Asger B. Abrahamsen, Senior Research Scientist @ DTU Wind Energy

Comparison of LCoE of Superconducting direct drive generators for a 10 MW offshore wind turbine

2LO2-06 EUCAS2017, Geneva, 17-21 September 2017

Outline Blade

INNWIND.EU Pturbine = 10-20 MW

Drotor = 178-252 m

Hwater = 50 m

• Non-contact drive train as compact as permanent magnet direct drive

• Superconducting Direct Drive generators– MgB2 medium and RBa2Cu3O7 high

temperature superconductors.

• Magnetic Pseudo Direct Drive generator– Magnetic gear + generator

• Levelized Cost of Energy comparison

Drive

train

Foundation

D. Liu & Henk Polinder, Delft University of Technology (NL)

N. Magnuson, SINTEF (N)

A. Thomas & Z. Azar, Siemens Wind Power (DK / UK)

E. Stehouwer & B. Hendriks, DNV GL (NL)

A. Penzkofer & K. Atallah, University of Sheffield (UK)

R. S. Dragan & A. Meyers, Magnomatics (UK)

F. Deng & Z. Chen, Aalborg University (DK)

D. Karwatzki & A. Mertens, University of Hannover(D)

M. Parker & S. Finney, University of Strathclyde

Asger B. Abrahamsen (asab@dtu.dk), DTU Wind Energy (DK)

Project website: www.innwind.eu

Contribution to INNWIND.EU WP3

®

Electro-mechanical conversion

Superconducting

Direct Drive

Magnetic Pseudo Direct Drive

Nacelle integration

Power electronics

Cost of Energy

Levelized Cost of Energy

Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE) of energy plant

𝐶𝑜𝐸 =𝐶

𝐸=σ𝑖=0𝐿𝑇 𝐶𝑖

σ𝑖=0𝐿𝑇 𝐸𝑖

𝐿𝐶𝑜𝐸 = ቤ𝐶

𝐸𝑡=0

=

σ𝑖=0𝐿𝑇 𝐶𝑖

11 + 𝑤 𝑖

σ𝑖=0𝐿𝑇 𝐸𝑖

11 + 𝑤 𝑖

=𝐶𝐷 + 𝐶𝑅

𝑎 ∙ 𝐸𝐴𝐸𝑃 ∙ 𝐿𝑇+

𝑂𝑖𝐸𝐴𝐸𝑃

Cost year i

Energy year i

GeneratorTurbine &

foundation

Finance

factor

Annual energy

production

Life time LT

O&M

Cost

Interest rate

INNWIND.EU D3.11

MgB2

39 K

RBCO

93 K

Superconducting Direct Drive

Fd: Shear force density

Bp: Peak magnetic Field

AS: Armature current load

SC: J ~ 100-330 A/mm2

Cu: J ~ 2-3 A/mm2

B[T] 𝐹𝑑 ~𝐵𝑝𝐴𝑆

4 €/m 100 €/m

Topology : MgB2 + Cu + Si steel + G10 ?

Iron3 €/kg

G1015 €/kg

MgB24 €/m

Cop-

Per15 €/kg

Liu et al.

IEEE TAS

2017

MgB2 tape Columbus Superconductors

T = 20 K

Race track coil

holding 5 km

constructed.Magnusson (1LPS-12)

INNWIND.EU D3.13

Future Scenarios

1) Cost ¼

2) Je 4 x Je

3) 1 + 2Jcoil

Liu et al. IEEE TAS 2017

Optimized 10 MW

• With iron:

cheap but

heavy

• No iron:

light but

expensive

• Future?

1: SC cost ¼

2: SC 4 x Je

3: Both 1 & 2

Liu et al. IEEE TAS 2017

+ 24 €/MWh ~ 68-73 €/MWh

PM

INNWIND.EU D3.11

Nacelle integration of iron topology (T11)

D = 6 m

L = 2.4 m

305 ton D = 8.4 m L = 1.3 m

m ~ 286 ton

< mPM ~ 325 ton

D = 10.8 m

287 tonINNWIND.EU D3.41

Cost and mass breakdown of 10 MW MgB2 nacelle

SC 0.7 M€

Total

4.6 M€

Gen 1.0 M€

INNWIND.EU D3.11

Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE)

Type EAEP [GWh]

PDD 50.2

MgB2 49.3 - 1.8 %

MgB2,C 48.5 - 3.4 %

RBCO 48.3 - 3.8 %

𝑳𝑪𝒐𝑬 =𝑪𝑫 + 𝑪𝑹𝒂𝑬𝑨𝑬𝑷 𝑳𝑻

+𝑶

𝑬𝑨𝑬𝑷

Type Cost [M€]

PDD 1.7

RBCO 2.1 + 24%

MgB2 2.6 + 53%

Type LCoE [%]

PDD ~ 0

RBCO ~ + 5

MgB2 ~ + 5

CR ~ 17 M€

LT = 25 years

a = 0.55

Modular cryostats of Suprapower project mapped

onto INNWIND.EU generator: 15 cold heads ~ 100 kW

INNWIND.EU D3.44

Rotor nacelle assembly (RNA) mass scaling

INNWIND.EU D3.11

• Superconducting Direct Drive

– Iron cored topology most economical now, but not light weight

– Cheaper and better MgB2 can result in other topologies.

– Cryostat and cooling more expensive than MgB2 !

– 10 MW MgB2 : D = 8.4 m L = 1.3 m m ~ 286 tons

– MgB2:Race track coil demonstrated LCoE ~ + 5 %

– RBCO: Race track coil demonstrated. LCoE ~ + 5 %

– Removes dependency of Rare Earth Elements

• Magnetic Pseudo Direct Drive

– Superior in term of efficiency and cost. LCoE ~ - 0 %

– Increased Rare Earth Elements dependency

• MgB2 scaled to 20 MW: D = 10.8 m L = 2.3 m m ~ 650 tons.

• Next focus 13-15 MW (Dong Energy no subsidy bid for offshore wind in 2024).

Conclusions

How to beat the square-cube law?

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =𝜋

8𝜌𝑣3𝐷2𝐶𝑝 ~ 𝐷2

𝑀𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 ~ 𝐷 × 𝑤 × 𝑡 ~ 𝐷3

𝑀𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏+𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 = 𝑐1𝐷3 + 𝑐2𝐷

2𝐻

P = 10 MW

D = 178 m

Linear scale (s)

10-20 MW

Mass o

r co

st

H = 50 m

Classic upscale

Innovative

upscale

Add-on of

innovative

concepts

Ref

D4.34

SC pole pair demo

Air-core stator, air-core rotor

Iron-core stator, iron-core rotor

”As high operation temperature as possible HTC”

D: 7.0 m L: 1.2 m

mactive ~ 150 tons

INNWIND.EU D3.12