comparative health care analysis of depression in the elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · suicide =...

19
Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly Julie Breazeale & Norma Bono Oregon Health & Science University – Klamath Falls April 29 th , 2016

Upload: others

Post on 17-Oct-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly 

Julie Breazeale & Norma BonoOregon Health & Science University – Klamath Falls

April 29th , 2016

Page 2: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

According to the World Health Organization (2016), “Depression is the leading cause worldwide, and is a major contributor to the overall global burden of disease”.  “Cultural differences and different risk factors affect the expression of the disorder.” 

Barriers:• Lack of resources (WHO,2016): <25% of people across the world have access to 

treatments for depression.  Lack of psychiatrist globally. Lack of trained health care providers (WHO, 2016)

• Lack of patients seeking treatment. Either social stigmas or lack of knowledge (WHO, 2016).

• Screening tools (inaccurate assessments):WHO (2016) study found “treatment gaps” worldwide to be a medium rate of approximately 50% untreated depression.

Depression Overview

www.thedigitalfa.com

Page 3: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Global Outlook

350 Million people suffer from depression.

Over 800,000 deaths are reported annually due to suicide.

Less than ½ of people suffering from

depression receive treatments.

Life span is increasing – between 2015 and 2050, the proportion of

the world’s population over 60 years will nearly double from 12% to

22%.

www.rand.org

Page 4: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Health Concern Comparative

Globally, depression is a general concern as lifespan increases.  Depressive symptoms are an important indicator of general well‐being and mental health among the elderly. (Federal Interagency Forum on Aging‐Related Statistics, 2012).

USA:• Depression is an important issue because it often goes untreated.• Social stigma on mental illness.• Consistency of assessment tools and medical management• Shortage of Nurses in the mental health sector• Untreated depression can lead to impaired cognitive ability & increased risk of serious 

medical issues (NAMI, 2016).

Thailand:• Increased lifespan of Thailand pop = increased risk for depression.• Family dynamics are changing in elderly caregiving.• Increased health care costs for treatment of depression and increased risks of health 

problems related to depression such as dementia. (WHO, 2016; Wongpakaran, 2012 )

Page 5: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

USA Elderly Growth

Page 6: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Thailand Elderly Growth 

Page 7: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Comparative AnalysisUNITED STATES OF AMERICA THAILAND

Population Survey 2010 – 40 million 65 +; accounting for 13% of population. 

Projected growth = 72 million in 2030

In 2012, Thai elderly population consisted of 12.59 % of total population.

Projected growth =  to exceed 15% by 2020

Prevalence of Depression: Prevalence of Depression:

An estimated 11.19% over age 70 diagnosed with major depressionAnd over 12% over age 80 diagnosed with depression (Federal Integracy Forum on Aging‐rated statistics, 2012).

One study of 74 older adults between ages of 63‐94, found that 61% has clinical characteristics of MDD (Wongpakaran, et. al, 2014)

White Males >85 y/o have the highest suicide rate in U.S. related to depression (NIMH, n.d.). 

Depression ranks first in Mental health among psychiatric illnesses (Wongpakaran, 2011)

Gender Depression Rates: Gender Depression Rates:

Male:  11% reported depressive symptomsSuicide = 19.4 per 100,000

Male: recent data unavailableSuicide = 19.1 per 100,000

Female: 16 % reported depressive symptomsSuicide = 5.2 per 100,000

Female: recent data unavailableSuicide = 4.5 per 100,000

Page 8: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Depression in the Elderly

• Episode period greater than 2 weeks

• Depressed mood or the loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities.

• Four of the following symptoms must be also be present.

• changes in appetite or weight, Sleep, psychomotor activity; decreased energy; feelings of

worthlessness or guilt; difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions; or recurrent thoughts

of death or suicidal ideation or suicide plans or attempts.

• Depression must be accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment

in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

• Chronic major depression disorder’s (Dysthymia) criteria is two of the symptoms

present over a spam of at least two years.

Depression DSM V Criteria

greaterhomehealthservices.com

Page 9: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Signs & Symptoms

Signs & Symptoms

• Somatic complaints (e.g., bodily aches and pains) rather than reporting feelings of sadness. 

• Increased irritability (e.g., persistent anger, a tendency to respond to events with angry outbursts or blaming others, an exaggerated sense of frustration over minor matters). 

• Loss of interest• Reduction or increased appetite• Psychomotor changes – unable to sit still, pulling of skin, slowed 

speech or thinking, etc.• The sense of worthlessness or guilt which may include unrealistic 

negative evaluations of one’s worth.• Thoughts of death, suicide ideation, or attempts.

Page 10: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Comparative Depression Screening 

www.smead.com

USA THAILAND

Noticing SS – Caregiver/Family/Nurse Noticing SS – Caregiver/Family/Nurse

Mental Status Examination (MSE): objective data about the patient. 

Village Health Volunteer: Tell results + give Psychoeducation

Psychosocial assessment: assessingthe patient as a whole.

PHQ‐2: Ask two questions: 1) Little interest or pleasure in doing things 2) Feeling down, depressed or hopeless.

Primary Care: Screening in primary setting for risk group: 

• Give Psychoeducation• 9Q; >7 assess 8Q (Suicide)

PHQ ‐9: Answers will determine severity of depression

Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS):Long form contains 30 questionsShort form contains 15 questions

Secondary Care: 2Q/15Q: Community Hospital in risk group.• 9Q; if > 7 assess 8Q (Suicide)• Diagnose by Dr.

• Mild (7‐12): Csg + Ed. Relative• Moderate (13‐18): Rx + Csg + Ed. Relative• Severe ( >19): Rx + Csg + Ed. Relative

• If no MDD, evaluate for psychosocial problem, if +, give Csg• In no psychosocial problem, give education.

Tertiary Care: if 8Q is >17 or if 9Q is >19:• Referred to Psychiatric doctor• Treated by the protocol• Follow‐up until 9Q <9 every month• After that reduce dose until stop drug

Page 11: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Patient

SocioeconomicHigher education, 

SES

Spiritual/CulturalReligious or spiritual 

involvement

EnvironmentalHealthy, Safe, 

Clean

Psychologic Effective coping skills, exercise, healthy eating

Social SupportHealthy family 

dynamics and support, engaged in valued 

activities

Protective vs Risk Factors for DepressionJB1

Page 12: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Slide 11

JB1 Julie Breazeale, 2/28/2016

Page 13: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Treatment Factors for the Elderly

Factors for Treatment Challenges/Treatment & Diagnosis Barriers

Depression Severity Perceived stigma

Co‐morbidities & medications Length of treatment needed

Treatment side effects Program expectations

Prior history of treatmentresponse

Efficacy of treatment and treatment side effects

Recurring symptoms Accessibility

DSM V criteria  Cost of treatment (U.S.)

Inaccurate assessment

Pre‐existing  cognitive impairment

Transportation needs.

Cultural differences

Page 14: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Treatments for Depression

USA ThailandMedications PsychotherapyPsychotherapy MedicationsECT ECTLight Therapy Traditional Thai Medicine 

(Alternative)Alternative Therapies Exercise : Elderly clubSelf‐management strategies & educationMind/Body/Spirit approachesExercise

Page 15: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Patient Case Study

Thailand Case study: male in his 60’s currently diagnosis of: heart failure, 

hypertension, acute Kidney failure, and depression.  Patient was diagnosed with 

depression after he stated that he wanted to die because of his quality of life and 

being a burden to caregiver.  Patient was provided counseling and medication 

therapy.

US case study: veteran male in his 60’s, who after multiple surgeries and 

complications was experiencing issues with pain, anxiety, stress, and  insomnia. 

There was previous history of treatment for depression. After assessments and 

offering referral to mental health professional, the patient declined any services.

www.euro‐freelancers.eu

Page 16: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Nursing RoleEconomic analysis has indicated that treating depression in primary care is feasible, affordable and cost‐effective (WHO); therefore the nursing role can incorporate measure to lower rates and risk factors:• Develop patient care plan: use the nursing process of Assessments, 

diagnosis/analysis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.• Increased screening in the elderly• Medication monitoring• Incorporating cognitive‐behavioral therapies in individual and family• Evaluating family dynamics• Advocacy• Medical and emotional support – promote involvement of support groups, etc.• Suicide prevention• Educate patient and family on signs and symptoms of depression• Teach coping skills• Depression Health Awareness

www.smead.com

Page 17: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Conclusion

Future Studies:– Effects of interventions for depression– Medication effects and improvements

What we have learned:– Healthcare system protocols to treat mental health– The nursing role at each level of care– That Thai society upholds strong traditional values, which embrace the family support in caring for their parents as an expression of gratitude, as well as a society that has high regard for their elders.

Page 18: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

References

Burgess, A., Kunik, M., & Stanley, M. (2005). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ‐ Assessing and Treating Psychological Issues in Patients with COPD. The Psychiatric Consultant, 60, 19. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.liboff.ohsu.edu/nrc/pdf?sid=3649a6cf‐3b63‐4139‐aa2b‐83a8252a1ae7%40sessionmgr4005&vid=15&hid=4201

Clayton, J. M., Butow, P. N., Arnold, R. M., & Tattersall, M. H. (2005). Fostering coping and nurturing hope when discussing the future with terminally ill cancer patients and their caregivers. Cancer, 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.21011

Gestuvo, M. K. (2012). Health maintenance in older adults: combining evidence and individual preferences. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 79(5). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/msj.21340

Laurel, R. E., Cabral, H. J., & Wikes, G. (2009). Relationships between Patient‐Centered Cancer Nursing Interventions and Desired Health Outcomes in the Context of the Health Care System. Research in Nursing & Health, 32. http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org.liboff.ohsu.edu/10.1002/nur.20302

Lebecque, P., Leonard, A., DeBoeck, K., DeBaets, F., Falfroot, A., Casimir, G., ... Leal, T. (2009). Early referral to cystic fibrosis specialist centre impacts on respiratory outcome. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 8. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jcf.2008.07.005

Page 19: Comparative Health Care Analysis of Depression in the Elderly€¦ · 28/02/2016  · Suicide = 19.4 per 100,000 Male: recent data unavailable Suicide = 19.1 per 100,000 Female: 16

Do you haveany questions?

?