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Comparative Study of E-waste
Management Scheme
Panate MANOMAIVIBOOL
Mae Fah Luang University
THAILAND
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BACKGROUND
A review as part of a law drafting process in Thailand
A subordinate law under the (draft) Act on Fiscal
Measures for the Environment
The (draft) Act on the Management of WEEE and
Other End-of-life Products
For more information about Thai WEEE, please
contact the Pollution Control Department
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Example Schemes (in 2011)
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Canada (1: Ontario);
USA (5: California,
Maine, Minnesota,
Oregon, Washington)
Japan (2); South Korea
(2); Taiwan (1)
EU (1+3: Germany,
Sweden, UK);
Switzerland (1)
Drafting lawPassed law
An update in 2014:
- 59 countries passed an e-waste law
- 27 states and 9 provinces in N
America passed the law- 18 countries were drafting
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WEEE LAWS COVERED IN ASIA
Japan (JP)
Specified Home Appliances Recycling Act (1998)
Act for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources (1991, 2001)
South Korea (KR)
Act on the Promotion of Saving and Recycling of Resources (1992, 2002,2008)
Act for Resource Recycling of Electrical and Electronic Equipment and Vehicles (2007)
Taiwan (TW)
Waste Disposal Act (1974,1987, 1997,2004) and subordinate regulations and official announcements 4
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WEEE LAWS COVERED IN EUROPE
European Union (EU)
WEEE and RoHS Directives (2003)
Germany (DE)
Act Governing the Sale, Return and Environmentally Sound Disposal of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (2005)
Sweden (SE)
Ordinance on Producer Responsibility for Electrical and Electronic Products (2000, 2005)
United Kingdom (UK)
The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2006 (2006)
Switzerland (CH)
Ordinance on the Return, the Take Back and the Disposal of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (1998, 2005)
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WEEE LAWS COVERED IN NORTH
AMERICA
Canada
Ontario: Waste Diversion Act (2002)
United State of America
California: Electronic Waste Recycling Act
(SB20&SB50, 2003)
Maine: §1610. Electronic waste, Title 38 (2004)
Minnesota: Electronic Recycling Act (2007)
Oregon: House Bill 2626 (2007)
Washington: Chapter 70.95N RCW Electronic product
recycling (2006)6
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RESULTS
An article-by-article comparison of 16 laws divided
into 10 topics:
1. Purposes
2. Definitions
3. Scope
4. Product design & marking
5. Waste collection
1. Waste treatment
2. Financial mechanisms
3. Authorization & reporting
4. Special bodies
5. Offences and penalties
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AN EXAMPLE OF RESULTS
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4 KEY QUESTIONS FOR LAW MAKING
1. Why is the WEEE law needed?
2. What does it cover?
3. How should WEEE be handled?
a) How should WEEE be collected?
b) How should WEEE be treated?
4. Who is going to pay for the cost?
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WHY IS THE LAW NEEDED?
Ultimate goals (5/16)
Protection of the environment
Healthy development of the national economy
Intermediate goals
To divert WEEE from general waste (12/16)
To promote resource recovery (12/16)
To encourage eco-design (8/16)
To reduce health and environmental damages (7/16)
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GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
WEEE laws are based on the Polluter-Pays Principle
(PPP) or Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).
They are embedded in a general framework of circular
economy developed in the 1990s:
3Rs – Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle;
Waste management hierarchy; and,
Eco-/Closed/Sound material cycle.
Other commonly targeted waste streams: packaging,
newsprint, paint, used oil, tire, battery, vehicle, carpet,
C&D waste.
Recycling Rebeccawww.chelmsford.gov.uk/recycling
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WHAT DOES IT COVER?
Open scope
Example: the EU, Switzerland, S Korea (de jure, after 2007)
Exemptions
Part of other waste streams (e.g. end-of-life vehicles)
Stationary, industrial machines
Equipment designed for military or special purposes
Closed scope
Home appliances + computers: Japan, S Korea (de facto),
Taiwan
Video displays + other electronics: Canada, US12
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HOW SHOULD WEEE BE COLLECTED?
End users
Civic duty to return (JP, KR, TW, DE, CH)
Right to free take back (KR, EU, US-OR, US-WA)
Take-back providers & information to consumers
Retailer: one-to-one or same-type basis, exemptions
Local government: minimum coverage requirements
Producer: compulsory or voluntary (incentive?)
Target
EU: 4 kg per person 65% of past sales or 85% of
WEEE araising
KR: Collection quota for individual producers
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HOW SHOULD WEEE BE COLLECTED?
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RetailerEnd user Producer
Municipality
Instruments: target, quota, subsidy, coverage
requirement, information, etc.
Return Transfer
Reuse
Reuse
TransferReturn
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HOW SHOULD WEEE BE COLLECTED?
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RetailerEnd user Producer
Municipality
Civic duty, right to
free take-back Basis (same type, one-
to-one), reuse
Responsibility
(physical/financial),
reuse
Set up collection
system
Instruments: target, quota, subsidy, coverage
requirement, information, etc.
Return Transfer
Reuse
Reuse
TransferReturn
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COLLECTION: JAPAN (HOME APPLIANCES)
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Retailer
(same type)End user Producer
Municipality
Duty
Pay
Remote areas
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COLLECTION: GERMANY (before recast)
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RetailerEnd user Producer
Municipality
Duty
FreeQuota
Notice reuse
Voluntary
Target: 4 kg per inhabitant
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COLLECTION: SOUTH KOREA (2007 ACT)
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Retailer
(one to one)End user Producer
Duty
Free
Report reuse
Quota
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COLLECTION: TAIWAN (HOME APPLIANCES)
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End user
Designated
collector
Authorized
recycler
Subsidy
Retailer
(one to one)
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COLLECTION: CALIFORNIA
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End user Producer
Designated
collector
Voluntary
Authorized
recycler
Subsidy Subsidy
Subsidy
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COLLECTION: OREGON &
WASHINGTON
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End user ProducerFree
Quota,
Coverage
requirement
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HOW SHOULD WEEE BE TREATED?
Reuse – negative requirement (e.g. storage or
transport not compromise reuse)
Recycling – weight-based, intermediate recycling
targets
Treatment – licensing + minimum depollution and
facility standards
Disposal – ban on landfill or incinerate untreated
equipment
Export – allowed for intermediate products, or for
better treatment or recycling of waste24
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WHO IS GOING TO PAY THE COST?
1. Producers responsible for the end-of-life cost
Example: Japan (computers), S Korea, EU, Switzerland,
Ontario, Maine, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington
Market or return share, PAYG or future guarantee
2. Buyers of new products pay advance recycling fees
Example: Taiwan, California
ARF mandated by law, PAYG
3. End users pay recycling fees at the point of disposal
Example: Japan (home appliances)
High fee to cover a full unit cost 25
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
The review identified key issues and necessary
components of WEEE laws.
It should be complemented by a meta-(theory-
based) evaluation to check:
The fit between the stated objectives and the prescribed
instruments.
The fit between the intervention theory and the
implementation theory.
The fit between the intervention and implementation
theory (including assumptions) and the reality
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Thank you for your attention!
Dr. Panate Manomaivibool
Institute for the Study of Natural Resources and
Environmental Management
Mae Fah Luang University
Email: [email protected]