comparative study all - copy
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
1/21
1.0 OBJECTIVES
1.1 General Objective
To identify the correlation between exposures to Particulate Matter 10 (PM 10 )
and lung function of the workers at two different industrial sites.
1.2 Specific Objectives
I. To measure Particulate Matter 10 (PM 10 ) in industrial sites.
II. To determine the lung function effect of the workers due to respiratory
dust (PM 10 )
III. To compare the exposure of particulate matter as well as its effect to
workers lung function at the two different industrial site
IV. To recommend control measures for the identified hazards.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
The study is conducted on two different factories. The assessments are been
done at I-Mix Concrete Sdn. Bhd. and Kapar Energy Ventures. A comparative study
was done in order to compare the particulate matter (PM10) level between two differentindustries. Kapar Energy Ventures is a large industry where it is an electricity generated
power plant. While I-Mix Concretes sdn bhd. is a small branch industry which
processing concrete.
I-Mix Concrete sdn bhd located at Alam Jaya Industrial Park, Puncak Alam. The
main product of the factory is concrete mixing and distribution. For now, this factory is
supplied concretes to UiTM Puncak Alam. This factory was established on 16 July 2005
till present. Since then, it has been 6 years this factory has operated as concrete mixingplant. There are 32 employees worked within the factory and 12 of them worked as a
lorry driver.
The second factory which is Kapar Energy Ventures is located on the west coast
of Peninsular Malaysia, approximately 50 km to the west of capital city of Malaysia,
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
2/21
Kuala Lumpur. The power station lies between the mouths of the Kapar Besar and the
Serdang Kecil Rivers. This energy power plant factory generates a total of 2420 MW of
electricity. It is the only power station with triple fuel firing capability in Malaysia. This
station consists of steam plants firing oil, gas and coal as well as open cycle Frame 9
gas turbines.
The assessments are been done throughout whole process in Concrete Mixing
Plant while in Kapar Energy Ventures will involved in Coal Handling Plant only. The
assessments are conducted in both factories to determine the level of particulate matter
(PM10) present in both factories can affect the workers. The lung function test was
carried on in order to find out the relationship of the particulate matter (PM10) with the
lung function. A comparative study was made between two different
3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Terminologies
I. Particulate Matter (PM 10)
Particulate matter affects more people than any other pollutant. The major components
of PM are sulfate, nitrates, ammonia, sodium chloride, carbon, mineral dust and water.
The particles are identified according to their aerodynamic diameter, as either PM10(particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 m) or PM2.5 (aerodynamic
diameter smaller than 2.5 m). The latter are more dangerous since, when inhaled, they
may reach the peripheral regions of the bronchioles, and interfere with gas exchange
inside the lungs (WHO, 2005).
II. Spirometry
Spirometry is a basic and commonly performed pulmonary function test. It measures
lung capacity to move air in and out of the lungs. The test is performed using a
spirometer and must conform to standardization specifications developed by the
American Thoracic Society.
III. Vital capacity
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
3/21
Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled from
the lung. It is one of the measurements taken during spirometry or pulmonary function
testing. VC is measured using a spirometer (BTS, 2005).
IV. Force Vital Capacity
Force Vital Capacity (FVC) is the amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the
lungs after taking the deepest breath possible. Measuring FVC is done through
spirometry testing which helps to determine the lung function. Normal range FVC for
adults is less than 80% (BTS, 2005).
V. Forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1)
Force expiratory volume in an individual test measure used to assess limitations inairflow, which measuring the amount of air exhaled in one second. It is measured in
litres (BTS, 2005). Based on British Thoracic Society (BTS, 2005) guidelines, the
reading for FEV1 is based on followed guidelines-
Lung condition Obstructive
Normal 85% of pred FEV1
Mild 70 85 %
Moderate 60 70 %
Moderately severe 50 60 %
Severe 34 50 %
Very Severe < than 34 %
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
4/21
VI. FEV1/FVC (FEV1 %):
This is the ratio of FEV1/FVC. In healthy adult this should be 75 80%. It is useful in
diagnosing restrictive or obstructive disease (BTS, 2005).
2.2 Legal Requirement
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Safety and Health Committee Regulation
1996)
Section 5: Membership of committee
Section 15: General duties of employers and self employed person)
Section 16: Duty to formulate Safety and Health Policies
Section 22: Duty to provide facility
Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines (DOE Malaysia)
There are no ambient air quality standards in Malaysia. The Malaysian government,
however, established ambient air quality guidelines in 1988.
Pollutants Averaging time Malaysia guideline
(g/m 3)
Particulate Matter
(PM10)
24 Hour 150
I Year 50
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
5/21
3.0 METHODOLOGY
Sampling and data collection involved Air Quality Monitoring, Survey, and Lung
Function Test. The lung function test was conducted along with survey using
questionnaires. The survey serves as a method to obtain general information of theworkers as well as acquiring crucial data that might affect the result such as time
duration of working, period of exposure, age, Body Mass Index (BMI) and etc. Samples
(n=12) were taken among workers in these industrial area who has direct contact with
dust respiratory particles. Exclude factors are those who have asthma and chronic
pulmonary disease, BMI, those who under drug and medicine administration, smoking
and under alcohol influence. Risk assessment is done by using HIRARC (Hazard
Identification Risk Analysis and Risk Control) and HAZOP (Hazard Operability) study
was conducted.
3.1 Study Design
This study is a comparative cross sectional study where exposure and disease
status are measured at the same point in time. The assessment was conducted in one
day in each industry.
3.2 Instrumentation
Monitoring of Indoor Air Quality is done using Quest EVM-7 environmental
monitor. EVM-7 simultaneously measures particulates, volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) with PID, toxic gas, carbon dioxide, relative humidity, temperature, and air
velocity (with accessory probe).
Survey was carried out using a set of questionnaires which consists of 2
sections. There are 17 questions which consist of yes/no, multiple choice and open
ended questions.
Lung function test is conducted by using Vitalograph spirometer. Procedure
guidelines were taken from British Thoracic Society.
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
6/21
3.3 Guideline for monitoring Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality 2010 (DOSH Malaysia)
Sample position
During field data collection, we had perform the monitoring positioned at the selected
sampling location using the following general guidelines
(a) representing the primary workstation layout and work activities;
(b) the position should be of minimal disturbance of work activities within the study area;
(c) at least 0.5 m from corners or windows, walls, partitions, and other vertical surfaces
(e.g. file cabinets);
(d) not directly in front of air supply diffusers, induction units, floor fans, or heaters, or
the exhaled breath of the operator, etc
(e) not under direct sunlight that will impact instrumentation;
(f) preferably not in hallways or passageways;
(g) at least 1 metre from localised sources such as photocopiers, printers, etc;
(h) not within 3 m of an elevator if sampled at a corridor / lobby;
(i) not within 2 m of doors;
(j) not obstructive to, or interfering with, occupant egresses from the study area under
normal or emergency situations;
(k) not at the junction connected to stations of the public transport facilities;
(l) placing inlets of samplers at a height between 75 and 120 cm, preferably 110 cm
from the floor.
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
7/21
4.0 RESULT
Figure 1
Figure 1 : Particulate matter level at Kapar Energy Ventires and I-Mix sdn. Bhd.
Based on the bar chart above, the level of particulate matter at I-Mix is more than Kapar Energy Ventures.
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Kapar Energy Ventures I-Mix
P a r t i c u
l a t e
M a t t e r L e v e
l , m g / m 3
Types of Factory
Particulate Matter Level
Particulate Matter Level
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
8/21
Table 1 : Data of subjects at Kapar Energy Ventures
Table 2 : Data of subjects at I-Mix
Subjects Name Age Period FVC FEV 1 FEV 1/FVCZulkifli b Ahmad 27 4 71.1 74.2 104.3Mohd Faizal 28 3 78.7 42.7 54.2
Mohd Bakhtiar 30 6 85.3 93.5 109.5
Helmi b MohdRashid
33 5 61.5 61.6 100.3
Qaiser Shafqat 33 8 124.7 76.3 61.2
Manareveli 24 1 109.8 115.7 105.4
Adil 42 1 55.8 55.6 99.6Inemur Rahman 28 1 58.5 50.2 85.8Parenditta 22 2 107.8 107.7 99.9Unsar 24 2 92.3 101.6 110.2Shahur 43 4 80.8 84.4 104.4
Rosmadi b Daiman 47 6 121.2 132.3 115.0
Subjects Name Age Period FVC FEV 1 FEV 1/FVC
Rudy 33 4 63.8 71.4 117.7
Ismail 47 1 92.7 123.3 125.6
Chin Kang Siong 50 6 73.2 76.0 103.8
Liew Yoke Tat 57 6 57.5 44.6 77.6Mahasan 42 10+ 81.4 80.2 98.6
Adnan 45 2+ 35.5 19.0 53.5Mazri 40 8 67.7 74.6 110.
2Nor Azhar 41 6 54.4 59.4 109.
2Roslan 34 11 71.8 37.1 51.6Shamsul 37 8 70.8 62.4 88.0Jumadil 31 4 57.5 53.8 93.5Mohd Kausar 24 4 74.1 61.6 83.1
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
9/21
Lung Function Test
The test was conducted at both factories. 12 workers were taken as subjects for
conducting the test. A survey was also conducted along with the test. The data are as
follows :
Figure 2
Figure 2: Percentages of spirometry indicators reading
The table below shows the result of spirometry for both factories. In the table, the period
of exposure is divided into three categories which are from 1-5 years and from 6-10
years and 11 years. There are two types of indicators readings that have recorded in
the spirometer which is FVC and FEV 1. The normal reading for the FVC and FEV 1 is
85. The reading below the normal reading is considered abnormal readings.
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
120.00%
FVC FEV1 FEV1 / FVC M e a n P e r c e n t a g e o
f i n d i c a t o r r e a d i n g s
Types of indicators
Graph of spirometer test results
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
10/21
Table 3 : Result of the spirometer test for Kapar Energy Ventures and I-Mix Concretes
sdn. bhd.
5.0 EXISTING CONTROL MEASURE
No
. Work activity Hazard Which can Existing Risk Control
cause/effect (if any)
1
Unloading
Coal Particulate Matter
Respiratory
Problem PPE
2
Storage(Coal
Yard) Particulate Matter
Respiratory
Problem PPE
3Screening and
Ergonomic Back Pain N/A
Period of exposure(year)
No of subjects withabnormal
FVC
No of subjects withnormal FVC
No of subjects withabnormal
FEV 1
No of subjects withnormal FEV 1
KEV I-MIX KEV I-MIX KEV I-MIX KEV I-MIX
1-5 6 4 3 1 6 4 3 1
6-10 None 5 3 None 1 5 2 None
11 None 2 None None None 2 None None
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
11/21
Crusher
Heat Stress N/A
4 Boiler Heat Stress Dehydration N/A
5 Transformer Electrical Hazard Short Circuit Signage, Fence
Electromagnetic
Field Cancer
Isolation, Fence,
Signage
6 Conveyance Falling Injury
PPE, Scheduled
Maintenance
Table above described about control measure available associated with its hazard.
Control measure is an important aspect in every hazard identified, as existing control
measure can reduce the casualties. In Kapar Energy Ventures, there are several
hazards with existing control measure. Storage and unloading coal produce a mass
density of dust which may result in respiratory problem. Therefore employer provided
respiratory mask to their employee in way that it can reduce the effect. Electrical hazard
are most dangerous part if it happen, as it may cause causalities and damage of
property. Therefore, the existing control measure is installation of fence and signage as
it can restrict unauthorised person entering the most dangerous part.
1.Hazard identification 2. Risk Analysis 3.Risk Control
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
12/21
6.0 RISK ASSESSMENT
Table 4: HIRARC Summary for Kapar Energy Ventures
Table 5: HIRARC summary for I-Mix Concrete sdn. bhd.
No. Work activity Hazard Which canExisting Risk
Control Likelihood Severity RiskRecommended
control
cause/effect (if any) measure
1 Ship Docking Ship CollisionMechanical
Damage24/7
Monitoring 1 5 5360 Degree Angle
CCTV
2 Unloading Coal Particulate
Matter Respiratory
Problem PPE 5 4 20 Job Rotation,
Training
3Storage(Coal
Yard) Particulate
Matter Respiratory
Problem PPE 5 4 20 Job Rotation,
Training
4Screening and
Crusher Ergonomic Back Pain N/A 4 4 16Job Rotation,
Training
Heat Stress N/A Job Rotation,Training
5 Boiler Heat Stress Dehydration N/A 4 4 16
JobRotation,TrainingResting Facilitie
6 Transformer Electrical Hazard Short CicuitSignage,
Fence 3 4 12 PPE
ElectromagneticField Cancer
Isoation,fence, Signage 3 5 15
Regular MedicalCheck Up, Job
Rotation
7
Convayence Falling Injury
PPE,Scheduled,
Maintainance 3 5 15 Signage, Isolation
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
13/21
1. Hazardidentification
2. RiskAnalysis 3.Risk Control
No. Work activity Hazard Which can
ExistingRiskControl Likelihood Severity Risk
Recommendedcontrol
cause/effect (if any) measure
1 DisloadingParticulateMatter
RespiratoryProblem N/A 5 4 20 PPE/Training
Accident N/A 1 4 4 Isolation
2 Conveyance. High Falling Injury N/A 3 3 9 Signage,PPE
3 Mixing. NoiceInducedHearing Loss N/A 5 4 20
PPE, ScheduleMaintanance
ParticulateMatter
RespiratoryProblem 5 4 20 PPE
4 Loading Accident Injury N/A 2 4 8 Signage
ParticulateMatter
respiratoryProblem 5 4 20 PPE
5Transport.
particulate
Matter
respiratory
Problem N/A 5 4 20
PPE,
Isolation.SingageCarbon
Dioxide 4 4 16 PPE
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
14/21
Based on our study, HIRARC were produced. There are several work activities in I-Mix
Concrete sdn bhd. and Kapar Energy Ventures that related to our parameter. The work
activities are unloading coal from the ship to the warehouse and storage of the coal inthe warehouse where hazard produce is particulate matter. Respiratory problem may
arise from presence of particulate matter. Employee who work as technician and
operator are usually expose to these hazard. Severity and likelihood rating given for this
hazard are 5 and 4 respectively. Lately, there are few cases which involve respiratory
problem, which constrain employee ability. This fact was strengthening by our
assessment by using spirometer. Employees are exposed 8 hour per day and 5 days
per week in average thus increase the likelihood for employee having a respiratory
problem. Although the employer providing PPE as control measure, but there are
certain aspect that should be taken. Job rotation and training are the most crucial part in
controlling respiratory problem among employee
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
15/21
6.6.2 HAZOP study
Process Parameter Guideword Cause Consequences Recommendation
1.Disloading Dust high Expose to air flow
and opened
environment
Respiratory problem Dust collector
system
2.Conveyance Flow Less Conveyance
failure
Inadequate on supply to
mixing machine
Regular
maintenance
High Weighting scale
failure
Overflow on line and
cause falling of stone
Calibration o
weighting scale
3.Mixing Dust High Dust flowing out
due to vibration
Respiratory problem Maintenance to
control vibration
Volume Less water
volume
Low water
pressure
Alteration of quality of
material
Preparing
booster pump
4.Transport Flow Slow Long distance and
inadequate
transport
Alteration of concrete
quality
Providing
adequate
transport an
large capacity
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
16/21
HAZOP assessment which related to machinery in I-Mix Concrete sdn bhd. describes
1.Hazard identification 2. Risk Analysis 3.Risk Control
No.
Workactivity Hazard Which can
Existing RiskControl
Likelihood
Severity Risk Recommended control
cause/effect (if any) measure
1ShipDocking Ship Collision
Mechanical Damage
24/7Monitoring 1 5 5 360 Degree Angles CCTV
2UnloadingCoal
ParticulateMatter
Respiratory Problem PPE 5 4 20 Job Rotation, Training
3Storage(Coal Yard)
ParticulateMatter
Respiratory Problem PPE 5 4 20 Job Rotation, Training
4Screeningand Crusher Ergonomic Back Pain N/A 4 4 16 Job Rotation, Training
HeatStress N/A Job Rotation,Training
5 Boiler Heat StressDehydration N/A 4 4 16
Job Rotation,Training,Resting Facilities
6 TransformerElectricalHazard
ShortCicuit
Signage,Fence 3 4 12 PPE
Electromagnetic Field Cancer
Isoation,fence,Signage 3 5 15
Regular Medical CheckUp, Job Rotation
7
Convayence Falling Injury
PPE,Scheduled,Maintainance 3 5 15 Signage, Isolation
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
17/21
the relationship of machinery and the hazard produced. The most important process is
conveyance, which caused by wind blow and open system of conveyance. Presence of
high density of dust may lead to respiratory problem among employee. Though the wind
blow cannot be resist, engineering control should be taken where installation of dustcollector system at conveyance can reduce the hazard.
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
18/21
7.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
7.1 DISCUSSION
Based on the assessment conducted at Kapar Energy Ventures, the result are
0.011mg/m 3, 50.6%, 438 ppm respectively. The level of particulate matter (PM10) at
Kapar Energy Ventures is higher than I-Mix Concrete; 0.021mg/m 3.
Based on the assessment conducted at I-Mix Concrete sdn bhd., the result of
PM 10 , Temperature, Humidity and CO 2 0.021 mg/m3, 35C, 50.6%, and 462 ppm
respectively. The level of particulate matter (PM10) at I-Mix Concrete sdn bhd., is higher
than at Kapar Energy Ventures is because of several factors. The concretes based
factory such as I-Mix produces a large amount of particulate matter (PM10). Compare to
the coal handling plant at Kapar Energy Ventures, the coal is not spread on the ground
but the coal is transported into a large container before use. This factor is supported by
other factor which is there is an establishment of safety committee at Kapar Energy
Ventures where control measures are taken in order to reduce PM10 in working area. At
Kapar Energy Venture, one of the control measures taken is by the using of pressurized
air pump before entering the electrical fuel service room. Electrical service room is the
room where the vacuum all the particulate matter the sampling point Unlike I-MixConcrete, there are no safety committee and no effective control measures taken to
reduce the level of PM10 in working area. Air pressurized pump to pump particulate
matter before entering electrical service room.
The other factor that contributes to the higher level of particulate matter at I-Mix
Concrete is due to the sampling point. As this assessment is done for outdoor air
quality, the sampling points of both factories are taken outdoor where the particulate
matter can be affected by the velocity of the wind. At Kapar Energy Ventures, thesampling point was taken below the chimney where particulate matter release can
easily brought away by the wind. The sampling point also is far away from the source
release due the height of the chimney. Different from I-Mix Concrete, the particulate
matter is release at the level of working area.
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
19/21
Work process of the factories are different which add to the factor contribute to
the different level of particulate matter. In Kapar Energy Ventures, the work process is
mainly control by computer with high technology machine compared to I-Mix Concrete
where only mixing process of concrete is done by machine.
In determining the correlation between PM10 with lung function, a test is
conducted among the workers of both factories which lead to certain finding. The I-Mix
Concretes workers have gone through lung function test and the result of the test shows
the high reducing of the lung functions among them. Along with the test, a survey was
carried out to get information related. According to the standard the reading of FEV 1 and
FVC, for normal person is in the range of 85%. Any result below that level is
considered their lung function is reduced and a narrowing of the airways are detected.
Persons who are detected with this condition might have lung complications in future.
Based on result of lung test for workers at KEV, five workers are in the normal state
while other seven workers have possibility in having lung implications. At I-Mix
Concrete, the workers with reading of the FEV 1 and FVC are below the normal level are
high. This is amplified further by the survey conducted among the workers which
indicates some workers having symptoms like coughing and breathing difficulties. There
are 11 workers with the result below the standard of normal reading. The workers at I-
Mix Concrete are exposed to cement and silica where the probability for them having
silicosis is high. The factory also are not taken effective control measures for safety of
the workers increase the probability for them to have lung implications. Compared to
Kapar Energy Ventures, their workers are probably not much exposed to the coal dust
as their control measures and wearing mask as last resort reduce the probability. Much
lower period of exposure of the workers at KEV compared to I-Mix Concrete is also an
element resulting the reading of FEV and FEV 1 among them are primarily abnormal.
Since all of the workers are not smoking, we have decided to make smoking as
an excluded factor. Therefore there is high possibility that the concentration of
particulate matter in atmosphere have significant association with the abnormalities of
the workers lung function.
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
20/21
7.2 CONCLUSION
There are abnormalities in lung function among workers at both factories highly
probably due to continuous exposure of particulate matter (PM10). Thus more effective
control measures should be taken to ensure the safety and health of the workers.Recommendations given are based on hierarchy of control comprises of substitution of
hazards as well as engineering control, administrative control and PPE to protect the
safety and health of the workers.
8.0 RECCOMENDATIONS
Regarding on particulate matter exposure, there are lot of way to control it. Thelevel of particulate matter (PM10) present in Kapar Energy Ventures and I-Mix Concrete
are complied with the standard level. However, the level of PM10 at I-Mix Concrete is
more than KEV and the spirometry shows the presence of PM10 in the working area
were affect the lung function of the workers. So, in order to reduce the dust exposure, it
is suggested that the I-Mix Concrete can implement sprinkler as it can reduce the
content of PM10 in ambient air within the working area. For KEV, a dust collector
system that can absorb the coal dust on reduce the exposure to the workers can be
implement. Other engineering control can be implemented at I-Mix such as provide an
enclosure conveyance belt and enclose loading bay to reduce the particulates from
suspended in air.
Administrative control such as keeping pavement and road of transportation
clean, clean any spill of cement, signage all installation and always maintenance the
machine according to the manual.
In KEV some improvements on the existing control measures can be done such
as on engineering control. The conveyance system of coal could be re-modified by
reducing the exposure of dust to the open air as it can be observed that due to wind
breeze from open air the dust from coal will fly and suspended in air. This will cause
high concentration on particulate matter and exposing worker with respiratory problem.
-
7/31/2019 Comparative Study All - Copy
21/21
Reducing the exposure to the wind can be done by doing roofed conveyance system or
put partition or wall.
Besides that, for administration, the job rotation is very important for both
factories. Scheduling the job can be done in order to avoid a prolonged exposure fromparticulate matter. It is recommended every two hours, the worker is rotated. This is
very helpful not only reduce the effect on lung function but also heat stress. Besides
that, medical surveillance also highly recommended. Medical check-up on the worker
regularly should be done and at least once a year the lung function efficiency of the
worker should be inspected. Those workers that have any respiratory problem such as
asthma and bronchitis should be excluded from doing job that expose to dust.
Last but not least, it is suggested that the factory worker in coal handling plant shouldhave training regarding on applying PPE. The employer of I-Mix Concrete does not
supplied their workers with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), it is suggested that
the workers are supplied with PPE especially mask for protection from inhaling PM10.
The proper wearing of PPE is very crucial to reduce the effect of Particulate Matter on
lung function as the source of hazard cannot be eliminate. The proper technique on
wearing PPE includes the position of respiratory and also suitability of respiratory. The
maintenance on PPE also needs to be taken. All PPE needs to be inspected from time
to time in order to make it functions properly especially on the filter of respiratory.