comparison of 3 microbial bioassay

Upload: asma-ahmad-zaini

Post on 06-Apr-2018

226 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/3/2019 Comparison of 3 Microbial Bioassay

    1/6

    Environment International, Vol. 16, pp. 17-2 2, 1990 01604120/90 $3.00 +.00Printed in the U.S.A. All fights reserved. Copyright 01 99 0 Pergamon Pres splc

    C O M P A R I S O N O F T H R E E M I C R O B I A LB IO A S S A Y T E C H N I Q U E S F O R M A R IN EB A C T E R I AM.S. Salama* and A.A. SalemEnvironmental and Earth Sciences Division, Kuwait Inst i tute for Scient i f ic Research13109 Safat , Kuwai t

    E18 7-187 (Received 15 October 1987; Accepted 9 May 1989)

    This study evaluates the relative sensitivity, precision, and accuracy o f three published m icrobialbioassay procedures in an attempt to ascertain their ability to detect toxicity potential in theaquatic environments. Three known bioassay methods were compared: the dissolved oxygendepletion (D OD), the viable plate count (VPC), and the optical density (O D). Although both VPCand OD assays showed b etter reproducibility than the DOD technique, as indicated b y lowercoefficient of variation (C V ) values, the DOD assay proved to be most sensitive and gaveend-point reaction at lower concentrations than the VPC and OD methods.

    I N T R O D U C T I O NT h e a w a r e n e s s o f a s s e s s i n g t h e i m p a c t o f c h e m i c a lp o l l u t a n t s i n t h e m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t i s a r e l a t i v e l y

    n e w d e v e l o p m e n t i n K u w a i t . T h e A r a b i a n G u l f , as e m i - e n c l o s e d , r e l a t i v e l y s h a l lo w , s m a l l b o d y o f w a t e r ,i s c o n s i d e r e d o n e o f t h e m a r i n e e c o s y s t e m s w h o s ec o a s t a l w a t e r s o f f e r a s u i t a b l e l o c a t i o n f o r i n v e s t i g a t -i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t o f t o x i c c h e m i c a l s o n t h em a r i n e l i f e .S i n c e 1 9 7 7 e m p h a s i s o n b i o a s s a y p r o c e d u r e s h a si n c r e a s e d i n s u p p o r t o f e ff o r t s t o m o n i t o r a n d r e g u -l a t e t h e d i s c h a rg e o f p o l l u t a n t s i n t o t h e e n v i r o n -m e n t . E n o r m o u s p r e s s u r e i s b e i n g p u t o n a q u a t i ct o x i c o l o g i s t s t o p r o v i d e a n s w e r s o n t h e p o t e n ti a l e f -f e c t s o f t h o u s a n d s o f c h e m i c a l s a n d w h e t h e r t h e y c a nb e r e l e a s e d i n t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t ( L i t t l e 1 9 7 8 ) .T h e n e e d f o r r a p i d s c r e e n i n g o f c h e m i c a l t o x i c i t yh a s l e d t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a w i d e r a n g e o f in v i t r ob i o a s s a y s . T h e s e a s s a y s m a y h e l p p r e d i c t t o x i c i t y f o rh u m a n s a n d a n i m a l s a n d t h e e f f e c t o f c h e m i c a l s o na q u a t i c o r g a n i s m s r e p r e s e n t i n g s e v e r a l t ro p h i c l e v e l so f t h e s e t h o u s a n d s o f c h e m i c a l s e n t e r in g t h e e n v i ro n -* P r e s e n t a d d r e s s : Oregon State University, Microbiology De-partment, Corvallis, O R 97331, USA.

    m e n t ( B i t t e n 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e e c o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s , w h i c h a r eo u r m a i n c o n c e r n , a r e u s u a l l y s t u d i e d t o m e a s u r e t h et o x i c i t y o f c h e m i c a l s t o a q u a t i c o r g a n i s m s r e p r e s e n t-i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t t r o p h i c l e v e l s o f t h e f o o d c h a i n .S u c h t e s t s c o u l d h e l p e s t i m a t e t h e c h e m i c a l t o x i c i t yi n n a t u ra l a n d m a n - m o d i f i e d e c o s y s t e m s .

    B a c t e r i a c a n b e s u i t a b l e b i o a s s a y t o o l s b e c a u s et h e y a r e i n e x p e n s i v e t o c u l t i v a t e , g r o w r a p i d l y , a n dc o n t a i n e n z y m a t i c a n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s a l s of o u n d i n h i g h e r o r g a n i s m s ( B a u e r e t a l . 1 9 8 I ; T r e v o r s1 9 8 2 ). S h o r t - te r m m i c r o b i a l b i o a s s a y s h a v e b e e n d e -v e l o p e d t o i d e n t i f y t o x i c p o l l u t a n t s i n t h e e n v i r o n -m e n t . M o s t o f t h e s e t e s t s a r e t e c h n i c a l l y s i m p l e ,r a p i d , r e q u i r e l i t t l e s p a c e c o m p a r e d w i t h f i s h b i o a s -s a y s , an d a r e u s u a l l y a n i n e x p e n s i v e a p p r o a c h ( B a u e re t a l . 1 9 8 1 ; L i u 1 9 8 1 ; W e c h e r a n d S t a n l e y 1 9 8 2 ) .T h e y p r o v i d e u s e f u l a n d r a p i d s c r e e n i n g t o o l s t oa q u a t i c t o x i c o l o g i s t s , s a n i t a r y a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l e n -g i n e e r s , a n d m i c r o b i a l e c o l o g i s t s . S i n c e b a c t e r i a r e -s p o n d m o r e q u i c k l y t h a n m o s t o t h e r o r g a n i s m s t oc h a n g e s i n t h ei r e n v i r o n m e n t , t h e y s h o u l d b e s e n s i -t i v e t o c h e m i c a l t o x i c i t y ( T r e v o r s 1 9 8 2 ) . T h e r e f o r e ,i t w a s o u r i n t e n t i o n t o i n i t i a t e t o x i c i t y s t u d i e s i nK u w a i t a n d t o a d a p t a s e n s i t i v e , r e l i a b l e , s i m p l e a n ds h o r t - t e r m t o x i c i t y a s s a y f o r p r e d i c t i n g t h e e f f e c t o ft o x i c p o l l u ta n t s o n t h e m a r in e e c o s y s t e m .

    17

  • 8/3/2019 Comparison of 3 Microbial Bioassay

    2/6

    1 8 M . S . S a l a m a a n d A . A . S a l e m

    F o r t h i s p u r p o s e , t h r e e t o x i c i t y a s s a y s w e r e s t u d -i ed : t h e d i s s o l v e d o x y g e n d e p l e t i o n ( D O D ) , t h e v i a -b l e p l a te c o u n t ( V P C ) , a n d t h e o p t ic a l d e n s i t y ( O D )m e t h o d s .M A T E R I A L A N D M E T H O D SOrgani sms and growth

    L o c a l m a r i n e b a c t e r ia f r o m K u w a i t s e a w a t e r w e r euse d . A l iquo t s o f 100 m L se a w a te r w e r e f i lt e r e d th r oug h0 . 4 5 I xm p o r o s i t y m e m b r a n e f i l te r s . F i l t e r s w e r e t h e nt r a n s f e r r e d o n t o m a r i n e a g a r p l a t e s a n d i n c u b a t e d a t2 7 " C f o r 1 8 h o u r s . A f t e r t h e i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d , t h ef i l t e r s w e r e t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o a 2 5 0 m L f l a s k c o n t a i n -i n g 1 5 0 m L n u t r ie n t b r o t h a n d s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h0 . 5 % N a C I . A f t e r o v e r n i g h t i n c u b a t i o n o n a r o t a r ys h a k e r a t 2 7 C , 0 . 1 m L o f t h e c u l t u r e w a s t r a n s f e r r e din to a no the r f l a sk c on ta in ing f r e sh m e d ium . The t r a ns -f e r w a s r e p e a t e d f o r t w o w e e k s s o t h a t a n a c t i v e ,s t a b i l i z e d , m ixe d m a s t e r c u l tu r e w a s e s t a b l i she d . F r omt h i s m a s t e r c u l t u r e , o t h e r c u l t u r e s w e r e p r e p a r e d a c -c o r d i n g t o e x p e ri m e n t a l d e s i g n b y a d d i n g 1 0 0 m La l i q u o t s o f t h e m a s t e r c u l t u r e t o e a c h 6 0 0 m L o fn u t r i e n t b r o t h c o n t a i n i n g 0 . 5 % N a C I a n d i n c u b a t i n gt h e m a t 2 0 0 r p m i n a s h a k e r i n c u b a t o r f o r 1 8 h o u r sa t 2 7 C .C hemi c a l s t es ted

    P o l l u t a n t s t e s t e d i n c l u d e o n e o r g a n i c p o l y c y c l i cc h l o r i n a t e d p e s t i c i d e w i d e l y u s e d i n K u w a i t ( B H Cl i n d a n e , a n a l y t i c a l g r a d e ) , o n e h e a v y m e t a l ( m e r c u -r i c c h l o r i d e , a n a l y t i c a l g r a d e ) , a n d a w a s t e w a t e r e f -f l u e n t s a m p l e f r o m a s t o r m d r a i n a g e o u t f a l l , h i g h l yp o l l u t e d w i t h s e w a g e a n d i n d u s t ri a l w a s t e .Toxicity test s

    T h r e e b a c t e r i a l b i o a s s a y p r o c e d u r e s w e r e u s e d i na n a t t e m p t t o a s s e s s t h e t o x i c i t y o f e n v i r o n m e n t a lp o l l u t a n t s .

    T h e D O D t e c h n i q u e f o l l o w e d th e p r o c e d u r e o u t -l i n e d b y B a u e r ( 1 9 8 1 ) : t h e 1 0 - f o l d d i l u t e d c u l t u r et y p i c a l l y g a v e a n o p t i c a l d e n s i t y o f 0 . 1 8 t o 0 . 2 0 a t6 0 0 n m . O n e - h u n d r e d m L p o r t i o n s o f n u tr i e n t b r o t hc u l t u re s w e r e a d d e d t o 6 0 0 m L o f s e a w a t e r i n w h i c ht h e t e s t c h e m i c a l s w e r e d i s s o l v e d p r i o r t o t h e a d d i -t i o n o f t h e c u l tu r e . T h r e e h u n d r e d m L p o r t i o n s w e r er e m o v e d f r o m t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d c o n t r o l f l a s k s ,s h a k e n v i g o r o u s l y f o r 1 r a in i n 1 L p l a s t i c b o t t l e s ,p o u r e d i n t o 3 0 0 m L B O D b o t t l e s a n d i m m e r s e d i n t oa 2 7 C w a t e rb a t h . D i s s o l v e d o x y g e n w a s m o n i t o r e de v e r y 2 m i n w i t h Y S I m o d e l s 5 1 B a n d 5 7 B o x y g e nm e t e r s , e a c h f i t t e d w i t h a m o d e l 5 7 2 0 A s e l f - s t e e r i n gB O D b o t t l e p r o b e . D O r e a d i n g s w e r e r e c o r d e d u n t il

    t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f a 5 0 % r e d u c t i o n i n th e i n i ti a l D Ol e v e l a n d u n t i l a t le a s t 1 0 re a d i n g s w e r e r e c o r d e df r o m t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l b o t t l e. T h e f o l l o w i n g m o d i f i -c a t i o n s w e r e m a d e t o B a u e r ' s m e t h o d : ( 1 ) m i x e dm a r i n e b a c t e r ia i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e K u w a i t i B a y w e r eu s e d i n s t e a d o f a c t i v a t e d s l u d g e ; ( 2 ) c u l t u r e s w e r ei n c u b a t e d a t 2 7 C r a t h e r t h a n 2 5 C ; a n d ( 3 ) th e s t a n -d a r d b u f f e r w a s r e p l a c e d b y s e a w a t e r .

    T h e V P C m e t h o d d e s c r i b e d b y A n d e r so n a n dA b d e l g h a n i ( 1 9 8 0 ) : m i x e d c u l t u r e o f m a r i n e b a c t e r i aw a s g r o w n i n n u t r i e n t b r o t h c o n t a i n i n g 0 . 5 % s o d i u mc h l o r i d e ( N a C I ) f o r 1 8 h p r i o r t o i n o c u l a t i o n . T h e t e s tb r o t h m e d i a c o n t a i n e d n u t r i e n t b r o t h a n d c o n c e n t r a -t i o n s o f t h e c h e m i c a l s . T e s t c o m p o u n d s w e r e s t e r i -l i z e d b y f i l t ra t i o n t h r o u g h 0 . 4 5 I xm f il t e r s a n d a d d e da s e p t i c a l l y t o a u t o c l a v e d n u t r i e n t b r o t h c o n t a i n i n g0 . 5 % N a C 1 . O n e t e n t h o f a m i l l i l i t e r o f 1 8 - h o u r b a c -t e r i a l c u l t u r e w a s t h e n a d d e d t o 1 0 0 m L a l i q u o t s o ft h e t e s t m e d i a a t e a c h c h e m i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n . T e s tf l a s k s w e r e i n c u b a t e d a e r o b i c a l l y i n a s h a k e r a t 2 7 Cf o r 2 2 h. N o n - c h a l l e n g e d c o n t r o l c u l t u r e s w e r e g r o w ni n a s i m i l a r m a n n e r . A f t e r in c u b a t i o n , n u m b e r s o fv i a b l e c e l l s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g t h e s t a n d a r d p ~a tec o u n t t e c h n i q u e . A l l s t u d i e s w e r e d o n e i n t r i p l i c a t e .T h e f o l l o w i n g m o d i f i c a ti o n s w e r e m a d e t o t h e m e t h o d :( 1 ) u n i d e n t i f i e d , m i x e d , l o c a l m a r i n e b a c t e r i a w e r eu s e d ; ( 2 ) c u l t u r e s w e r e i n c u b a t e d a t 2 7 C f o r 2 2 ha n d n o t a t 2 5 C f o r 2 4 h ; a n d ( 3 ) s e a w a t e r w a s u s e di n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h n u t r i e n t b r o t h s u p p l e m e n t e d b y0 . 5 % N a C I f o r a s s a y p u r p o s e s .

    T h e O D m e t h o d w a s p e r f o r m e d b y t h e p r o c e d u r ed e t a i l e d b y A l s o p e t a l . ( 1 9 8 0 ) : m i x e d c u l t u r e o fm a r i n e b a c t e r i a w a s g r o w n i n n u t r i e n t b r o t h c o n t a i n -i n g 0 . 5 % N a C 1 f o r 1 8 h o u r s p r i o r t o i n o c u l a t i o n . T h et e s t m a t e r i a l w a s e v a l u a t e d a t s e v e r a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n si n n u t r i e n t b r o t h o r s e a w a t e r . A l i q u o t s o f 0 . 1 m L o ft h e c u l t u r e w a s a d d e d t o 2 5 0 m L n a r r o w n e c k f l a s k sc o n t a i n i n g 1 0 0 m L o f s t e r il e n u t r i e n t b r o t h , 0 . 5 %N a C 1 , a n d t h e t e s t c h e m i c a l a t e a c h c o n c e n t r a t i o n .N o n - c h a l l e n g e d c o n t r o l c u l t u r e s w e r e t r e a t e d i n as i m i l a r m a n n e r . C o n t r o l a n d t e s t f l a s k s w e r e i n c u -b a t e d i n a s h a k e r i n c u b a t o r a t 2 7 C f o r 1 8 h . A f t e ri n c u b a t i o n , t u r b i d i t y v a l u e s w e r e m e a s u r e d a t 6 0 0n m . A l l t e s t s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e p r e p a r e d i n tr i p li -c a t e .S ta t i s t i c a l t r ea tmen t

    I n a n a t t e m p t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p r e c i s i o n a n d r e p r o -d u c i b i l i t y o f v a r i o u s a s s a y t e c h n i q u e s u s e d t o c o n -d u c t t h e s t u d i e s p r e s e n t e d , b o t h s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o na n d c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a t i o n ( r e l a t i v e s t a n d a r d d e v i a -t i o n ) w e r e d e t e r m i n e d ( T i e t z 1 9 7 6 ). C o m p a r i s o n s o fs i m i l a r d a t a c an b e m a d e d i r e c t l y c o m p a r i n g t h e i r

  • 8/3/2019 Comparison of 3 Microbial Bioassay

    3/6

    M i c r o b i a l b i o a s s a y t e c h n i q u e s f o r m a r i n e b a c te r i a 19

    m e a n s a n d st a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s . T o c o m p a r e d i f f e r e n td a t a s e t s , h o w e v e r , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t o c a l c u l a t et h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r ia t io n ( C V ) . T h e C V p r o v i d e s am e a s u r e o f r e l a t i v e v a r i a b i l i ty a n d is c a l c u l a t e d a s :

    SCV = ~ x 100

    w h e r e S i s t h e st a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n a n d X i s t h e a v e r a g em e a n .

    F i n a l l y t h e n e w m u l t ip l e r a n g e t es t (D u n c a n 1 9 5 5 )w a s u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e s i g n i f ic a n c e a m o n g m e a n s( L C s o is t h e c h e m i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n t h a t c a u s e s a5 0 % i n h i b i t i o n o f t h e g r o w t h o f th e b a c t e r i a l p o p u l a -t i o n ; o r IC s 0 , th e c h e m i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n t h a t y i e l d sa n o p t i c a l d e n s i t y 5 0 % l e s s t h a n th e c o n t r o l ) o b t a i n e du s i n g V P C a n d O D w i t h d i f f e r e n t g r o w t h m e d i a ( n u -t r i e n t b r o t h a n d s e a w a t e r ) .

    R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N

    T h e b i o a s s a y d e s c r i b e d b y B a u e r e t a l . ( 1 9 8 1 )m e e t s t h e c r it e r ia f o r m e a s u r i n g t o x i c i t y a n d p r o -v i d e s a u s e f u l f o r m a t f o r d a ta p r e s e n t a t i o n a n d i n te r -p r or a ti on . I n th e D O D a s s a y , t h e c o n t r o l s y s t e m e x h i b i t sa n a c t i v i t y t h a t i s d i r e c t l y c o m p a r e d t o t h a t g i v e n b yt h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s y s t e m . T h e D O D a s s a y i d e n t if i e dt h e to x i c i t y o f t h r e e p o l l u t a n t s . A l l p o l l u t a n t s i n -d u c e d d e t e c t a b l e a n d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t i n h i b i -t i o n o f D O D i n b o t h s h o r t - t e r m ( b r i e f ) a n d e x t e n d e de x p o s u r e s . A n e x t r e m e i n h i b it o r y r e s p o n s e w a s e l i c -i t e d b y m e r c u r y a t 2 . 0 g g / m L i n b o t h b r i e f a n d e x -t e n d e d e x p o s u r e s . T h e a d d i t io n o f 0 . 1 5 - 0 . 2 0 g g / m Lg a v e m o d e r a t e r e s p o n s e a t th e b r i e f e x p o s u r e s t a g e ,b u t i n d u c e d e x t r e m e i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t a f te r 2 2 h o fi n c u b a t i o n ( T a b l e 1 ) . In t h e c a s e o f l in d a n e , h o w e v e r ,

    T a b l e 1 . E f f e c t s o f p o l l u t a n t s o n m a r i n e b a c t e r i a a n d r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f d a ta o b t a i n e d a f t e rb r i e f an d e x t e n d e d e x p o s u r e a s s a y s u s i n g t h e d i s s o l v e d o x y g e n d e p l e t i o n m e t h o d .

    P o l l u t a n t A v e r a g e A . O s d C V E f f e c t =c o n c e n t r a t i o n B EX B EX B EX B EX

    M e r c u r y ( ~ g / m L )0 . 0 2 0 . 9 7 0 . 9 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 6 5 . 1 5 6 . 4 5 NE S0 . 0 5 0 . 9 1 0 . 6 2 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 2 5 . 4 9 3 . 2 2 S M0 . 1 0 0 . 8 7 0 . 5 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 1 2 2 . 2 9 2 3 . 5 2 S M0 . 1 5 0 . 7 9 0 . 4 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 6 3 . 7 9 1 4 . 2 8 M E0 . 2 0 0 . 6 9 0 . 3 9 0 . 1 0 0 . 0 5 1 4 . 4 9 1 2 . 8 2 M E

    L l n d a n e ( ~ g / m L )0 . 0 0 4 0 . 9 5 0 . 9 5 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 3 . 1 5 3 . 1 5 NE NE0 . 0 0 8 0 . 9 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 0 4 . 3 9 0 . 0 0 S NE0 . 0 1 0 0 . 8 3 0 . 8 7 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 5 7 .2 2 5 . 7 5 S S0 . 0 5 0 0 . 7 9 0 . 8 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 7 5 . 0 6 8 . 6 4 M S0 . 1 0 0 0 . 7 4 0 . 7 9 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 4 6 . 7 6 5 . 0 6 M M5 . 0 0 0 0 . 7 5 0 . 5 9 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0 5 . 0 8 M M

    W a s t e w a t e r ( m L )

    1 . 0 0 0 . 9 7 0 . 9 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 1 . 0 3 1 . 0 9 NE S1 0 . 0 0 0 . 8 0 0 . 7 8 0 , 0 2 0 . 0 1 2 . 5 0 1 . 2 8 S M5 0 . 0 0 0 . 7 9 0 . 7 3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 2 . 5 3 4 . 1 1 M M

    1 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 7 5 0 . 6 6 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 2 . 6 7 3 . 0 3 M M

    A . Q : A c t i v i t y Q u o t i e n tn : No . o f E x D e r l m e n t ss d : S t a n d a r d D e v i a t i o nC V : C o e f f e c l e n t V a r i a t i o nB : B r i e fEX : E x t e n d e dNE : No E f f e c tS : S l i g h tM : M o d e r a t eE : E x t r e m e

    * E f f e c t> 1 . 0 5 - S t l m u l a t o r y

    1 . 0 - N o E f f e c t0 . 9 4 - 0 . 8 - S l i g h t0 . 7 9 - 0 . 5 - M o d e r a t e

    < 0 . 4 9 - E x t r e m e

  • 8/3/2019 Comparison of 3 Microbial Bioassay

    4/6

    2 0 M . S . S a l a m a a n d A . A . S a l e m

    a n e x tr e m e e f f e c t w a s n o t o b ta i n e d e v e n a t th e h i g h -e s t c o n c e n tr a t i o n t e s t e d (5 . 0 I x g / m L ) .

    T h e w a s t e w a t e r s a m p l e t e s t e d e x h i b i t e d a s l i g h tt o x i c i t y e f f e c t a t a n in c l u s i o n l e v e l a s l o w a s 1 m L

    (T a b l e 1 ) . T h i s f a c t i s s u p p o r te d b y a p r e v i o u s s tu d y( E E S a n d F R D i v i s i o n s 1 9 8 5 ) i n w h i c h t h e sa m ew a s te w a te r s t r e a m ( s a m e s o u r c e ) w a s t e s t e d . H i g hv a l u e s o f H 2 S , o i l c o n c e n tr a t i o n , a n d h e a v y m e ta l s

    T a b l e 2 . T h e e f f e c t o f u s i n g d i f f e r e n t a n a l y t i c a l t e c h n i q u e s a n d t w o t y p e s o f g r o w t h m e d i a o n t h e d e -t e r m i n a t i o n o f L C s oH C N o f m a r i n e b a c t e r i a w h e n e x p o s e d t o t h r e e t y p e s o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l to x i c a n t s .

    L C 5 0 / I C 5 0 ( ~ g / m L ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    T e c h n i q u eL l n d a n e H g CI 2 W a s t e w a t e r

    V i a b l e p l a t e c o u n t

    * s e a w a t e r 9 . 1 b 0 . 2 0 4 a 4 7 . 8 9 a= n u t r i e n t b r o t h 8 . 6 b 0 . 1 7 a 4 8 . 5 3 a

    O p t i c a l d e n s i t y

    * s e a w a t e r ND 0 . 2 1 a 5 7 . 1 7 b* n u t r i e n t b r o t h 1 0 . 0 a 0 . 2 9 b 5 3 , 5 7 b

    N D : N o t d e t e c t e d

    N o t e : V a l u e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t s u p e r s c r i p t s ( a o r b ) a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l yd i f f e r e n t a t P < 0 . 0 5 l e v e l .

    T a b l e 3 . S e n s i t iv i t y o f t h r e e t o x i c i t y s c r e e n i n g p r o c e d u r e s t o d i f f e r e n tc h e m i c a l s .

    Concentration that gives end-point reaction to toxicants ( ~ g / m L )Chemlcal

    1 5 - 2 0 m l n 1 8 - 2 2 h 1 8 - 2 2 h 1 8 - 2 2 hPOD DOD TM VM

    SW NB SW NB

    S : 0 . 0 1 S : 0 . 0 1 - 1 0 . 0 0 b 9 . 1 8 . 6L i n d e n s M : 0 . 0 5 - 5 . 0 M : 0 . 1 - 5 . 0

    S : 0 . 0 5 S : 0 . 0 2 aH gC L 2 M : 0 . 1 5 M : O . 1 0 . 2 1 0 . 2 9 b 0 . 2 0E : > 0 . 2 0 E : 0 . 1 5

    S : 1 0 m L S : 1 m L aS e w a ge M : 5 0 - 1 0 0 m L M : 1 0 - 1 0 0 m L 5 7 . 1 7 m L b 5 3 . 5 7 mL 4 7 . 8 9 m L

    E : > 1 0 0 B L E : > 1 0 0 m L

    0 . 1 7

    4 8 . 5 3 m L

    a m o s t s e n s i t i v eb m o s t r e s i s t a n tS : S l i g h t l y t o x i c

    N B : N u t r i e n t b r o t hP C : P l a t e c o u n t

    M : M o d e r a t e l y t o x i cE : E x t r e m e l y t o x i c

    S W : S e a w a t e rO D : O p t i c a l d e n s i t y

  • 8/3/2019 Comparison of 3 Microbial Bioassay

    5/6

    M i c r o b i a l b i o a s s a y t e c h n i q u e s f o r m a r i n e b a c t e r i a 2 1

    ( N i , C o , V n ) w e r e d e t e c t e d . T h e s e v a l u e s a r e h i g h e rt h a n t h e p r o p o s e d e f f l u e n t c r i t e r ia . T h i s p r o v e s t h a tt h e s a m p l e t e s t e d r e p r e s e n t s a m i x t u r e o f e n v i r o n -m e n t a l p o l l u t a n t s . T h u s , t h e t o x i c i t y o f t h e t e s t e dw a s t e w a t e r c o u l d b e a t t r i b u t e d t o a n y o f t h e s e p o l lu -t a n ts o r t o t h e i r s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t s .

    M e a s u r e m e n t s o f t u r b i d i t y ( A l s o p e t a l . 1 9 8 0) a n dc h e m i c a l i n h i b i t i o n o f v i a b l e c e l l s u s i n g a g a r p l a t e s( L i u a n d K w a s n i e w s k a 1 9 8 1 ; A l b r i g h t e t a l . 1 9 7 2 ) f o ri n d i c a ti n g g r o w t h a n d i n h i b i ti o n o f m i c r o o r g a n i s m sw e r e d o c u m e n t e d in t o x i c i t y r e s e a rc h . H o w e v e r , m a n yi n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e r e p e a t e d l y s h o w n t h a t s e v e r a l p o l -l u t a n t s a r e t o x i c to a q u a t i c m i c r o b e s w h e n p r e s e n t i nr a t h e r l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , a n d a s s a y s s u c h a s t h o s et h a t d e t e r m i n e s u b - l e t h a l e f f e c t s o f c h e m i c a l p o l l u -t a n t s w o u l d b e i m p o r t a n t , e . g . , t h e D O D t e c h n i q u e(A l b r i gh t e t a l . 1972) .

    T a b l e 2 s h o w s t h a t t h e V P C m e t h o d s h o w e d b e t t e rs e n s i ti v i ty t h a n t h e O D t e c h n i q u e . H o w e v e r , m e r c u r yi n t h e L C s o a n d I C 5 o d a t a s h o w s m o r e t o x i c i t y t h a nl i n d a n e . A l s o s e a w a t e r ( a s a m e d i u m ) i s s t a t i s ti c a l l ya s g o o d a s n u t r i e n t b r o th i n b o t h V P C a n d O D a s s a y s .

    T h e p o s s i b l e p r e c i p i t a t i o n o c c u r r i n g f r o m r e a c -t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t e s t m a t e r i a l a n d g r o w t h m e d i u mi s o n e o f t h e l i m i t a t io n s o f t h e O D m e t h o d ( A l s o p e ta l . 1 9 8 0 ) . W e f a c e d s u c h a p r o b l e m w h e n t e s t in g t h et o x i c i t y o f l in d a n e i n s e a w a t e r , w h i c h p r o v e d t o r e a c tw i t h t h e s e a w a t e r .

    T h e D O D t e c h n i q u e a lw a y s g i v e s e n d - p o i n t r ea c -t io n a t l o w e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( i n b o t h b r i e f a n d e x -t e n d e d e x p o s u r e ) t h a n t h e V P C a n d O D m e t h o d s( T a b l e 3 ) . T h e D O D t e c h n i q u e h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o fb e i n g a b l e t o d e t e c t t h r e e r a n g e s o f t o x i c i t y : s l i g h t ,m o d e r a t e , a n d e x t r e m e . T h e m o d e r a t e r a n g e o f t o x ic -

    T a b l e 4 . T h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f d a t a o b t a i n e d a f t e r 2 2 h e x p o s u r e o f m i x e d m a r i n e b a c -t e r i a t o c h e m i c a l s u s i n g v i a b i l i t y m e t h o d .Chemi cal Medium Ave rag e LC50 sd CV~g/mLMerc ury NB 0.17 0.01 10.90SW 0.2 0 0. 02 9. 80

    Llnd ane NB 8.60 0.12 1.46SW 9.10 0.2 0 2.30Wastewate r NB 48.53 1.5 9 3.27SW 47.8 9 1.9 9 4.15

    sd: Standard dev ia t ionCV: Coef fec lent of var ia t ion SW : SeawaterNB: Nutr ient Broth

    T a b l e 5 . T h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f d a t a o b t a i n e d a f t e r 2 2 h e x p o s u r e o f m i x e d m a r i n e b a c -t e r i a t o c h e m i c a l s u s i n g t u r b i d i t y m e t h o d .

    Chemi cal Medium Ave rag e LC50 sd CV~g/mL

    Merc ury NB 0.29 0,01 3.10SW 0.21 0.02 11.22Llnda ne NB 10.00 0,40 4.00SW NM - -Wastewa ter NB 53.5 7 1.40 2.61SW 57. 17 2.7 8 4.8 6

    s d : Stan dard Dev ia ti on SW: SeawaterCV: Coef fe c lent of var ia t ion NB: Nut r ie nt BrothNM: Not measured

  • 8/3/2019 Comparison of 3 Microbial Bioassay

    6/6

    2 2 M . S . S a l a m a a n d A . A . S a l e m

    i ty i s comparable to the LCso values obtained by theother two techniques (Table 3) . Sens i t iv i ty of theVPC method in toxici ty screen ing of the three pol lu -tants tes ted proved to be better than that of the ODmeth o d ( l o we r L Cs 0 v a l u es we re a l wa y s o b ta i n ed ) .

    The in i t ia l screen ing assays should be inexpen-s ive , rap id , repeatable , and sens i t ive enough to de-t ec t to x i c i ty f ro m a b ro ad ra n g e o f d i f f eren t ch emi ca lpol lu tants (Busch 1982; Bauer et a l . 1981) . T he threebacteria l b ioassays described in th i s s tudy seem toh a v e t h e p o t e n t i a l o f f u l f i l l i n g t h e s e c r i t e r i a .A l th o u g h b o th O D a n d VPC a s s a y s s h o wed b et terreprod ucib i l i ty than the DOD technique, as ind icatedby lower CV values (Tables 4 and 5) , yet the DODa s s ay p ro v ed to b e th e mo s t s en s i t i v e .

    C O N C L U S I O N

    The three bacteria l b ioassay techniques tes ted inth is s tudy prove to be rapid , repeatable , inex pen s ive,and sens i t ive . However, by detect ing three ranges oftoxici ty , the DO D assay ind icated a h igher sens i t iv i tyth a n th e o th ers . T h e res p o n s es o f th e DO d ep l e t i o nrate varied according to chemical concentrat ion . Ad ecrea s e i n co n cen tra t i o n o f ch emi ca l res u l t ed i ndecreased inh ib i t ion in the DO deplet ion . Final lywi th i n th e to x i c i ty e f f ec t o f ch emi ca l s o n mar in ebacteria , mercury was fo und more tox ic than lindane.

    A c k n o w l e d g m e n t - - T h e a u t h o r s t h a n k M r . M . A l a y a n f o r s t a t is -t i c a l a n a l y s i s c o n s u l t a t i o n . T h e t e c h n i c a l h e l p o f M s . S . H o m a i d a ni s h i g h l y a p p r e c i a t e d . A l s o t h e h e l p o f M r . M . K a d r i d u r i n g th ee a r l y s t a g e s o f t h i s w o r k i s m u c h a p p r e c i a t e d .

    R E F E R E N C E SA l b r i g h t , L . J . ; W e n t w o r t h , J . W . ; W i l s o n , E . M . T e c h n i q u e f o r

    m e a s u r i n g m e t a l l i c s a l t e f f e c t s u p o n t h e i n d i g e n o u s h e t e r o t r o -phic micr oflora of natura l water . Water Res. 6 :1589-1596; 1972.Also p , G . M. ; Hag g a ry , G . T . ; Co n way , R . A . Bac te r ia l g ro wthinhibit ion tes t . J . W ater Pollu t . Contr . Fed. 52:2452-2456; 1980.

    A n d e r s o n , A . C . ; A b d e l g h a n i , A . A . T o x i c i t y o f s e l e c te d a r s e n i c a lc o m p o u n d s i n s h o r t - t e r m b a c t e r i a l b i o a s s a y s . B u l l . E n v i r o n .C o n t a m . 2 4 : 1 2 4 - 1 2 7 ; 1 98 0.Bau e r , N . 1 . ; Se id le r , R . J . ; Kn i t t e l , M. D . A s imp le , r ap id b io assayf o r d e t e c t i n g e f f e c t s o f p o l l u t a n t s o n b a c t e r i a . B u l l . E n v i r o n .Co n ta in . To x ico l . 2 7 :5 7 7 -5 8 2 ; 1 9 8 1 .B i t t o n , G . B a c t e r i a l a n d b i o c h e m i c a l t e s t s f o r a s s e s s i n g c h e m i c a lt o x i c i t y i n t h e a q u a t i c e n v i r o n m e n t : a r e v i e w . C R C C r i t i c a lRev . En v i ro n . Co n t r . 1 3 :5 1 -6 7 ; 1 9 83 .

    B u s c h , A . W . B i o a s s a y t e c h n i q u e f o r r e l a t i v e t o x i c i t y i n w a t e rp o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l . J . W a t e r P o l l u t . C o n t r . F e d . 5 4 : 1 1 5 2 - 1 1 5 4 ;1982.D u n c a n , D . B . M u l t i p l e r a n g e a n d m u l t i p l e F t e s t . B i o m e t r i c s11:1-42; 1955.E n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d E a r t h S c i e n c e s D i v i s i o n a n d F o o d R e s o u r c e sD i v i s i o n . P r e l i m i n a r y a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t

    o f d e v e l o p m e n t p r o j e c ts i n a n d a ro u n d S u l a i b i k h a t B a y ( E E S -4 4 ) . 2 v o l s . K u w a i t I n s t i t u t e f o r S c i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h ; 1 98 5.R e p o r t n o . K I S R 1 8 9 0 .L i t t l e , L . W . B i o a s s a y s - - p r o c e d u r e s a n d r e s u l t s . J . W a t e r P o l l u t .Co n t r . Fed . 5 0 :1 8 5 2 -1 8 6 8 ; 1 9 7 8.L i u , D . A r a p i d b i o c h e m i c a l t e s t f o r m e a s u r i n g c h e m i c a l t o x i c i ty .Bu l l . En v i ro n . Co n tam. To x ico l . 2 6 :1 4 5 -1 4 9 ; 1 9 8 1 .L i u , D . ; K w a s n i e w s k a , K . A n i m p r o v e d a g a r p l a t e m e t h o d f o r

    r a p i d a s s e s s m e n t o f c h e m i c a l i n h i b i t i o n t o m i c r o b i a l p o p u l a -t io n s . Bu l l . En v i ro n . Co n tam. To x ico l . 2 7 :2 8 9 -2 9 4 ; 1 9 8 1 .T i e t z , N . W . B . F u n d a m e n t a l s o f c l i n i c a l c h e m i s t r y . L o n d o n : S a n d -e r s Co , 1 9 7 6 .T r e v o r s , J . T . D i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f s h o r t - t e r m b i o a s -

    say s . Bu l l . En v i ro n . Co n ta in . To x ico l . 2 8 :6 5 5 -6 5 9 ; 1 9 8 2.T r e v o r s , J . T . ; M a y f i e l d , C . I . ; I n n i s s , W . E . A r a p i d t o x i c i t y t e s tu s i n g P s e u d o m o n a s f l u o r e s c e n t s . B u l l . E n v i r o n . C o n t a m . T o x -ico l . 2 6 : 4 3 3 -4 3 9 ; 1 9 8 1.W e c h e r , R . A . ; S t a n l y , S . B i o a s s a y p r o c e d u r e s f o r i d e n t i f y i n gg e n o t o x i c a g e n t s u s i n g l i g h t e m i t t i n g b a c t e r i a a s i n d i c a t o r o r -g a n i s m s . P r o c . l u m i n e s c e n t a s s a y s: p e r s p e c t i v e s i n e n d o c r i n o l -o g y an d c l in ic a l ch emis t ry ; F lo re n ce , I t a ly . 1 :1 0 9 -1 1 3 ; 1 9 8 2.