountered by all, irrespective of differences in political structure and functioning among those systems, and irrespective also of terminological differences in the expression of the basic consti­tutional texts as to grants of power and limitations on power.

These arguments are developed and illustrated by means of a compara­tive analysis of a major problem of federalism, viz., the regulation and taxation of trade and commerce among the Member States of a federal union. The systems selected for study are those of the United States of America, Canada, and Australia, whose experience the author believes to have substantial background relevance for all federal countries and, in particular, to the emerging problems of the European Communities.

About the author: Born 1928. Studied at the University of Glasgow (M.A., LL.B.). After a period of practice as a Solicitor in Scotland, engaged in further study at the Harvard Law School. (LL. M., S. f. D.) He is now Senior Lecturer in Comparative Consti­tutional Law in the University of Edinburgh.

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COMPARATIVE FEDERALISM

COMPARATIVE FEDERALISM A Study in Judicial Interpretation

by

VICTOR S. MACKINNON M .A., LL.B. (Glasgow), LL.M., S.l.D. (Harvard) Senior Lecturer in Comparative Constitutional Law,

University 0/ Edinburgh

FOREWORD BY

ARTHUR E. SUTHERLAND Harvard Law School

• THE HAGUE MARTINUS NIJHOFF 1964

To

My Parents

ISBN 978-94-011-823 7-9 ISBN 978-94-011-8910- / (eBook) 001 10.1007/978-94 -01 J --89/0-1 Copyright I964 by Martinus Nijhott, The Hagu~. Netherlands

All rights reserved, i.ncluding the right to. trans/ale 0" to. reprodllce this book or parts thereof in any form

FOREWORD

Modem societies, - like organized societies of all eras, - suffer from antithetical aspirations, from competing institutionalizations of that which is desirable, and that which, though unwelcome, is inevitable. Men clearly see the advantages of localism, of the self determination of small peoples, of l' amour du chocher uninhibited by imperial sovereign­ty. At the same time men everywhere are seeing the clear necessity of bigness in organization of national effort. When the question is military organization no one has much doubt that strength derives from power­ful union. The Swiss, to be sure, have continued independent not because of their power, but because of the convenience of their in­dependent existence. In a world-society of titans, there must be members who are small, respected, independent and unfeared, available to be intermediaries. If Switzerland did not exist, it would have been necessary to invent her. But the power centers are those with the big battalions and the megatons of bombs; both demand great aggregates. Tomorrow's military power structure is calculated in the hundreds of millions of people. The world will afford only a few Switzerlands.

The drive toward bigness is as inevitable in the economic world as in that of destructive machines. Economic problems in the next century, and in the next after it, will require the concentrated re­sources of the nations; we must produce adequate food for the billions, or else billions will war against billions. We must organize the immense energies required to turn the salt water of seas into the sweet waters of civilization, or millions will die of drought.

The prototype reconciliation of local autonomy with the necessity of major organization was that of the United States in I787. Its difficulties have been many; federalism is not a self-evident process. Its political theory was as simple, however, as its implementation has been complex. Let us, we said, decide what things are necessarily done by

VI FOREWORD

great aggregates of people, and what, on the other hand, are suitable for local whim. Let us then write in a great charter a description of that which will be done by the national many, and that which will be left to the local few. In this way, we thought, we shall have the best of two possible worlds.

In the United States we early found out that our constitutional words were not as universally resolving as we had hoped. To allot economic power among the thirteen commonwealths of our fledgling nation, our formula was to ascribe to the aggregate government "commerce with foreign nations and among the several States," saving all the rest of our economic life to our local entities. At once we found out that even our simple pioneer society was too complex thus to divide into clearly separate functions. What was local sometimes also seemed like that which was national; local events had national repercussions, making national control unavoidable. Fortunately, we had invented a governmental institution which provided a means of arbitrating such innumerable interstitial questions of federal existence. Dedicated as we were to the ideal of electoral majoritarianism, we nevertheless had created an appointive Supreme Court, constitutionally exempted from the compulsions of popularity. Much as we paid lip­service to a simple concept of frontier egalitarianism, to the converti­bility of any honest man for another, here we set up, secure for life, an intellectual judicial governing elite. To this extraordinary body we entrusted the umpiring of the federal system, the case-by-case decision of what in our economy should be local, and what should be national. As the world has developed in the century-and-three-quarters since 1787, more and more people have discovered the possibilities, - perhaps the somewhat illusory possibilities, - of federal structure. Illusory or not, "federalism" has become increasingly popular; and with it has necessarily grown the prevalence of an institution like the Supreme Court of the United States.

Dr. Victor MacKinnon in this volume has given us a philosophical analysis of the intellectual and of the pragmatic operation of such courts in Canada, in Australia, and in the United States. Wisely, he has inscribed on his introductory page Mr. Justice Johnson's conclusion a century and a half ago that "half the doubts in life arise from the defects of language"; one only wonders why the Justice limited his proportion to such a small share. For as the author shows us, in each of the federal unions he analyzes, although the language in the con­stituent document of each allots some functions to nation and some to the several component political units, the judges in each have dis-

FOREWORD VII

covered that the analytical process of interpreting this language, - that the substantive problems which underlie superficial clarity of words, -turn out to be much the same regardless of the differing verbal for­mulations in the several constituent charters.

In pursuit of his analysis of these constructional processes, Dr. MacKinnon has followed his national tradition of the close analysis of specific cases. He has studied more than three hundred and seventy opinions of the Privy Council, of the highest courts of Australia, Canada, and of the United States. He explores the difficulties of describing that portion of the economy which is essentially national, in contrast to that which is essentially local. He scrutinizes the differ­ence, theoretical rather than practical, between national "regulation" and national "prohibition." He turns the lens of an intellectual microscope on the difference between that which is local and that which is national in the process of manufacture. He examines a series of such problems which alike in the three nations which make up his subject matter, have arisen to plague the courts which ultimately pass upon the division of governing functions in their respective countries.

The reader who studies Dr. MacKinnon's work would make a mistake if he limited his consideration to its value solely as a work of historical analysis. In a world of increasing economic complexity and inter­relation, some form of organization resembling the federal structure of Australia, of Canada, or of the United States, is quite likely to grow up among large groups of nations now discrete. The Common Market in Europe follows the pattern of growth of federal union on the North Atlantic seaboard between 1755 and 1789, not because of imitation, but out of the sheer necessity of societal growth. In Africa and in Asia new federal unions are appearing. The federal plan is, for our time, the probable pattern of future national aggregates.

Thus Dr. MacKinnon's book is a prediction of things to come. The philosopher of political organization will do well to read the lessons implicit in his scholarly exposition.

Cambridge, Massachusetts March, 1964.

ARTHUR E. SUTHERLAND

INTRODUCTION

A written constitution may be broadly defined as a statement of overall intention to govern and administer for the achieving of certain ends expressed or implied therein. This overall purpose may be sub­divided into various "areas" or "fields" or "subject-matters" to be affected, that is, there may be a number of "grants of power." The study which follows is concerned with legislative power, and it is argued that as they are derivative from the general purpose of governing and administering, the individual grants of legislative power are also purposive.

While these various grants of legislative power may be capable of expression in general descriptive terms - a preliminary classification or categorization to divide one off from the other for the sake of practical convenience in referring to them - they are not capable of full and precise definition or significance without further reference to their practical operation on the economic, social, and political processes which they are intended to affect. These processes may likewise be sub-divided and categorized, but it must be borne in mind that they also form parts of a whole, of a complex of simultaneously existing and overlapping activities.

A court of law may therefore categorize an exercise of legislative power, the constitutional validity of which is in issue before it, in relation to both (a) its effects - which may be either general (that it regulates, or taxes, or prohibits, or discriminates), or specific (that it regulates transportation, or taxes consumption, or prohibits manu­facture, or discriminates against imports), and (b) its source - that it derives from a specific grant of power, or from an implied power, or from an incidental or ancillary power. These interpretative categori­zations may then be applied individually, or in conjunction, or in opposition, so as to achieve some purpose expressed or implied in the

x INTRODUCTION

relevant constitution which the court, as a matter of constitutional policy, deems to be prevailing in the circumstances of the problem before it.

Thus for example, in relation to a constitution which provides, in some way or other, for the "regulation of commerce," a decision or categorization by a court of law that a particular set of activities does (or does not) constitute "commerce," and therefore is (or is not) subject to the "regulation" of commerce, is really a decision - or so it is argued here - that it is (or is not) a purpose of that constitution to "regulate" those particular activities. The same would apply, of course, to a declaration that a particular enactment does (or does not) consti­tute "regulation." The two declarations may be viewed as alternative routes to the same destination.

The argument is, therefore, that it is the purpose of grants of constitutional power which controls their interpretation. If it is accepted that grants of constitutional power are indeed purposive, then it is argued further that it is inadequate to look only at the so-called "legal effect" of an exertion of legislative power in determining its constitutional validity. There must also be considered, it is suggested, the ultimate effect of that exercise of power in the factual conditions of our economic, social, and political processes, so that we may ascertain whether our constitutional purpose is indeed being put into effect. Indeed, if that effect in practical operation is not taken into consider­ation, we may find some other constitutional purpose being defeated or frustrated.

In comparing the constitutional systems of different countries, we may find certain differences commonly held to be "fundamental." For example, the Canadian and Australian systems operate under a principle - that of responsible cabinet government - quite contrary to that of the United States. From another aspect, the texts of the Canadian and United States constitutions contain no express provision such as that of Section 92 of the Australian Constitution regarding the "freedom" of interstate trade and commerce. Again, the location of the "residuary" powers differs as between the United States and Australian constitutions on the one hand, and the Canadian Constitution on the other.

These differences between constitutions can certainly be of signifi­cance where the purposes for which those provisions exist are different, and different answers to the same problem may be given by the respective systems by reason of these differences. For example, it may

INTRODUCTION XI

be said, in very broad terms, that one purpose of a system of responsi­ble cabinet government is to allow the executive to act, subject to certain restraints, whereas the correlative purpose of a system of separation of powers on the American presidential model is to restrain the executive from acting subject to certain conceded powers. Thus power to declare war is located in the executive in the United Kingdom, but in Congress in the United States, and there is accordingly a purposive difference between the two constitutions which would be of some significance in determining the validity of an executive seizure of steel mills on the occurrence of an industrial dispute during a national emergency. Again, Article I25 of the constitution of the U.S.S.R. guarantees the "freedom of speech," but we may feel sure that the purpose of this provision is not to produce the same results in Russia as a similar principle in Britain or America.

The argument here is, however, that where in two or more systems we can identify a more or less identical constitutional purpose - such as the regulation and taxation of interstate commerce - the same problems will arise, and most often the same solutions, as a practical matter, will result, irrespective of any such differences in structure and functioning between those systems, and irrespective also of terminological differ­ences in the expression of the constitutional texts as to grants of power or as to limitations on power. Where different solutions to the same problem do result, then this may be, on occasion, because the consti­tutional purpose is not, after all, found to be the same in relation to the problem concerned in the systems compared. More likely, however, it is argued, it will be because different categorizations have been made in judicial interpretation, and most often the difference will lie in the point at which a line has been judicially drawn to consideration of the effects in practical operation of an exertion of legislative power.

"One-half the doubts in life arise from the defects of language .... "

Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat I, 232 (I824) per Mr. Justice Johnson.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword by PROFESSOR A. E. SUTHERLAND, Harvard Law School v

Introduction . IX

Table 01 Cases xv

Sections 01 the Constitutions considered XXVI

PART I. THE REGULATION OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE. I

I. The Definition of Interstate Commerce 3

2. Regulation? - or Prohibition? . . . . 9

3. Inter-State? - or Intra-State?: Where does Interstate Commerce begin and end? . . . . . 22

(i) Manufacturing and Production. 22

(ii) Original Package. . 25 (iii) Essential Elements. . . . 27 (iv) Commingling . . . . . . 32

4. Regulation? - or Discrimination? 36

5. The Regulation of Particular Kinds of Interstate Commerce 46 (i) Marketing Legislation. . . . . . 46

(ii) Price Control Legislation . . . . 59 (iii) The Regulation of Transportation 65 (iv) Insurance. 74 (v) Banking . . . . . . . . . . . 77

PART II. THE TAXATION OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE. 8I

6. The Definition of Taxation 83

7. Taxation? - or Regulation? 86

XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS

8. Direct Taxation? - or Indirect Taxation? . 100

PART III. RELATED TECHNIQUES OF INTERPRETATION. 121

9. Implication and Inference. . . . . . . . . . 123

10. Incidental, Ancillary, and Necessary and Proper. 136

II. Aspect, Pith and Substance, and True Nature and Character 147

12. Inconsistency, Trenching, and Supremacy. 156

PART IV. CONCLUSIONS

13. Purpose and Effect. . . . . . . . . . . (i) Legislative and Constitutional Purposes .

(ii) Legal Effect. . . . . . (iii) Cause and Effect. . . . . (iv) Interpretative Categories . (v) The Purposes of Federalism

169 171

171

173

175

177 178

TABLE OF CASES

A

A.-G. for Alberta v. A.-G. for Canada (Alberta Bank Taxation Reference), [1939J A.C. 117 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 96, 98, 99

A.-G. for Alberta v. A.-G. for Canada (Alberta Bill of Rights Reference), [1947J A.C. 503 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78

A.-G. for British Columbia v. A.-G. for Canada (Customs Duty), [1924J A.C. 222 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84, 126

A.-G. for British Columbia v. A.-G. for Canada (Natural Products Mar­keting Act Reference), [1937J A.C. 377 (P.C.) . . . . . . . . . . 15, 49

A.-G. for British Columbia v. C.P.R., [1927J A.C. 934 (P.C.) . . . . . . 105 A.-G. for British Columbia v. Esquimault and Nanaimo Ry. Co., [1950J

A.C. 87 (P.C.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 84, 109 A.-G. for British Columbia v. Kingcome Navigation Co., [1934J A.C. 45

(P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 104, 105 A.-G. for British Columbia v. McDonald Murphy Lumber Co., [1930J A.C.

357 (P.C.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 86, 98,108 A.-G. for Canada v. A.-G. for Alberta (Insurance Act Reference), [1916J

I A.C. 588 (P.C.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7, 76 A.-G. for Canada v. A.-G. for British Columbia (Fish Canneries), [1930J

A.C. III (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6,24,90, 163 A.-G. for Canada v. A.-G. for Ontario (Employment Insurance), [1937J

A.C. 355 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 95 A.-G. for Canada v. A.-G. for Ontario (Labour Conventions), [1937J A.C.

326 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144, 145, 179 A.-G. for Canada v. A.-G. for Ontario (Ontario Fisheries), [1898J A.C. 700

(P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 A.-G. for Canada v. A.-G. for Quebec (Bank Deposits), [1947J A.C. 33

(P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 80 A.-G. for Canada v. C.P.R. and C.N.R., [1958J Can. Sup. Ct. 285. . . . 164 A.-G. for the Commonwealth v. Colonial Sugar Refining Co. Ltd., [1914J

A.C. 237 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137, 139, 141 A.-G. for Manitoba v. A.-G. for Canada (Dominion Companies), [1929J

A.C. 260 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43 A.-G. for Manitoba v. A.-G. for Canada (Grain Futures), [1925J A.C. 561

(P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 94 A.-G. for New South Wales v. Collector of Customs (N.S.W.) (The Steel

Rails Case), 5 Commw. L.R. 818 (1908) . . . . . . . . . . 126, 127, 158

XVI TABLE OF CASES

A.-G. for Ontario v. A.-G. for Canada (Companies Reference), [1912] A.C. 571 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 135

A.-G. for Ontario VO A.-G. for Canada (Local Prohibition), [1896] A.C. 348 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10, 16, 17, 136, 163, 179

A.-G. for Ontario v. A.-G. for Canada (Privy Council Appeals), [1947] A.C. 127 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 146

A.-G. for Ontario v. A.-G. for Canada (Voluntary Assignments), [1894] A.C. 189 (P.C.). . . . 0 • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • 136, 163

A.-G. for Ontario v. Canada Temperance Federation, [1946] A.C. 193 (P.C.). . . . . . . . 0 • • • • 0 0 • • • • • 0 0 0 • • • • 146, 148

A.-G. for Ontario v. Israel Winner, [1954] A.C. 541 (P.C.). 0 • " 32, 71, 73 A.-G. for Ontario v. Reciprocal Insurers, [1924] A.C. 328 (poC.). . . . 0 76 A.-G. for Queensland v. A.G. for the Commonwealth, 20 Commw. L.R.

148 (1915). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 • • • • • • • • • 0 o. 126 A.-G. for Saskatchewan v. A.-G. for Canada, [1949] A.C. 110 (P.C.). . . 153 A.-G. for Victoria: ex reI. Dale and Others v. The Commonwealth (Phar-

maceutical Benefits Case), 71 Commw. L.R. 237 (1946) . . 0

Adams Mfg. Co. v. Storen, 304 U.S. 307 (1938) .. 0 •• 0 ••

Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States, 175 U.S. 211 (1899). 0 •

Alabama v. King & Boozer, 314 U.S. I (1941) . . . . . 0 • • • •

Allgeyer v. Louisiana, 165 U.S. 578 (1897) 0 • • • • • • • 0 • • •

95 112

14, 179 128, 129

77 Amalgamated Society of Engineers v. The Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd.

(The Engineers' Case), 28 Commw. L.R. 129 (1920) . . . 9,37,79,87, 125, 126, 130, 157

American Power & Light Co. v. Securities and Exchange Commission, 329 U.S. 90 (1946) . . . . . . . 0 • • • • • • • • • 0 • 0 • 0 • • • 4

Andrews v. Howell, 65 Commw. L.R. 255 (1941) . . . . . . 0 0 • • • 12 Antill Ranger & Co. Pty. Ltd. v. Commissioner for Motor Transport, 93

Commw. L.R. 83 (1955). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 •

Armstrong v. Victoria, 93 Commw. L.R. 264 (1955). . . 0 •

Armstrong v. Victoria (No.2), 99 Commw. L.R. 28 (1957). 0

Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. Goldsboro, 232 U.S. 548 (1914) . Atlantic Smoke Shops Ltd. v. Conlon, [1943] A.C. 550 (P.C.)

68 68

43,68 136

16, 26, 83, 104, 105, 109

Australasian Scale Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Taxes (Queensland), 53 Commw. L.R. 534 (1935) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Australian Boot Trade Employees Federation v. Whybrow & Co., 10 Commw. L.R. 266 (1910) 0 • • • • • 0 • • 0 • • • • • • • 0 • • 166

Australian Communist Party v. The Commonwealth, 83 Commw. L.R. I (1951). . 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • 0 • 139, 140, 153. 176

Australian National Airways Pty. Ltd. v. The Commonwealth, 71 Commw. L.R. 29 (1945); No.2, 71 Commw. L.R. 115 (1946) 10, 14.66.67, 158, 160, 162

Australian Textiles Pty. Ltd. v. The Commonwealth, 71 Commw. L.R. 161 (1945). . . . . . . 0 • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 178

B

Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co .• 259 U.S. 20 (1922) 0 • • • • • •

Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig Inc., 294 U.S. 511 (1935) . . . 0 • • •

85.90,99 63

126 Baltimore Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. v. Baltimore, 195 U.S. 375 (1904) Bank Nationalization Case: see The Commonwealth v. Bank of New

South Wales Bank of Toronto v. Lambe, (1887) 12 App. Cas. 575 (P.C.) 78, 79, 96, 99, 102.

108. 130

TABLE OF CASES XVII

Barbier v. Connolly, 113 U.S. 27 (1885) . . . . . . . . .. 40 Barenblatt v. United States, 360 U.S. 109 (1959) . . . . . . . . .. 138 Bass, Ratcliff & Gretton v. State Tax Commission, 266 U.S. 271 (1924) 112 Baxter v. Commissioners of Taxation (N.S.W.), [1908J A.C. 214 (P.C.). 158, 159 Bell's Gap RR v. Pennsylvania, 134 U.S. 232 (1890) . . . . . . . .. 116 Bennett & White (Calgary) Ltd. v. Sugar City, [1951J A. C. 786 (P.C.) 127, 128 Bessell v. Dayman, 52 Commw. L.R 215 (1935) . . . . . . . . . .. 66 W. H. Blakely & Co. Pty. Ltd. v. The Commonwealth, 87 Commw. L.R

501 (1953)· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 143 In re The Board of Commerce Act 1919 and The Combines and Fair Prices

Act 1919, [1922J I A.C. 191 (P.C.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Boilermakers' Case: see R. v. Kirby. Borden Co. v. Borella, 325 U.S. 679 (1945) . . . . . . . . . 175 Bowman v. Chicago & Northwestern R. Co., 125 U.S. 465 (1888) 17 Bradley v. Public Utilities Commission, 289 U.S. 92 (1933). . . 71 Braniff Airways Inc. v. Nebraska State Board of Equalization, 347 U.S.

590 (1954), . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Ex parte Bransford, 310 U.S. 354 (1940). . . . . . . . . . . . . " 157 Breard v. Alexandria, 341 U.S. 622 (1951) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 179 Brewers and Maltsters' Association of Ontario v. A.-G. for Ontario, [1897]

A.C. 231 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Brimmer v. Rebman, 138 U.S. 78 (1891) . . . . . . . . 20 British Coal Corporation v. The King, [1935J A.C. 500 (P.C.) 146 Brooks v. United States, 267 U.S. 432 (1925) . . . . . . II

Brown v. Houston, 114 U.S. 622 (1885) . . . . . . . .. 26,27,84, 107 Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419 (1827). . 18, 25, 26, 84, 101, 102, 107, 118 Brushaber v. Union Pacific R Co., 240 U.S. I (1916) . 101 Buck v. Kuykendall, 267 U.S. 307 (1925). . . 69,70 Bush & Sons Co. v. Maloy, 267 U.S. 317 (1925) 70

c

Cairns Construction Co. Ltd. v. Government of Saskatchewan, [1960J Can. Sup. Ct. 619. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

California v. Washington, 358 U.S. 64 (1958). . . . . . . . . . . .. 42 Cam & Sons Pty. Ltd. v. Chief Secretary (N.S.W.), 84 Commw. L.R 442

(195 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Cameron v. Deputy Federal Commissioner, 32 Commw. L.R. 68 (1923).. 38 Canadian Federation of Agriculture v. A.-G. for Quebec, [1951] A.C. 179

(P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 153, 154 Capitol Greyhound Lines v. Brice, 339 U.S. 542 (1950) . 69,71 Caron v. The King, [1924J A.C. 999 (P.C.) . . . . 125 Carson v. Roane-Anderson Co., 342 U.S. 232 (1952) 130 Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238 (1936). . . 94 Champion v. Ames, 188 U.S. 321 (1903). . . . . II, 31, 179 Chaplin v. Commissioner of Taxation (S.A.), 12 Commw. L.R 375 (1911). 126 Chicago Board of Trade v. Olsen, 262 U.S. I (1923). . . . . . . . .. 94 Chicago, M. & St. P.R. Co. v. Minnesota, 134 U.S. 418 (1890). . . . .. 64 Citizens' Insurance Co. v. Parsons, (1881) 7 App. Cas. 96 (P.C.) 6, 15, 76, 124, 165 Citizens' Savings and Loan Association v. Topeka, 20 Wall. 655 (1875) . 83 Clallam County v. United States, 263 U.S. 341 (1923) . . . . . . . 126 Clark Distilling Co. v. Western Maryland R. Co., 242 U.S. 311 (1917) . 17 Clyde Engineering Co. Ltd. v. Cowburn, 37 Commw. L.R. 466 (1926) . 166

XVIII TABLE OF CASES

Coe v. Errol, 116 U.S. 517 (1886). . Colgate v. Harvey, 296 U.S. 404 (1935) Collector v. Day, II Wall. 113 (1871) . Commissioner of Taxation v. Clyne, 32 Austl. L.J. 132 (1958) .

23 43, 116

The Commonwealth v. Bank of New South Wales (Bank Nationalization Case), 76 Commw. L.R. I (1948) (H.C.); [1950J A.C. 235 (P.C.) 4, 5, 10, 13,

14, 19, 30, 54, 66, 67, 70, 77, 79, 134, 148, 153, 158, 179, 180 The Commonwealth v. Colonial Spinning & Weaving Co., 31 Commw. L.R.

421 (1922). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 The Commonwealth and Commonwealth Oil Refineries Ltd. v. South

Australia, 38 Commw. L.R. 408 (1926). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Commonwealth Freighters Pty. Ltd. v. Sneddon, 32 Austl. L.J. 408 (1959) 118 Consolidated Press Ltd. v. Lewis, 30 Austl. L.J. 346 (1956) ...... , II

Cooley v. Board of Wardens of Port of Philadelphia, 12 How. 299 (1851) 24, 166 Coomber v. Justices of Berks., (1883) 9 App. Cas. 61 (H.L.). . . . . . . 131 Crawford and Hillside Farm Dairy Ltd. v. A.-G. for British Columbia,

[1960J Can. Sup. Ct. 346 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 48, 62, 91, 94 Crespin & Son v. Colac Co-op. Farmers Ltd., 21 Commw. L.R. 205 (1916) 142 Crew Levick Co. v. Pennsylvania, 245 U.S. 292 (1917). . 112 Crothers v. Sheil, 49 Commw. L.R. 399 (1933) . . . . . 93 Crowe v. The Commonwealth, 54 Commw. L.R. 69 (1935) . 36, 38 Crutcher v. Kentucky, 141 U.S. 47 (1891) 4 Currin v. Wallace, 306 U.S. I (1939) .... . . . 41

D

The Daniel Ball, 10 Wall. 557 (1870) . 33 Deacon v. Grimshaw, 93 Commw. L.R. 83 (1955) 68 Deakin v. Webb, I Commw. L.R. 585 (1904) . 126 Dean Milk Co. v. Madison, 340 U.S. 349 (1951) . 20,42 D'Emden v. Pedder, I Commw. L.R. 91 (1904) . 83, 125, 130, 157 Dennis Hotels Pty. Ltd. v. Victoria, [1962J A.C. 25 (P.C.) 158, 160, 161 Dept. of Treasury v. Wood Preserving Corp., 313 U.S. 62 (1941). . . . . 113 Detroit, City of v. Murray Corporation of America, 355 U.S. 489 (1958) 128, 129 Duncan v. Queensland, 22 Commw. L.R. 556 (1916) . . . . . . . . 17, 21 Duncan and Green Star Trading Co. Pty. Ltd. v. Vizzard, 53 Commw. L.R.

493 (1935)· . . . . . . . . .. .............. 66

E

Edwards v. California, 314 U.S. 160 (1941). . . . . . . . 19 Eichholz v. Public Service Commission, 306 U.S. 268 (1939) 74 Elliott v. The Commonwealth, 54 Commw. L.R. 657 (1935) . 36, 37, 40 Engineers' Case: see Amalgamated Society of Engineers v. The Adelaide

Steamship Co. Ltd. Essendon Corporation v. Criterion Theatres Ltd., 74 Commw. L.R. I (1947) 126

F

Fairbanks v. United States, 181 U.S. 283 (1901). . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Federal Power Commission v. Hope Natural Gas Co., 320 U.S. 591 (1944) 35,65 Federal Power Commission v. Natural Gas Pipeline Co., 315 U.S, 575

(1942) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33, 34, 64, 149

TABLE OF CASES XIX

Ficklen v. Shelby County Taxing District, 145 U.S. I (1892) . . . . " II5 Field Peas Marketing Board of Tasmania v. Clements & Marshall Pty. Ltd.,

76 Commw. L.R. 414 (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5, 14, 51, 52 First National Bank v. Kentucky, 9 Wall. 353 (1870) . . . . . . . 80 Flying Tiger Line Inc. v. County of Los Angeles, 359 U.S. 1001 (1959). . II6 Forbes v. A.-G. for Manitoba, [1937J A.C. 260 (P.C.). . . . . . . . 125, 165 Fort Frances Pulp & Power Co. v. Manitoba Free Press, [1923J A.C. 695

(P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........... 124 Fox v. Robbins, 8 Commw. L.R. II5 (1909). ....... .. 17, 21, 43 Freeman v. Hewit, 329 U.S. 249 (1946) . 23,42, 101, 113, 114, 123, 179

G

General Trading Co. v. State Tax Commission, 322 U.S. 335 (1944) . 115 Geofroy v. Riggs, 133 U.S. 258 (1890) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. I (1824) . . . .. 3,8,9, 20, 69, 76, 149, 154 O. Gilpin Ltd. v. Commissioner for Road Transport, 52 Commw. L.R. 189

(1935) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,66, 152 Gold Seal Ltd. v. Dominion Express Co., [1921J 62 Can. Sup. Ct. 424 16, 17,

Grace Brothers Pty. Ltd. v. The Commonwealth, [1951J A.C. 53 (P.C.) Graham v. Paterson, 81 Commw. L.R. I (1950) . . . . . . . . . Grand Trunk Railway v. A.-G. for Canada, [1907J A.C. 65 (P.C.). . . Grannall v. Marrickville Margarine Pty. Ltd., 93 Commw. L.R. 55 (1955)

149, 153 158 , 159

59 163

16,24, 31 , 32

19,38 Gratwick v. Johnson, 70 Commw. L.R. I (1945) ..... Graves v. New York ex reI. O'Keefe, 306 U.S. 466 (1939) . . Great West Saddlery Co. v. The King, [192IJ 2 A.C. 91 (P.C.) Gwin, White & Prince Inc. v. Henneford, 305 U.S. 434 (1939)

96, 125, 127 178 112

H

Halifax, City of v. Fairbank's Estate, [1928J A.C. 117 (P.c.) 93 Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251 (1918) . . 10,23,99, 155 Harris v. Wagner, 33 Austl. L.J. 353 (1959) . . 74 Hartley v. Walsh, 57 Commw. L.R. 372 (1937) . 20, 93, 94 Helvering v. Gerhardt, 304 U.S. 405 (1938). . . 131 Helvering v. Lerner Stores Corp., 314 U.S. 463 (1941) 116 Hendrick v. Maryland, 235 U.S. 610 (1915) . . . . 69 Henneford v. Silas Mason Company, 300 U.S. 577 (1937) 85, 114, 115 Hill v. Wallace, 259 U.S. 44 (1922) . . . . . . . 94 Hodge v. The Queen, (1883) 9 App. Cas. 117 (P.C.). . . 7, 147 Hoke v. United States, 227 U.S. 308 (1913). . . . . . II

Home Benefits Pty. Ltd. v. Crafter, 61 Commw. L.R. 701 (1939) II

Hopper v. Egg & Egg Pulp Marketing Board, 61 Commw. L.R. 665 (1939) 93, 161 Hospital Provident Fund Pty. Ltd. v. Victoria, 87 Commw. L.R. I

(1953) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 75 Houston, E. & W. T. R. Co. v. United States (The Shreveport Case), 234

U.S. 342 (1914) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 Huddart Parker & Co. Pty. Ltd. v. Moorehead, 8 Commw. L.R. 330 (1908) 150 Hughes v. Tasmania, 93 Commw. L.R. 113 (1955) . . . . . . .. 33,68, 73 Hughes & Vale Pty. Ltd. v. New South Wales (No. 1),87 Commw. L.R. 49

(1953) (H.C.); [1955J A.C. 241 (P.C.) . .. 12, 13, 15, 18, 31, 65, 66, 67, 68

xx TABLE OF CASES

Hughes & Vale Pty. Ltd. v. New South Wales (No.2), 93 Commw. L.R. 127 (1955). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27, 68, 69

Hughes & Vale Pty. Ltd. v. Queensland, 93 Commw. L.R. 247 (1955) 68

I

Indian Motocyc1e Co. v. United States, 283 U.S. 570 (1931) . 128 Ingels v. Morf, 300 U.S. 290 (1937). . . . . . . . . . . 69 In re Insurance Act of Canada, [1932J A.C. 41 (P.C.). . . . 76, 85 Insurance Commissioner v. Associated Dominions Assurance Society Pty.

Ltd., 89 Commw. L.R. 78 (1953)· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75 International Harvester Co. v. Dept. of Treasury, 322 U.S. 340 (1944)

III, 113, 114

]

James v. The Commonwealth, [1936J A.C. 578 (P.C.) 5, 6, 12, 39, 47, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 159, 179

James v. Cowan, 43 Commw. L.R. 386 (1930) (H.C.); [1932J A.C. 542 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12, 46, 47, 54, 55

James v. Dravo Contracting Co., 302 U.S. 134 (1937). . . 128, 129, 130 James v. South Australia, 40 Commw. L.R. I (1927). . . 54,55 Johannesson v. West St. Paul, [1952J I Can. Sup. Ct. 292 . 146 John Deere Plow Co. v. Wharton, [1915J A.C. 330 (p.C.) . 147

K

Kern-Limerick Inc. v. Scurlock, 347 U.S. 110 (1954) . Kilbourn v. Thompson, 103 U.S. 168 (1880) . . Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944)

L

La Compagnie Hydralique de St. Francois v. Continental Heat & Light Co., [1909J A.C. 194 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 130

Ladore v. Bennett, [1939J A.C. 468 (P.C.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 178 Lawson v. Interior Tree Fruit and Vegetable Committee, [1931] Can. Sup.

Ct. 357 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 48, 53, 62, 83 Lee Fay v. Vincent, 7 Commw. L.R. 389 (1908) . . . . . .. 159 Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U.S. 100 (1890) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,25, 179 Le Mesurier v. Connor, 42 Commw. L.R. 481 (1929) . .. 137, 139, 141, 142 Lemke v. Farmers Grain Co., 258 U.S. 50 (1922) . . . . . . . . . .. 51 Edmund T. Lennon Pty. Ltd. v. New South Wales, 93 Commw. L.R. 83

(1955) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Liversidge v. Anderson, [1942J A.C. 206 (H.L.). . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Local Prohibition Case: see A.-G. for Ontario v. A.-G. for Canada. Louisiana Public Service Commission v. Texas & N.O.R. Co., 284 U.S.

125 (1931). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37 Lower Mainland Dairy Products Board v. Turner's Dairy Ltd., [1941J Can.

Sup. Ct. 573. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 91 Lower Mainland Dairy Products Sales Adjustment Committee v. Crystal

Dairy Ltd., [1933] A.C. 168 (P.C.). . . . . 48, 62, 83, 91, 93, 94 Lymburn v. Mayland, [1932J A.C. 318 (P.C.) . 32 Lynch v. United States, 292 U.S. 571 (1934) . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77

TABLE OF CASES XXI

Me

Macallen Co. v. Massachusetts, 279 U.S. 620 (1929) . . . . . . .. 84, II8 W. & A. McArthur Ltd. v. Queensland, 28 Commw. L.R. 530 (1920). . 5, 6,

33, 3~ 5~ 5~ 55, 61, 15~ 179 McCarroll v. Dixie Greyhound Lines, 309 U.S. 176 (1940) . . . . . .. 71 McCarter v. Brodie, 80 Commw. L.R. 432 (1950) . . 13, 20, 31, 65, 66, 68,180 McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316 (1819). . .. 4, 78, 96, 125, 142, 178 McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co., 309 U.S. 33 (1940) . II2 McGrain v. Daugherty, 273 U.S. 135 (1927) 138 McLeod v. Dilworth Co., 322 U.S. 327 (1944). . . . . . . . . . II3

M

Madden v. Kentucky, 309 U.S. 83 (1940) . . . . . . . . . P. J. Magennis Pty. Ltd. v. The Commonwealth, 80 Commw. L.R. 382

(1949) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 124, 148 A. Magnano Co. v. Hamilton, 292 U.S. 40 (1934). . . . . . . .. 95, 150 Mandeville Island Farms Inc. v. American Crystal Sugar Co., 334 U.S. 219

(1948) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 152 Mansell v. Beck, 30 Austl. L.J. 346 (1956) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Marbury v. Madison, I Cranch 137 (1803) . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Marcus Clark & Co. Ltd. v. The Commonwealth, 87 Commw. L.R. 177

(195 2) .......................... . Maslen v. Perpetual Executors Trustees & Agency Co. (W.A.) Ltd., [1952J

A.C. 215 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Matthews v. Chicory Marketing Board (Victoria), 60 Commw. L.R. 263

(1938) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 92,93, 102 Melbourne, City of v. The Commonwealth (The State Banking Case), 74

Commw. L.R. 31 (1947) . . . . 44,77, 79, 132, 133, 134, 135, 155, 157, 178 Memphis Steam Laundry v. Stone, 342 U.S. 389 (1952). . . . . . . .. II5 Merchant Service Guild of Australasia v. Commonwealth Steamship

Owners Assoc., 28 Commw. L.R. 436 (1920) . Metcalf v. Mitchell, 269 U.S. 514 (1926) . . . . . . . . . . Michigan v. United States, 317 U.S. 338 (1943). . . . . . . Milheim v. Moffat Tunnel Improvement District, 262 U.S. 710 (1923) Milk Board (N.S.W.) v. Metropolitan Cream Pty. Ltd., 62 Commw. L.R.

116 (1939) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milk Control Board v. Eisenberg Farm Products, 306 U.S. 346 (1939) Minister for Works (W.A.) v. Gulson, 69 Commw. L.R. 338 (1944) . Minnesota Rate Cases, 230 U.S. 352 (1913) .

130

89

10, 12 63

9 18,21

Minnesota v. Barber, 136 U.S. 313 (1890) Mintz v. Baldwin, 289 U.S. 346 (1933) . . Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416 (1920) . . Montreal v. A.-G. for Canada, [1923J A.C. 136 (P.C.)

20 18

143, 144, 145 126

Montreal v. Montreal Harbour Commissioners, [1926J A.C. 299 (P.c.) . . Montreal v. Montreal Street Railway, [1912J A.C. 333 (P.C.) . . . . . . W. R. Moran Pty, Ltd. v. Deputy Federal Commissioner of Taxation,

143 35

[1940J A.C. 838 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38,39,40,47,99, 154 Morgan v. The Commonwealth, 74 Commw. L.R. 421 (1947) 38, 39, 40 Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U.S. 623 (1887) 17 Mulford v. Smith, 307 U.S. 38 (1939) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58

XXII TABLE OF CASES

Municipal Council of Sydney v. The Commonwealth, 208 (1904), ............... .

Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113,24 L. Ed. 77 (1877) . Murphy v. C.P.R., [1958] Can. Sup. Ct. 626

N

I Commw. L.R. . ..... , 88 . ..... , 64 8, 16, 56, 57, 94, 179

National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. I (1937). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...... 99

Nebbia v. New York, 291 U.S. 502 (1934) . . . . . . . 62, 63, 65, 176 Ex parte Nelson (No. I), 42 Commw. L.R. 209 (1928) ., 20, 148, 158, 159 Ex parte Nelson (No.2), 42 Commw. L.R. 258 (1929). . . 158, 159, 160 Nelson v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 312 U.S. 373 (1941) . 115 Nelson v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 312 U.S. 359 (1941). . . 115 Nelungaloo Pty. Ltd. v. The Commonwealth, [1951] A.C. 34 (P.C.) 158, 159,160 Nelungaloo Pty. Ltd. v. The Commonwealth (Certificate Application), 85

Commw. L.R. 545 (1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 158, 159 New Jersey Bell Telephone Co. v. State Board of Taxes, 280 U.S. 338

(1930) ........................... , 92 New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (The Wheat Case), 20 Commw.

L.R. 54 (1915). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12, 46, 47 New York v. Maclay, 288 U.S. 290 (1933) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 90 New York v. United States, 326 U.S. 572 (1946) 15,43,44,87,89,96, 126, 130,

132, 133 Nilson v. South Australia, 93 Commw. L.R. 292 (1955). . . . . . . .. 68 Noble State Bank v. Haskell, 219 U.S. 104 (1911). . . . . . . . . .. 80 Northwest Airlines Inc. v. Minnesota, 322 U.S. 292 (1944) . . . . . .. 116 North West Grain Dealers' Association v. Hyndman, 61 D.L.R. 548 (1921) 138 Northwestern States Portland Cement Co. v. Minnesota, 358 U.S. 450

(1959). . . . . . . . . . . .. ............ . . 112

o

Oregon-Washington R. and Nav. Co. v. Washington, 270 U.S. 87 (1926) 166 O'Sullivan v. Noarlunga Meat Ltd., 92 Commw. L.R. 565 (1954). 5, 8, 158, 159 O'Sullivan v. Noarlunga Meat Ltd. (No.2), 94 Commw. L.R. 367 (1956);

[1957] A.C. I (P.C.). . . . . .. ......... 158, 159, 162

P

Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Co. v. Michigan Pub. Servo Commission, 341 U.S. 329 (1951) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18

Panhandle Oil Co. v. Mississippi ex reI. Knox, 277 U.S. 218 (1928). . .. 96 Parker V. Brown, 317 U.S. 341 (1943) . . . . . . . 16, 24, 35, 51, 52, 53 Parton v. Milk Board (Victoria). 80 Commw. L.R. 229 (1949). 83,93, 94, 104 Patapsco Guano Co. V. North Carolina, 171 U.S. 345 (1898). . . . . .. 20 Paul v. Virginia, 8 Wall. (75 U.S.) 168 (1869). . . . . . . . .. 74, 75, 76 Peanut Board V. Rockhampton Harbour Board, 48 Commw. L.R. 266

(1933) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 14, 148 Peck & Co. v. Lowe, 247 U.S. 165 (1918). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Pennsylvania v. West Virginia, 262 U.S. 553 (1923). . . . . . .. 16, 23 Pennsylvania V. Wheeling and Belmont Bridge Co., 13 How. 518 (1852);

18 How. 421 (1856). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

TABLE OF CASES XXIII

Pennsylvania Gas Co. v. Public Service Commission, 252 U.S. 23 (1920) 34 Peterswald v. Bartley, I Commw. L.R. 497 (1904). . . . . . . .. 84, 102 Pharmaceutical Benefits Case: see A.-G. for Victoria: ex reI. Dale and

Others v. The Commonwealth. Pidoto v. Victoria, 68 Commw. L.R. 87 (1943) . . . . . . . . . . 124 Pioneer Tourist Coaches Ltd. v. South Australia, 93 Commw. L.R. 307

(1955) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 157 U.S. 429 (1895). . . . . 103 Proprietary Articles Trade Association v. A.-G. for Canada, [1931J A.C. 310

(P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,149 Provident Institution for Savings v. Malone, 221 U.S. 660 (1911) . . .. 80 Prudential Insurance Co. v. Benjamin, 328 U.S. 408 (1946). . . . .. 9, 75 Public Utilities Commission v. Attleboro Steam & Electric Co., 273 U.S.

83 (1927) . . . . . . . . 34 Pye v. Renshaw, 84 Commw. L.R. 58 (1951) . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Q Quinn v. United States, 349 U.S. 155 (1955)

R

R. v. Barger, 6 Commw. L.R. 41 (1908) . 37, 38, 85, 86, 87, 90, 98, 130 R. v. Burgess: ex parte Henry, 55 Commw. L.R. 608 (1936). . .. 33, 144 R. v. Caledonian Collieries, [1928J A.C. 358 (P.C.). . . . . . .. 103, 119 R. v. Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration: ex parte Jones

(The Builders' Labourers' Case), [1917J A.C. 528 (P.C.). . . R. v. Connare: ex parte Wawn, 61 Commw. L.R. 596 (1939) . R. v. Eastern Terminal Elevator Co., [1925J Can. Sup. Ct. 434 .

158 II

35, 56 136 R. v. Kidman, 20 Commw. L.R. 425 (1915). . . . . . . .

R. v. Kirby: ex parte Boilermakers' Society of Australia (The Boiler-makers' Case), [1957J A.C. 288 (P.C.) . . . . . .

R. v. Klassen, 20 D.L.R. 2d. 406 (1959) . . . . . . R. v. Nat. Bell Liquors Ltd., [1922J 2 A.C. I28 (P.C.) R. v. Pee-Kay Smallwares Ltd., [1948J I D.L.R. 235 . R. v. Vizzard, 50 Commw. L.R. 30 (1933) . . . . . R. v. Wilkinson, 26 AustI. L.J. 104 (1952). . . . . Railroad Commission Cases, 116 U.S. 347, 29 L.Ed. 636, (1886) Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton R. Co., 295 U.S. 330 (1935) . Railway Express Agency v. Virginia, 347 U.S. 539 (1954) . Railway Express Agency v. Virginia, 358 U.S. 434 (1959) . . .

158, 160 57 16

166 12,66

5 64 59

117 117

Rast v. Van Deman & Lewis Co., 240 U.S. 342 (1916) ..... Reference re the Farm Products Marketing Act R.S.O. 1950, C. 131 as

II

amended, [1957J Can. Sup. Ct. 198. . . . . .. 7, 35,48,49, 62, 94, 179 Reference re the Natural Products Marketing Act 1934, [1936J Can. Sup.

Ct. 398 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 35 Reference re Section 6 of the Saskatchewan Farm Security Act, [1947J

Can. Sup. Ct. 394. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Reference re Section 16 of the Special War Revenue Act, [1942J Can. Sup.

Ct. 429 ........................ . 77 Reference re Validity of Section 5(a) of the Dairy Industry Act, [1949J

Can. Sup. Ct. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15, 17, 179 In re the Regulation and Control of Aeronautics in Canada, [1932J A.C. 54

(P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145, 146

XXIV TABLE OF CASES

In re the Regulation and Control of Radio Communications in Canada, [1932] A.C. 304 (P.C.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146, 165

Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. I (1957)· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 143 Rhodes v. Iowa, 170 U.S. 412 (1898) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17 Riverina Transport Pty. Ltd. v. Victoria, 57 Commw. L.R. 327 (1937). 66 Robbins v. Shelby County Taxing District, 120 U.S. 489 (1887) . 115 Russell v. The Queen, (1882) 7 App. Cas. 829 (P.C.) . 17, 18, 147 Russell v. Walters, 96 Commw. L.R. 177 (1956) . . . . . .. 33, 68, 73

s

Scandinavian Airlines Sys. Inc. v. Los Angeles, 368 U.S. 899 (1961) Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935). . Scripto Inc. v. Carson, 362 U.S. 207 (1960). . . . . . . . . . . . Second Employers' Liability Cases, 223 U.S. I (1912) . . . . . . . Second Uniform Tax Case: see Victoria v. The Commonwealth. Shannon v. Lower Mainland Dairy Products Board, [1938] A.C.

(P.C.) .................. . In re Silver Brothers Ltd., [1932] A.C. 514 (P.C.) . Sligh v. Kirkwood, 237 U.S. 52 (1915). . . . . . . .

708

117 57

. 48,53 88,89,90

20 Sonneborn Bros. v. Cureton, 262 U.S. 506 (1923) . . . 112 Sonzinsky v. United States, 300 U.S. 506 (1937). . . . 86, 98 South Australia v. The Commonwealth (The Uniform Tax Case), 65

Commw. L.R. 373 (1942) . . . . . . . .. 39, 87, 97, 130, 131, 135, 152 South Carolina v. United States, 199 U.S. 437 (1905) . . . . . . . .. 15 South Carolina State Highway Dept. v. Barnwell Bros. Inc., 303 U.S. 177

(1938) ................... . Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona, 325 U.S. 761 (1945). . . . . . . .

71 166

Spector Motor Service v. O'Connor, 340 U.S. 602 (1951) . . . . . . 117, 118 Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co., 240 U.S. 103 (1916). . . . . . . . . 103 State Banking Case: see Melbourne, City of v. The Commonwealth. Steel Rails Case: see A.-G. for New South Wales v. Collector of Customs

(N.S.W.). Stenhouse v. Coleman, 69 Commw. L.R. 457, (1945). . . . . . . . . . 140 Steward Machine Co. v. Davis, 301 U.S. 548 (1937) . . .. 41, 83, 94, 97, 99 Sunshine Anthracite Coal Co. v. Adkins, 310 U.S. 381 (1940). . 99 Swan Hill Corporation v. Bradbury, 56 Commw. L.R. 746 (1937) 153 Swift & Co. v. United States, 196 U.S. 375 (1905). . . . . . . 152

T

Tasmania v. Victoria, 52 Commw. L.R. 157 (1935). . . . . . . . 19, 20 Tennant v. Union Bank of Canada, [1894] A.C. 31 (P.C.) . . . .. 78, 163 Thompson v. Consolidated Gas Utilities Corp., 300 U.S. 55 (1937) . 16, 58 Toronto Electric Commissioners v. Snider, [1925J A.C. 396 (P.C.) 7, 10, 124, 165 T.T.C. v. Aqua Taxi Ltd., 6 D.L.R. 2d. 721 (1957) . 73 Tunnock v. Victoria, 84 Commw. L.R. 42 (1951) ......... " 148

u Uniform Tax Case: see South Australia v. The Commonwealth. Union Colliery v. Bryden, [1899J A.C. 580 (P.C.) . . . . United States v. County of Allegheny, 322 U.S. 174 (1944), . .

TABLE OF CASES xxv

United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. I (1936) . . . . . 23,57, 58, 83, 91 United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144 (1938) 41 United States v. Constantine, 296 U.S. 287 (1935). . 98 United States v. Darby, 312 U.S. 100 (1941) . . . . 10, 23,94 United States v. City of Detroit, 355 U.S. 466 (1958) . 128 United States v. Ferger, 250 U.S. 199 (1919) . . . . 28, 150 United States v. Jones, 109 U.S. 513 (1883). . . . . 143 United States v. E. C. Knight Co., 156 U.S. I (1895) 22, 151, 152 United States v. Township of Muskegon, 355 U.S. 484 (1958) 128 United States v. Rock Royal Co-operative, 307 U.S. 533 (1939) 23, 57, 58, 59, 60 United States v. Rumely, 345 U.S. 41 (1953) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 United States v. Sanchez, 340 U.S. 42 (1950) . . . . . . . 95,98, 150 United States v. South Eastern Underwriters Association, 322 U.S. 533

(1944) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30, 74 United States v. Texas, 314 U.S. 480 (1941) . . . . . . . 90 United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co., 315 U.S. IIO (1942) 4, 58, 60, 142 United States v. Yellow Cab Co., 332 U.S. 218 (1946) . . . 33 United States Glue Co. v. Town of Oak Creek, 247 U.S. 321 (1918) II2 University of Illinois v. United States, 289 U.S. 48 (1933) 126 Uphaus v. Wyman, 360 U.S. 72 (1959). . . . . . . . . . . . 136

v

Vacuum Oil Co. Pty. Ltd. v. Queensland, 51 Commw. L.R 108 (1934) 27,42 Veix v. Sixth Ward Building & Loan Assoc. of Newark, 310 U.S. 32 (1940) 18 Victoria v. The Commonwealth, 58 Commw. L.R 618 (1937). . . . . . 166 Victoria v. The Commonwealth (Second Uniform Tax Case), 99 Commw.

L.R 575 (1957) . . . . . . .. ...... 38, 88,90, 135, 141

W

Ex parte Walsh and Johnson: in re Yates, 37 Commw. L.R 36 (1925) 150 Waterhouse v. Deputy Federal Commissioner, 17 Commw. L.R 665 (1914) 83 West v. Commissioner of Taxation (N.S.W.), 56 Commw. L.R 657

(1937) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 135 Western Live Stock v. Bureau of Revenue, 303 U.S. 250 (1938). . . . . II2 Wheat Case: see New South Wales v. The Commonwealth. Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. III (1942) ..... 3,4,8,24,32,42,58,179 Wilcox Mofflin v. New South Wales (The Hides and Leather Case), 85

Commw. L.R 488 (1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52, 54, 60, 179 Willard v. Rawson, 48 Commw. L.R 316 (1933). . . . . . . . . 65 Wilmington Transp. Co. v. RR Commission, 230 U.S. 151 (1915) . 73 Winner v. S.M.T. (Eastern) Ltd., [1951J Can. Sup. Ct. 887. . . . 32 Woodruff v. Parham, 8 Wall. 123 (1869) . . . . . . . . 26, 84, 107 Wragg v. New South Wales, 88 Commw. L.R 353 (1953) 24, 26, 28, 33, 54, 59,

61, 178

SECTIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONS CONSIDERED

Australia 51 5 1 (i) 51 (ii) 51 (vi) 51 (xiii) 51 (xiv) 5 1 (xx) 51 (xxiiiA) 51 (xxix) 51 (xxxi) 51 (xxxv) 51 (xxxvii) 51 (xxxix) 74 81 90 92

9 6 99 109 112 II3 114

Canada 9 1

9 1(2) 91 (2A) 9 1 (12) 9 1 (15) 9 1 (25) 9 1 (27) 92

9 2 (2) 92 (9) 9 2 (10)

3n ., 137, 140, 148, 159n . 6n., 29, 38, 39n., 40, 50, 54, 56, 151, 157 39, 40, 44, 104 38, 123, 124n., 139 n 79 29,75 151 96n. 145 124, 148n. 124n. 59 77, 136, 137, 140-41 158- 61 96n. 26n., 91, 93, 100, 102, 104, 106, 110, 114, 160-61 3n ., 4n ., 5, 6n., 12, 16n., 21, 27, 28, 39n ., 42, 43, 47, 50-52, 54, 56, 61, 65-67, 75-77, 101, 107, IIO, II8, 134, 151, 152, 159 40, 87, 96n. 3n ., 36, 38, 40, 104, 157 75, 130, 156- 157, 159-62 20 17,43 126n.

4n ., Ion., 17, 19, 79, 124, 144, 146, 147, 149, 163-65 8, 15, 16, 56, 61, 62, 72, 76, IIO, 154 77,95 25 77,80 76 61,76 4n ., 49, 124, 144-47, 149, 163-64 48, 49, 62, 78, 91, 101, 104, 108, IIO, II5 48 3n .

9 2 (Io)(a) 92 (13) 9 2 (16) 121 125 132

SECTIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONS CONSIDERED XXVII

32n., 72, 146 7n ., 15, 19, 49, 62, 76-77, 80, 95, 164-65 15, 19, 49, 62, 76-77, 164-65 I6n., 26n., 56 I26n., 127-28 145-46

United States of America I : 2 : 3 100 I : 8 : I 95-96, I04n., 141 I : 8 : 3 3n., 13, I6n., 42, 51, 101, 123 I : 8 : 18 136 I : 9 : 4 100 I : 9 : 5 I08n. I : 9 : 6 37 I : 10 : 2 3n., 20, 26 VI : 2 I30n., 143, 156

5th . Amendment 4n., 40, 4 1, 51, 77, II6, I24n. loth. Amendment 95, 97, 144 14th. Amendment 4n., 40, 41, 51, 64, 77, 80, II6 16th. Amendment IOO, I03 21st. Amendment 17, 43