comparison of extension system of different countries

Comparison of extension system

of different countries

Presented by

Jagriti rohit

Roll no -20133

m.Sc 1st yr agricultural extension

Division of agriculture extension AG –EXT 501

COURSE TEACHERS

Dr monika wason

Dr ram bahal

Dr j.p.s dabbas

Dr s.k dubey

India Netherlands Indonesia

INTRODUCTION

Agricultural extensionwas once known as the application of scientific research and new knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education. The field of extension now encompasses a wider range of communication and learning activities organised for rural people by professionals from different disciplines, including agriculture, agricultural marketing, health, and business studies.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_marketing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_studies

INDIA

India is an agricultural country ,

with one third of its population

depending on agriculture directly

or indirectly.

Indian agriculture contribute nearly

14.6 to the gdp.

In the new millennium, the

challenges in Indian agricultural

sector are quite different from

those met in the previous decades.

The enormous pressure to produce

more food from less land with

shrinking natural resources is a

tough task for the farmers. To keep

up the momentum of growth a

careful economic evaluation of

inputs like seeds, fertilisers,

irrigation sources etc are of

considerable importance.

NETHERLANDS

More than 27% of the total land area of the Netherlands is under seasonal or permanent crop production. Grasslands account for about 54% of all agricultural lands. Most farms are effectively managed and worked intensively with mechanical equipment. The many cooperatives have added to the efficiency of production and distribution.

Although agricultural production has decreased in recent years, labor productivity in Dutch agricultural and horticultural industries has risen sharply. The number of holdings declined by over 17% from the mid–1970s to the mid–1980s; in 2000 there were 51,725 arable holdings. The agricultural labor force totaled 254,000 in 1999

INDONESIA

About 45% of Indonesian workers are engaged in agriculture, which accounts for 17% of GDP in 2001. Some 31 million ha (76.6 million acres) are under cultivation, with 35% to 40% of the cultivated land devoted to the production of export crops. Some 60% of the country's cultivated land is in Java.

There are three main types of farming: smallholder farming (mostly rice), smallholder cash cropping, and about 1,800 large foreign-owned or privately owned estates, the latter two producing export crops. Small-scale farming is usually carried out on modest plots—those in Java average about 0.8–1 ha (2–2.5 acres)—often without benefit of modern tools and methods, good seed, or fertilizer

particulars India Netherlands Indonesia

irrigated 622,860sq km 5650sq km 67,220sq km

Total area 3,287,590sq km 41,526sq km 1,919,440sq km

Arable land 157923.(1000ha) 1054.70 (1000ha) 2360 (1000ha)

Area under permanent crop

169623(1000ha) 42600(1000ha) 35.50(1000ha)

Area under forest 68289(1000ha) 95117.0(1000ha) 365(1000ha)

Area under pasture 103400(1000ha) 11000.0 827.20

Land area

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000irri

gate

d

tota

l a

rea

Ca

tegory

3

Ca

tegory

4

india

netherland

indonesia

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

ara

ble

lan

d

Cate

gory

2

Cate

gory

3

Cate

gory

4

india

netherland

indonesia

india netherland indonesia

Date of independence

15th august 1947from England

23rd January 1579 17th august 1945

Border countries 1) Bangladesh2) Bhutan 3) Burma4) China5) Pakistan6) Nepal

1) Belgium 2) Germany

1) East Timor2) Papua3) New guinea4) Malaysia

Coast line 7000km 451km 54,716km

climate Temperate in north tropical in south

Temperate , marine Cool summer and mild winters

Tropical, hot , humid ,moderate in highland

Natural resources Coal, natural gas,Petroleum, iron ore ,manganese, mica, limestone, titanium, bauxite

Natural gasPetroleum Peat ,limestone and gravel., arable land

Natural gasPetroleum,,Timber,bauxite, gold ,silver, fertilesoil

TRANSPORTATION

india netherland indoensia

railways 63,221 km 2808 6,458 km

highways 3,383,344 km 391,009 km 134,000 km

waterways 14,500 km(Incl.

5,200 km on major

rivers & 485 km on

canals)

6,138km 21,579 km

pipelines Condensate- 9 km;

gas -7,488 km; LPG

-1,861 km; oil -7,883

km; refined products

-6,422 km

condensate 81 km; gas 7,229 km; oil 578 km; refined products 716 km (2006

condensate 963 km;

condensate/gas 81

km; gas 9,003 km;

oil 7,471 km;

oil/gas/water 77 km;

refined products

1,365 km

Ports and harbor 1.Chennai,2. Haldia, 3.Kandla,4. Kolkata, 5.Mumbai,6.Mangalore, 7.Vishakhapatnam

1.Banjarmasin,

2.Belawan,3.

Ciwandan,

4.Kotabaru, 5.Krueg

6.Geukueh,

7.Palembang,

1.Amsterdam, 2.Groningen, 3.IJmuiden, 4.Rotterdam, 5.Terneuzen, 6.Vlissingen,

CONT…

particulars india netherland indonesia

Merchant marines total: 493 ships, =

bulk carrier 104,

cargo 232, carrier

1, chemical tanker

19, container 12,

liquefied gas 19,

passenger 3,

passenger/cargo

11, petroleum

tanker 91. foreign-

owned: 12

total: 971 558

airports 352 27 494

BASE


agriculture 14.2% 1.6% 13.8%

Industry 31.7% 23.6% 46.7%

Animal husbandry 5.1% - -

fishery 1% - -

Others(services) 55.6% 74.9% 39.4%

india

netherland

indonesia

0

20

40

60

80

agriculture indudtryothers

india

netherland

indonesia


Gdp purchasing power parity

$3.319 trillion $481.1 billion $827.4 billion

Gdp real growth rate

6.2% 1.2% ( 4.9% (2004 est.)

Gdp per capita purchasing powerparity

$3,100 $29,500 $3,500

Population below poverty line

`25%NA

27%

Household income or consumption by percentage basis

Lowest 10% 3.5% 2.8% 4%

Highest 10% 33.5% 25.1% 26.7%

Inflation rate 12% 1.4% 6.3%

labor force 516.4 million 7.53 million 109.9 million

Comparison

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

per capita purchasing power

india

netherland

indonesia

comparison

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

inflaton rate

india

netherland

indonesia

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

total labor force

india

netherland

Series 3

Inflation rate Total labor force


Labor force

agriculture 52% 4% 43%

industry 14% 23% 18%

others 34% 73% 39%

Unemployment rate 10.8% 6% 9.1%

Budget: revenue $185.4 billion $256.9 billion $79.56 billion

expenditures $269.8 billion $274.4 billion $84.87 billion

Labor force

india

agriculture

industry

others

netherland

agriculture

industry

others

indonesia

agriculture

industry

others

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

unemployement

india

netherland

indonesia

industriesparticulars India Netherlands Indonesia

industry 1. Textiles 2.

chemicals 3.

food processing

4. steel 5.

transportation

equipment

6.petroleum 7.

cement 8.mining

9.software

1.Agroindustries

2.metal and

engineering

products 3.

electrical

machinery and

products

4.chemicals 5.

petroleum 6.

construction

7.fishing

1.Petroleum and

natural gas,2.

textiles,3.

apparel,

4.footwear,5.

mining,6.

cement,

7.chemical

8.fertilizers,

9.plywood,10

rubber, 11.food,

12.tourism .

Industrial

production

growth rate

7.4%(2004) 0.8%(2004) 10.5%(2004)

india netherlands indonesia

Natural hazards droughts; flash

floods, as well

as widespread

and destructive

flooding from

monsoonal

rains; severe

thunderstorms;

earthquakes

flooding occasional

floods, severe

droughts,

tsunamis,earth

quakes,

volcanoes,

forest fire

Current issues


Current issue

related to

environment

Deforestation.

Soil erosion.

Desertification.

Air pollution from industrial effluents.

Water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agri-cultural pesticides.

Huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources

deforestation; soil

erosion;

overgrazing;

desertification; air

pollution from

industrial effluents

and vehicle

emissions; water

pollution from raw

sewage and

runoff of

agricultural

pesticides; tap

water is not

potable

throughout the

country; huge and

growing

population is

deforestation;

water pollution

from industrial

wastes, sewage;

air pollution in

urban areas;

smoke and haze

from forest fires.


Environmental international agreement

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified:none of the selected agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation


Geography note dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade route

located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, and Schelde

archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocea

Electricityproduction

547.2 billion kWh (2002)



Electricity consumption




Electricity

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

electricityproduction

electricityconsumption

india

netherland

indonesia


Electricity production by sources: fossil fuels

81.7% 81.9% 86.9%

hydro 14.5% 0.1% 10.5%

nuclear 3.4% 4.3% 0

other 0.3% 5.7% 2.6%

Electricity export 350 million kWh (2002)


0 kWh (2002)

Electricity import 1.54 billion kWh (2002)


0 kWh (2002)

Comparison

india

fossil fuels

hydro

nuclear

other

netherland

fossil fuels

hydro

nuclear

other

COMPARISON

indonesia

fossilfuels

hydro

nuclear

other0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

india

netherland

indonesia


Agriculture-products rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry; fish.

grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; livestock.

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, poultry, beef, pork, eggs.

export $69.18 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

$293.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

$69.86 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Export commodities textile goods, gems and jewellery, engineering goods, chemicals, leather manufactures

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs

oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber.


Exports- partners US 17%, UAE 8.8%,

China 5.5%, Hong

Kong 4.7%, UK

4.5%, Singapore

4.5%

Germany 25%,

Belgium 12.4%, UK

10.1%, France

9.9%, Italy 6%, US

4.3%

Japan 22.3%, US

12.3%, Singapore

8.4%, South Korea

6.8%, China 6.4%,

Malaysia 4.2%

import $89.33 billion f.o.b. $252.7 billion f.o.b. $45.07 billion f.o.b. )

Import commodities crude oil, machinery,

gems, fertilizer,

chemicals

machinery and

transport equipment,

chemicals, fuels;

foodstuffs, clothing

machinery and

equipment,

chemicals, fuels,

foodstuffs

Import partners China 6.1%, US 6%,

Switzerland 5.2%,

Belgium 4.4%

Germany 17.9%,

Belgium 9.9%, US

7.9%, China 7.4%,

UK 6.4%, France

4.8%

Singapore 13.1%,

Japan 13.1%, China

8.8%, US 7%,

Thailand 6%,

Australia 4.8%,

Saudi Arabia 4.2%,

South Korea 4.2%

India netherland indonesia

Debt-external $117.2 billion (2004 est.)

$1.899 trillion (30 June 2006)

$141.5 billion (2004 est.)

Economics aid recepient

$2.9 billion (FY98/99) ODA, $4 billion (2003 est.)

$43 billion

currency Indian rupee (INR euro (EUR) Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

Exchange rates Indian rupees per US dollar - 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61 (2002), 47.186 (2001), 44.942 (2000

euros per US dollar -0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003), 9,311.2 (2002), 10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.8 (2000)

Fiscal year 1 April - 31 March calendar year calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year


Total population 1,210,193,422 (1.21 billion)

16,407,491 (July 2005 est.)

241,973,879 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure 0-14 31.2% (male 173,634,432/female 163,932,475

18.1% (male 1,523,316/female 1,453,232

29.1% (male 35,823,456/female 34,590,631)

15-64 63.9% (male 356,932,082/female 333,283,590

67.8% (male 5,627,007/female 5,491,802)

65.7% (male 79,447,560/female 79,449,399)

65yrs n above 4.9% (male 26,542,025/female 25,939,784)

14.1% (male 974,037/female 1,338,097) (2005

5.2% (male 5,526,389/female 7,136,444) (2005

Population growth rate

1.4% (2005 est.) 0.53% (2005 est.) 1.45% (2005 est.)

Birth rate 22.32 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

11.14 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

20.71 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate 8.28 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est

8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate -0.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

2.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)


Sex ratio at birth 1.05 male(s)/female 1.05 male(s)/female 1.05 male(s)/female

Under 15 years 1.06 male(s)/female 1.05 male(s)/female 1 male(s)/female

15-64 years 1.07 male(s)/female 1.03 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female

65 yrs n ovr 1.02 male(s)/female 0.73 male(s)/female 0.77 male(s)/female

Infant mortality 56.29 deaths/1,000 live births

5.04 deaths/1,000 live births

35.6 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth 64.35 years 78.81 years 69.57 years

male 63.57 years 76.25 years 67.13 years

female 65.16 years (2005 est.) 81.51 years (2005 est.) 72.13 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate 2.78 children born/woman (2005 est.)

1.66 children born/woman (2005 est.)

2.44 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Cereal yield kg/ha 2647.8 8307 4694.0

i


nationality Indian(s Dutchman(men),

Dutchwoman(wo

men

Indonesian(s)

Ethnic group Indo-Aryan 72%,

Dravidian 25%,

Mongoloid and

other 3% (2000)

Dutch 83%, other

17% (of which 9%

are non-Western

origin mainly

Turks, Moroccans,

Antilleans,

Surinamese, and

Indonesians)

Javanese 45%,

Sundanese 14%,

Madurese 7.5%,

coastal Malays

7.5%, other 26%

religion Hindu 80.5%,

Muslim 13.4%,

Christian 2.3%,

Sikh 1.9%, other

1.8%, unspecified

0.1% (2001

census

Roman Catholic

31%, Dutch

Reformed 13%,

Calvinist 7%,

Muslim 5.5%,

other 2.5%, none

41% (2002)

Muslim 88%,

Protestant 5%,

Roman Catholic

3%, Hindu 2%,

Buddhist 1%,

other 1% (1998)

People living with

HIV/AIDS

5.1 million (2001

est.)

19,000 (2001 est) 110,000 (2003

est.)

india NETHERLAND INDONESIA

languages English, hindi,Bengali, Telugu, Marathi Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit;

Dutch (official), Frisian (official)

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

No. of radios 116 million (1997) 15.3 million (1996) 31.5 million (1997)

No. of television 63 million (1997) 8.1 million (1997) 13.75 million (1997)

literacy

Total population 65.38% 99% 87.9%

Male 75.96% 99% 92.5%

female 54.3% 99% 83.4%

INDIA NETHERLAND INDONESIA

Name of extension organization

Directorate of extension

Deinst landbonw voorlitiching agriculture extension system.

Bureau of agriculture extension

Year of establishment 1953 1898 1972

Legal status Governmental(ministry of agriculture, department of agriculture and cooperation)

governmentalchanging to non governmental from 1991

Governmental(ministry of agriculture)

Type of organization Governmental based regional programme utilizing T n V system

Ministry based agriculture extension

Ministry based

Clientele served Farmers, growing cereals ,pulses, oilseeds, subsistence farmer, small and commercial farmer and adult farmer

Large and small commercial farmers, young and women farmers.

Subsistence farmers , women farmers landless farmers, young farmers, farmers growing rice and food crops.

Extension agent in India

Extension

agent in

group

meeting

Extension agent in nether land

Here the extension agent is showing a new product to the people

Extension agent of Indonesia

Extension agent in Indonesia working with information technology

Human resources in indiaType of personnel Male female total

Extension specialist

Technical subject matter 1679 12 1691

Agriculture information 2490 2 2492

training

Field extension officers

agriculture 151 1 152

Home economics 221 3 234

Rural development

others 48545 267 48821

Total no of technical staff 11064 53 11117

No. of other supporting staff 65600 357 65957

Netherlands human resources

The Netherlands extension system employs

900 members in 25 different departments.

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SYSTEM IN INDIA

Union Ministry of Agriculture

ICAR Deptt. Of Agriculture & Cooperation

SAU/CAU State Deptt. Of Agriculture, Animal

Resource,Fishery,Forestry,Sericulture etc.

Commodity Boards like Silk Board, Spices

Board.National Diary Development Board etc.

Panchayats

Voluntary

OrganizationsKVKs

FARM FAMILIES AND RURAL PEOPLE

Directorate of Extension

Div of Ag Extension

Zonal cord Unit

Directorate of

Extension

National

Research

Center

Technical

Division

Extension System of Indonesia

GOAL AND

TASK

INDIA NETERHLAND INDONESIA

#. Achieve

universal primary

education

#.Reduce child

mortality,

#.Improve

maternal health

#.Combat human

immunodeficiency

virus/acquired

immune

deficiency

syndrome

(HIV/AIDS),

malaria, and other

diseases

#.Ensure

environmental

sustainability

#.Develop a

global partnership

for development.

To reduce public

funding for

agriculture

research funding

To help all the

farmers.

Shift from transfer

of technology to

client oriented

system.

alleviating

poverty,

preventing

terrorism,

consolidating

democracy,

implementing

financial sector

reforms,

stemming

corruption,

holding the

military and police

accountable for

human rights

violations, and

controlling avian

influenza.

Comparison in extension

systemindia Netherland indonesia

Human resources VLW,AEO, SDEO,

DEO.

DLV , lTO VLW,AEO, SDEO,

DEO , AEC

Financial

resources

World bank, govt

of India

Subsidies from

Dutch govt.

World bank, govt

of Indonesia

Level of client

participation in

planning.

No participation,

sometimes clients

are asked for

advice.

Full participation No participation

models ATMA, TnV

SYSTEM, ICAR .

…….. AIAT

(Assessment

institute for

agriculture

technology.

Yes,

The farmer should be actively involved during the planning of any new programme so in this way people will consider these programmes as their own programmes.

People should be made aware about the different governmental schemes. They should be told about the benefits of kisan call centresand uses of other information technology

Extension system should be made more strong by making the input available to the extension agents and proper training should be given to these agents

Good and hard working extension agent should be rewarded.

due importance should be given to Knowledge of the farmers

comparison of extension system of different countries

Education