Comparison of future fuels and technologies for shipping

Frauke WieseDTU MANSystem Analysis

90% of world trade is transported by ship

2Source: Screenshot Marine Traffic 31.October 2017: https://www.marinetraffic.com

Shipping Emissions

• 2-3% of global greenhouse gas emissions [IMO 2015] • Growth rates of 4% per year

• Predicted increase by 2050: 50% - 250% [IMO 2015]• If unregulated, by 2050: 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions

⇒ Shipping is not on track to reach a 1.5 - 2°C climate goal

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Shipping Emission Reduction Scenarios

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Annual CO2 emissions from the global shipping fleet, distinguished by business-as-usual and reduction scenario pathways.

Source: Boumann et al. 2017

Emission Reduction Measures: up to 75%by existing technologies

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Source: Boumann et al. 2017

Current and upcoming regulation

CURRENT:• Emission Control Areas• Efficiency Standards• Shipping outside UN Paris Agreement• IMO 2016: Data Collection

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FUTURE:• EU 2018: Reporting for large ships

using EU ports • IMO 2018: Initial CO2 reduction

commitments to be agreed on

Source:

IMO / Anderssonand Salzar2015

Denmark – Role of Shipping

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Ship Movements 31.October 2017 - 09:30

Source: Marine Traffic : https://www.marinetraffic.com

Ship Types

Danish Shipping?

Energy [PJ]

Emission[Mt CO2/year]

DanishShare [%]

Danish ships within Denmark[Energistyrelsen 2015]

6 0.4 0.04

Danish ships[Danmarks Statistik 2015] 10 0.8 0.08

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Source: Own calculations based on:• Energistyrelsen 2015 – Transport – Søtransport• Statistics Denmark 2015 (ENE1HA 50000 Water transport)

Danish Shipping?

Energy [PJ]

Emission[Mt CO2/year]

DanishShare [%]

Danish ships within Denmark[Energistyrelsen 2015]

6 0.4 0.04

Danish ships[Danmarks Statistik 2015] 10 0.8 0.08

Including half of int. voyages from/to Denmark 280 21.6 2.1

Ships run by a Danish company [Mærsk 2016] 445 34.3 3.4

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Source: Own calculations based on:• Energistyrelsen 2015 – Transport – Søtransport• Statistics Denmark 2015 (ENE1HA 50000 Water transport)• Wisdom 2017, calculation based on data from Eurostat 2017• Mærsk Sustainability Report 2016

Energy carriers and sources for shipping

FOCUS THIS PRESENTATION

Gaseous• LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas• LBG – Liquefied Biogas

(Biomethane)

Liquid• MeOH – Methanol• bioMeOH – Bio-Methanol

Electric• Batteries• HydrogenRenewables• Wind and Solar

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CH4

CH3OH

Energy carriers and sources for shipping

FOCUS THIS PRESENTATION

Gaseous• LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas• LBG – Liquefied Biogas

(Biomethane)

Liquid• MeOH – Methanol• bioMeOH – Bio-Methanol

Electric • Batteries• Hydrogen• Renewables• Wind and Solar

OTHER:

• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - mixture of propane and butane

• DME – Di-Methyl Ether

• Ethanol

• Biodiesel• Vegetable Oil

• Synthetic Fuels

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CH4

CH3OH

Emissions of marine fuels – Life Cycle

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Sources: Bengtsson et al. 2011 / Andersson and Salazar 2015

LNG – LBG – MeOH - bioMeOH

13Source: Brynolf et al. 2014 / Anderson and Salazar 2015

Global Warming Potential

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Source: Chryssakis 2014

LNG – MeOH – LBG – BioMeOH

15Source: Brynolf et al. 2014

Methane Slip

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Methane Slip from OperationGWP Life Cycle Emissions

compared to HFO [%]LNG LBG

8 % 130 904 % 100 60

2.3 % 85 400 % 60 15

Source: Own rough calculation based on data from Brynolf et al. 2014

Methane Slip

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Methane Slip Operation [%]2010 2016

Dual-fuel engines 8 4.1Dedicated gas engines 4.4 2.3High Pressure Direct Injection HDPI 0.4

Methane Slip from OperationGWP Life Cycle Emissions

compared to HFO [%]LNG LBG

8 % 130 904 % 100 60

2.3 % 85 400 % 60 15

Source: Own rough calculation based on data from Brynolf et al. 2014

Sources: Calculation from Dejene Assefa Hagos based on Stenersen and Thonstad 2017 / Corbett et al. 2015

Aspects to consider for future marine fuels and technologies

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Source: Brynolf et al. 2014

Liquefied Natural Gas – LNGLiquefied Biogas/Biomethane - LBG

+Mature technology+Fuel costs competitive (LNG)+Local air pollution reduction

- High infrastructure cost- Reduced cargo capacity- Global Warming Potential (LNG)- Uncertainty about methane leakage

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LNG

Global WarmingLocal Air PollutionSafetyRangeInfrastructureConversion CostFuel Cost

LBG

?

LNG - Examples

Norwegian MF Glutra- 1st LNG gas ferry 2000

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Fjord Line- Two Cruise Ferries- Denmark – Norway- 1.5 PJ/year

Cargo Ships- Ordered- Mostly dual-fuel

Source: Schnack and Krüger 2015

Methanol – MeOHbioMethanol - bioMeOH

+Similar to bunkering fuels today+Lower infrastructure and retrofit

costs+Local air pollution reduction+Components are of mature

technology

+/- Fuel cost differ locally

- Global Warming Potential (MeOH)- Higher primary energy input- Reduced cargo capacity- Safety barriers

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Global WarmingLocal Air PollutionSafetyRangeInfrastructureConversion CostFuel Cost

LNG

( )

LBG

?

( )

MeOH bioMeOH

Installations new-built Methanol Ship

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Source: MAN 2015, Andersson and Salzar 2015

Methanol - Examples

Stena Germanica– 24MW Retrofit– Four engines on methanol– Göteborg – Kiel

MS Innogy– 5 kW - 7 modules fuel cell– Fuel generated with CO2

capture

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Source: Anderssonand Salzar2015

Source: Ing.dk - Ingeniøren 2017

Electric - Batteries

+Proven technology+Low operating costs+Less noise and vibration+No emissions during operation+Efficiency during load variations+Hybrid solutions

+/- Global Warming Potential depends on the electricity fuel mix

- Resource intensity of batteries- High investment costs- Low energy density – restricted range

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Global WarmingLocal Air PollutionSafetyRangeInfrastructureConversion CostFuel Cost

Battery

Electric Batteries and Hybrid - Examples

Ampere- Full electric 0.9 MW engine- 1 MWh battery capacity- 20min – 6km crossing

Helsingør-Helsingborg- Full electric- 4.16 MWh battery capacity- 4km crossing

Scandlines- 6 Hybrid ferries- Aiming at full electric:

Puttgarden-Rødby: 20km – 45min

Danish inland ferries:- 1PJ could be electric 25

Source: ABB.com

Source: Wikimedia commons

Source: Siemens.com

Electric - H2 – Fuel Cell

+Proven performance in marine environment

+No emissions during operation+No noise and vibration

+/- Costs expected to fall +/- Global Warming Potential depends on

the generation of the H2

- High density only at high pressure and cryogenic storage

- Low expected lifetime of fuel cell- High investment costs for transport,

storage, fuel cell- Dimension and weight of fuel cells

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H2 Fuel Cells

Global WarmingLocal Air PollutionSafetyRangeInfrastructureConversion CostFuel Cost

Electric – H2 Fuel CellExamples

Viking Lady- Dual-fuel LNG/diesel Electric- Fuel cell 320kW

Alsterwasser- 2010 Hamburg- Full electric / fuel cell powered- 100kW engine- 14 knots

Viking Cruise- Planned: 2021- Cruise ship- 1400 persons – 230m long- Hydrogen at 700bar -253degree

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Source: http://www.ship-technology.com/projects/viking-lady/

Wind and Solar

+Proven performance+No fuel costs+No emissions during operation

+/- Auxiliary propulsion

- Weather dependency- Dimension/Weight- Logistics

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Wind

Global WarmingLocal Air PollutionSafetyRangeInfrastructureConversion CostFuel Cost

Solar

Wind - SolarExamples

Ecoliner- Panamax- Sails + Diesel electric

E-SHIP 1- 2010- Flettner Rotor- 15-25% fuel

savings

TESO- 150kW solar panels- 40% of hotel load

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Sources: fairtransport.eukaʁstn Disk/Cat -CC BY-SA 3.0 de Wikipedia/ shipsmonthly.com

Main UncertaintiesLNG MeOH LBG Bio

MeOHBatte

ryWind Solar H2

Fuel Cells

Global Warming ?Local Air PollutionSafetyRangeInfrastructureConversion CostFuel Cost

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MainUncertainty Methane

Slip

Safety

Range Size Costs

CapacityWeather

Conclusion

Not only fuel switch

LNG MeOH LBG BioMeOH

Battery

Wind Solar H2 Fuel Cells

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Transition Fuels

Short Distances

Hybrid Solutions

Electro-Fuels

Auxiliary Power

Operational Efficiencies

Hull Design

On-shore charging

Small Scale

Auxiliary

PowerHybrid Solutions

New Ship Designs

Today

2050

Way forward

Addressing climate emissions by regulation - CO2 and CH4

Scandinavia as frontrunner in Sustainable Shipping

Mange tak for opmerksomhæden

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Density of Ship Movements 2016

Source: Screenshot Marine Traffic 31.October 2017: https://www.marinetraffic.com

Sources I• IMO, 2015. Third IMO (International Maritime Organization) GHG Study 2014. Available online:

http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf

• Bouman, Evert A., Lindstad Elizabeth , Rialland, Agathe I., Strømman, Anders H., 2017. State-of-the-art technologies, measures, and potential for reducing GHG emissions from shipping – A review, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 52 (Part A) (2017) 408-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.03.022.

• Elgohary, Mohamed M, Seddiek, Ibrahim S, Salem, Ahmed M, Overview of alternative fuels with emphasis on the potential of liquefied natural gas as future marine fuel, Proc IMechE Part M: Engineering for the Maritime Environment (229/4) (2015) 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475090214522778.

• Energistyrelsen (Danish Energy Agency), Energistatistik 2015. Available online: https://ens.dk/service/statistik-data-noegletal-og-kort/maanedlig-og-aarlig-energistatistik

• Danmark Statistik, 2015, Table ENE1HA: 50000 Water transport / Table ENE3H: 03000 Fishing• Wisdom, Alfie, 2017, Pathways to low carbon maritime transportation in Denmark, Master Thesis, DTU Management

Engineering.• EUROSTAT, Gross weight of goods transported to/from main ports - Denmark - annual data. Available online:

http://bit.ly/2svrBif.• Mærsk, Sustainability Report 2016. Available online: https://www.maerskline.com/about/sustainability• BENGTSSON, S., ANDERSSON, K. & FRIDELL, E., A comparative life cycle assessment of marine fuels: liquefied

natural gas and three other fossil fuels. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part M, Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 225 (2011) 97-110.

• Andersson, Karin, Salazar, Carlos Marquez, Methanol as a marine fuel report, prepared for FCBI Energy for Methanol Institute, October 2015. Available online: http://www.g2xenergy.com/images/downloads/0815_MethanolMarineFuel_Report-EN-lowres.pdf

• Chryssakis, Christos , Balland, Océane, Tvete, Hans Anton, Brandsæter, Andreas, Alternative fuels for shipping, DNV GL STRATEGIC RESEARCH & INNOVATION POSITION PAPER 1-2014. Available online: https://www.dnvgl.com/publications

• Brynolf, Selma, Fridell, Erik, Andersson, Karin, Environmental assessment of marine fuels: liquefied natural gas, liquefied biogas, methanol and bio-methanol, Journal of Cleaner Production 74 (2014) 86-95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.052.

• Stenersen, Dag, Thonstad, Ole, 2017, GHG and NOx emissions from gas fuelled engines, SINTEF OC2017 F-108. Available Online: https://www.nho.no/Prosjekter-og-programmer/NOx-fondet/The-NOx-fund/News/2017/Methane-emission-from-gas-engines/. 33

Sources II

• Corbett, James J., Thomson, Heather, Winebrake, James J., 2015, Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Bunkering Operations in the Marine Sector: A Total Fuel Cycle Approach, Prepared for U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration. Available online: https://www.marad.dot.gov/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Methane-emissions-from-LNG-bunkering-20151124-final.pdf.

• Schnack, Petra, Krüger, Markus, 2015, IN FOCUS – LNG AS SHIP FUEL - Latest developments and projects in the LNG industry, DNV GL. Available online: https://www.dnvgl.com/maritime/lng/index.html.

• PÖYRY, 2016, Still a strong case for small scale LNG, PÖYRY point of view. Available online: http://www.poyry.com/sites/default/files/media/related_material/0034_pov_-_still_a_strong_case_for_small_scale_lng.pdf.

• EA Energyanalyse and Syddansk Universitet SDU, 2016, Biogas og andre VE brændstoffer til tung transport - Analyse af muligheder og udfordringer ved udfasning af fossile. Available online: https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Bioenergi/biogas_og_anden_ve_til_tung_transport.pdf.

• MAN, 2015, Using methanol fuel in the MAN B&W ME-LGI series. Copenhagen: MAN Diesel & Turbo. Available online: http://marine.man.eu/docs/librariesprovider6/technical-papers/5510-0172-00ppr_using-methanol-fuel-in-the_low.pdf?sfvrsn=18.

• Ingeniøren 2017, Dansk teknologi driver Tysklands første methanol-båd. Available online: https://ing.dk/artikel/dansk-teknologi-driver-tysklands-foerste-methanol-baad-203681.

• Sustainable Shipping Intiative, Roadmap to a Sustainable Shipping Industry by 2040. Available online: http://www.ssi2040.org/about-the-ssi/our-roadmap/#simple-roadmap.

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