competency 1: inquiry biology as a science. scientific method

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Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science

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Page 1: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Competency 1: Inquiry

Biology as a science

Page 2: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Scientific Method

Page 3: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method
Page 4: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method
Page 5: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method
Page 6: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method
Page 7: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Scientific Method

Page 8: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method
Page 9: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Observations

• Qualitative• Quantitative

Page 10: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Qualitative Observations

• Adjective which describes a quality

• Color (Red, blue)

• Texture (Smooth, rough)

• Shape (Round, square)

• Speed (Fast, slow)

• Size (Large, small)

• Distance (Near, far)

• Temperature (Hot, cold)

Page 11: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Quantitative Observations

• Numerical measurements which describe:• Color (700 nM)• Texture (50 grit sandpaper)• Shape (25 cm diameter circle)• Speed ( 75 m.p.h.)• Size (150 m)• Distance (130 miles)• Temperature (37.5 C)

Page 12: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Characteristics of Living Things

All Living things• Made up of cells• Reproduce• Contain D.N.A.• Grow & Develop• Obtain & use materials

and energy• Respond to their

environment• Maintain homeostasis

Page 13: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Levels of organization• Molecular – Atoms & molecules• Cellular – Smallest functional unit of life• Tissue – Group of cells working together to perform the same fxn• Organ – Group of tissues working togeter to perform the same fxn• Organ system – Group of organs working together to perform the

same fxn• Organism – Group of organ systems maintaining homeostasis• Population – Group (of a single species) living in the same area• Community – Populations living together• Ecosystem – Community including abiotic factors• Biosphere – Contains all ecosystems

Page 14: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Safety and Rules of the Lab

Page 15: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Safety Symbols

• Know safety symbols• They appear in your

laboratory activities• They will alert you

to possible dangers• They will remind you

to work carefully

Page 16: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Use Your Head• Exercise Caution and

Good Judgment• Follow all instructions

given by the teacher • Notify the teacher

immediately regarding any accident or unsafe areas

Page 17: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Use Your Head• Read lab instructions ahead of time • Always follow lab procedures exactly• Never do an unauthorized experiment

Page 19: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Protect YourselfEye Safety

• In case of emergency in which a chemical goes into one’s eye, use the eyewash station

• Flush in water for 15 mins. and notify the teacher

Page 21: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Protect YourselfHand Safety

• If a chemical spills on your skin, notify the teacher and rinse with water for 15 minutes

• Wash hands after every lab

• Handle glassware, sharp tools and heated containers carefully

Page 23: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Sharp Objects

• When using knifes or other sharp objects always walk with the points

 

 

• Always cut away from fingers and body

• Always carry sharp objects with points and tips facing down and away

• Never try to catch falling sharp instruments

• Grasp sharp instruments only by the handles

Page 24: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Sharp Objects

• When using knifes or other sharp objects always walk with the points

• When using knifes or other sharp objects always walk with the points

 

 

• Notify teacher if you get cut • Broken glass and sharp objects

do not go in trash cans• Teacher will clean up

broken glass

Page 25: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Electrical Safety• Only electrical plugs

are to be placed into an electrical outlet

• Unplug electrical equipment after use

• Keep all electrical cords, wires, and appliances away from water

Page 26: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Physical Safety• Handle all equipment carefully • Do not place a cord where

someone can trip over it • Push all stools in out of the

way

• Keep books picked up out of walking isles

Page 27: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Heating Safety • Tie back hair and loose

clothes when workingwith open flames

• Never look into a container as you are heating it

• Never point the end of a test tube being heated at yourself or others

• Never heat in a closed container

Page 28: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Heating Safety • Never leave a heat source unattended • Heated metal and glass looks

cool, use tongs or gloves before handling

• Do not place hot glassware directly on lab desk or in cold water

Page 29: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Chemical Safety

 

 

• Read all labels twice before removing a chemical from the container

• Only use the type and amount of chemicalinstructed to use

• Never touch, taste, or smell a chemical unless instructed by the teacher

• Never mix chemicals unless instructed to do so

Page 30: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Chemical Safety

 

 

• Transfer chemicals carefully!• Keep lids on chemical

containers when not in use• When diluting an acid, pour the

acid into water• Consider all chemicals

dangerous

Page 31: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Animal Safety• Only handle living organisms with

teacher permission • Always treat living

organisms humanely • Wash your hands

after handling animals

Page 32: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

• Respect the life of all laboratory specimen

• They gave their life for your education

Treatment of Specimen

Page 33: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Plant Safety • Do not eat any plants in lab• Wash your hands after

handling plants• Tell your teacher of any

plant allergies • Like any

organism, plants should be considered possibly harmful

Page 34: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

You Should Never…

• Enter store room unless given permission

• Take any chemicals from lab or store room

• Touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials until instructed to do so

Page 35: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

You Should Never…

• Eat or drink in the lab• Use lab glass-ware to

eat or drink out of

Page 36: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

• Engage in….– practical jokes – horse play – rough house

You Should Never…

Page 37: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

In case of an emergency…

• Know the locations of:– fire extinguisher– fire blanket– body shower– eyewash

station– first aid kit

• If you spill a harmful chemical on yourself or in your eyes, start rinsing immediately and send your partner to get teacher’s help

Page 38: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Remember to…• Stay at your work station

• Maintain a clean work area

• Read and follow all directions

• Report any spills, accidents, or injury to the teacher immediately

• Clean and put away all equipment at the end of thelab period

• Dispose of waste products according to instruction

Page 39: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method
Page 40: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Example Graphs

Page 41: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method
Page 42: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method
Page 43: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Practice Graphs

• Recall that a bar graph is useful for comparing information collected by counting. We are going to use the clothing of students in this classroom to demonstrate how to make a data table and bar graph. We will look at the shirt color of boys and girls in the room.

Page 44: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Practice Graphs

• Step 1: Gather Data• An easy way to organize

our data is to create a table. Let’s use this table to fill in our data.

ColorColor # of Boys# of Boys # of Girls# of Girls

RedRed      

BlackBlack      

GreyGrey      

BlueBlue      

WhiteWhite      

MultiMulti      

OtherOther      

Page 45: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Practice Graphs

• Step 2: Create the Graph

Independent variable (x-axis): ________

Dependent variable (y-axis): __________

• Choose two different colors to use (one to represent boys, one to represent girls).

Page 46: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Key Features of Bar Graphs

1. Title

2. Axis are labeled with units

3. Legend

• Check your graph to make sure you have these three features

Page 47: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Line Graphs

• Recall that line graphs are useful for showing trends.

• Problem:• In an experiment, you check the air temperature at

certain hours of the day. At 8 A.M., the temperature is 27 ○C; at 10 A.M., the temperature is 30 ○C; at noon, the temperature is 32 ○C; at 2 P.M., the temperature is 31○C; and at 4 P.M., the temperature is 30 ○C. Graph the results of your experiment.

Page 48: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method
Page 49: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Compound Microscope Parts & Fxn’s

• Occular – viewing eyepiece• Coarse adjustment – Rough focus• Fine adjustment – Fine focus• High power objective (400X)• Low objective (100X)• Scanning objective (40X)• Stage – holds slide up against stage clips• Stage clips – holds slide down on stage• Diaphragm – controls amount of light entering slide• Lamp – light source

Page 50: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Power of magnification • The relative enlargement of the specimen

when seen through the microscope. The power of magnification can be calculated by multiplying the power of the eye piece lens by the power of the objective lens.

Page 51: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Inversion

• The reversal of the specimen image by the microscope lenses. A specimen that appears upside down when being viewed is actually right-side up on the slide. Moving the specimen to the right causes its image to move to the left likewise, moving it down causes it to move upward.

Page 52: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Working distance

• The distance between the front of the objective and the top of the cover glass on the slide. The higher the magnification the smaller the working distance.

• DO NOT USE THE COARSE ADJUSTMENT UNDER HIGH POWER!!!

Page 53: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Resolution (Resolving Power)

• The least distance between two points or lines at which they are seen as two, rather than a single blur. The greater the numerical aperture the greater the resolution.

                               

Page 54: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Depth of focus

• The thickness of a specimen which may be seen in focus at one time. The greater the power of magnification the lesser the depth of focus.

Page 55: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Field of vision

• The surface area which can be seen when looking through the light microscope. The area decreases with increasing power of magnification.

Page 56: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Objectives

• Our microscopes have three objectives mounted on a revolving device known as a nosepiece. Engraved on the objective is its power of magnification. The longer the objective the more power of magnification.

Page 57: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Diaphragm

• A device under the stage of a microscope that can regulate the amount of light reaching a specimen. The more power of magnification the more the diaphragm is opened.

Page 58: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Power of Magnification

• Definition - The relative enlargement of the specimen when seen through the microscope.

• Calculation - The power of magnification can be calculated by multiplying the power of the eye piece lens by the power of the objective lens.

• Power of magnification = (Power of the eyepiece lens) X (Power of the objective lens)

Page 59: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Parfocal

• Once the specimen is focused on low power, you never have to use the course adjustment knob to focus on the next higher power.

Page 60: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Oil Immersion Lens

• For maximum magnification such as looking at bacteria or white blood cells. It can not be used without a drop of special oil placed between the slide and the objective.

Page 61: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Rules for Handling the Microscope

• Always carry the microscope with one hand under the base and the other grasping the arm.

• Keep both eyes open when looking through the eyepiece.

• Keep the stage clean and dry.• Do not remove parts of the microscope.• Use only lens paper when cleaning lenses.• Always begin focusing with the lowest power objective.• Always look from the side when changes lenses• After completing your work, place the microscope on

the lowest power objective.• Always return the microscope where you found it & as

you found it

Page 62: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Preparing a wet-mount slide

This is an air bubble under the microscope!!!

                                       

Page 63: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Tools Used in LAB

Page 64: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the

Study of Biology

a. test tube

b. Cork and Rubber stopper

c. test tube holder

Page 65: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

d. Test tube rackholds test

tube

Page 66: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

e. BeakerHolds and measures

liquid

Page 67: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

f. Graduated cylindersaccurately measure out volumes of liquids

Page 68: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

g. Erlenmeyer flasksallows the contents to be swirled or stirred during an experiment

Page 69: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

h. Funnel

transfers liquid from one container to another

Page 70: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

i. Stirring rodstir liquids in flasks or beakers

Page 71: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

j. Meter stick

Measures length

Page 72: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

k. Triple beam balancemeasures mass

Page 73: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

l. Thermometermeasures temperature

Page 74: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

m. Alcohol lampsource of heat

Page 75: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

n. Tripoda stand or support with three legs

Page 76: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

o. Wire gauze

support a container during heating

Page 77: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

p. Magnifying glassmagnifies small objects

Page 78: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

q. Microscopemakes an enlarged

image of a very small object

Page 79: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

r. Glass slideProvides a mounting surface for examination by microscope

Page 80: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

s. Cover slipcovers materials on a glass

slide

Page 81: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

t. Petri dishshallow dish for bacterial culture

Page 82: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology

v. Dissecting Kit

Page 83: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Dissecting Kit

1. Scalpelcuts and dissects specimen

Page 84: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Dissecting Kit2. Forceps

grasp small objects

Page 85: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Dissecting Kit

3. Probepointed object used to examine specimen

Page 86: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science. Scientific Method

Dissecting Kit4. dissecting scissors

cut specimen to be studied