Competing For Colonies

2.4

Martin Luther

Martin Luther & The Reformation

• Catholic Church is Christianity

• 1517 Luther publicly challenged Rome– Condemned sale of indulgences

• Redemption was grace of God

• Pope Leo X doesn’t want to debate– Most corrupt of Renaissance popes

• Luther excommunicated

• Salvation a gift from God– Not works

• Minimized priest role

• Rejected Pope’s exclusive authority of interpretation of scripture

• Bible over doctrine on faith matters– Translates Bible into German

• North German kingdoms protect him

• Political power grab

John Calvin

John Calvin

• Frenchmen.

• Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)– God is all knowing & all powerful– Man is corrupt by nature– predestination

• Geneva, Switzerland– State should remake society into disciplined

religious community – Model community led by ministers– Unnecessary and luxury was prohibited

• Persecuted– Huguenots (France)– Presbyterians (Scotland)– Reformed (Belgium & Holland)

Religious Rivalry in Europe

• England – 1533 King Henry VII (1509-1547) left Catholic

Church• Divorce Catherine of Aragon (Spain)• Est. Church of England

– Queen “Bloody” Mary (1553-1557) restored Catholicism

• Executed 300 protestant clergy

• Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) est. England as Protestant (compromise)– Lutheran salvation by grace– Calvinist predestination– Holy Communion in English– Hierarchy of bishops & archbishops

England

Dissenters

• Rejected compromise w/ Catholic practices

• Prefer Calvin & Knox presbyterian system

Puritans 1600

• Radical protestants• Purify church teachings & practices• Against communion as magical or

idolatrous• Service should focus on the sermon• Follow God’s “calling”• All members need to read Bible• spiritual & financial authority local

• Spain– Catherine’s brother– 1585 King Philip wants

to overthrow England– Armada defeated– England now controls

the seas

Religious Rivalries in America

• Catholics– Spain SW and SE– France NE

• Protestants– Dutch and English Atlantic coast

The Northwest Passage

• Water route to Asia through America

• 1497-1610 French & Dutch explore Canada

French in the New World

• Not settlers

• Fish & Furs

• Trappers trade w/ natives

• Forts & missionaries

• 1663 New France a Royal Colony

French Empire

• 1608 Quebec – fur trading fort

• 1643-1681 explore & claim MS River

• New France grows slowly

• Mostly men

• France doesn’t want to weaken its country

• Ice box

Explorers

• Joliet & Marquette– 1670’s gold & NW Passage– MS River all the way down to the Gulf

• LaSalle– 1682 claimed MS River to Gulf of Mexico– Louisiana– 1718 New Orleans

Western Exploration

• Trappers & missionaries

• Rocky Mountains & Rio Grande

New France

• Slow growth• Estates on St. Lawrence R. Quebec• Tenant farmers• Positive relations w/ natives

– Trappers & missionaries live w/ them– Don’t change native culture– Not a threat– Frenchmen become Indian more often than

Indians become English

1600’s Netherlands

• Dominated international trade

• Indonesia, S. Africa, Caribbean, Brazil

• Wealth, arts, science

• Freedoms– Press– Religion

• Migrants populate overseas empire– small country w/ limited resources

Dutch New Netherlands

• 1609 Henry Hudson – New York Harbor

• 1624 purchase Manhattan Isl.

• New Amsterdam

• Trade not conquer

• Purchase land

• Some fights

• 1623 ruled by West India Co.

Freedom

• Company colony

• Religious toleration

• Slaves have rights

• Women separate legal identity

• 1630’s 18 different languages

• 1629 “patroon” land system– Medieval lord– Tenant farmers

New Sweden

• 1638 Dutch merchants avoid WICo.

• Delaware

• 1655 seized by New Netherlands

• 1660’s New Netherlands doesn’t grow too much