1.0 INTRODUCTIONConstruction waste has a major impact on the environment. With the demands in implementing major infrastructure projects in Malaysia, together with many commercial building and housing development programmes, a large amount of construction waste is being produced by the construction sector. Thus, waste minimisation is an important area of concern in the implementation of the construction waste management in the construction industry of Malaysia. This study identified 12 waste minimisation factors (WMF) in implementing construction waste management in the construction industry. It also provides empirical evidence on the significant level of contribution and the level of practice among the waste minimisation factors by following the model of weighted average and minimisation and practiced index value. The results of the analysis indicate the most significant, least significant and significant factors that contribute to waste minimisation and the most practiced, least practiced and practiced waste minimisation factors in the Malaysian construction industry. The findings will assist in the formulation of appropriate policy interventions in addressing the construction waste management problem in Malaysia and indirectly improving the quality of construction in the country.Construction waste consists of unwanted material produced directly or incidentally by the construction or industries. This includes building materials such as insulation, nails, electrical wiring, and rebar, as well as waste originating from site preparation such as dredging materials, tree stumps, and rubble. Construction waste may contain lead, asbestos, or other hazardous substances.Much building waste is made up of materials such as bricks, concrete and wood damaged or unused for various reasons during construction. Observational research has shown that this can be as high as 10 to 15% of the materials that go into a building, a much higher percentage than the 2.5-5% usually assumed by quantity surveyors and the construction industry. Since considerable variability exists between construction sites, there is much opportunity for reducing this waste.Certain components of construction waste such as plasterboard are hazardous once landfilled. Plasterboard is broken down in landfill conditions releasing hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas.There is the potential to recycle many elements of construction waste. Often roll-off containers are used to transport the waste. Rubble can be crushed and reused in construction projects. Waste wood can also be recovered and recycled.Government or local authorities often make rules about how much waste should be sorted before it is hauled away to landfills or other waste treatment facilities. Some hazardous materials may not be moved, before the authorities have ascertained that safety guidelines and restrictions have been followed. Among their concerns would be the proper handling and disposal of such toxic elements as lead, asbestos or radioactive materials.2.0 OBJECTIVE To study the affordability, quality and efficiency of sustainable construction in Malaysia. To analyze the effective protection of the environment; prudent use of natural resources; social progress which recognizes the needs of everyone; and maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and employment3.0 SCOPE INVESTIGATIONThere are numerous areas that can make an application of sustainable development. They include strategies of caring earth, conservation of forest, watershed conservation, nuclear energy production and mobilization. Bio -engineering and eco-tourism are also the areas that make the application of sustainable development.The scope investigation that we focus in the construction site is the sustainability of the project management that environmentally-friendly such as Achieving sustainable construction. Sustainable construction starts with planning and design. The developers and designers roles are important. However, as sustainable construction involves prefabricated products, it would be helpful to bring in relevant suppliers and specialists early in the design stage. Implementation down the entire construction value chain is also important. The reusable of materials. Steel is an excellent reusable material. Steel can be recycled repeatedly without any degradation in terms of properties or performance in quality. Steel construction has excellent low waste credentials during all phases of the building life cycle. It generates very little waste because the products of steel production widely reused by the construction industry. Any waste generated during manufacture is recycled. There is virtually no waste from steel products on the construction site. The formwork of the column, foundation and beam also was reused five to six times before it recycled to the wood factory. Recycling of waste materials. To enhance sustainability in the construction industry, wastes can be turned into resources to reduce disposal problems such as the steel and formwork. Transportation and source of materials. The transportation schedule of work to supply the materials need manage properly to reduce the release of monoxide gasses. It also can reduce the cost of transportation used by choose the site place that close to many building sites4.0 CASE STUDY The construction industry has a major impact on the environment, both in terms of the resources it consumes and the waste it produces. The construction industry is responsible for producing a whole variety of different wastes, the amount and type of which depends on factors such as the stage of construction, type of construction work and practices on site. The construction industry has a major impact on the environment, both in terms of the resources it consumes and the waste it produces. The construction industry is responsible for producing a whole variety of different wastes, the amount and type of which depends on factors such as the stage of construction, type of construction work and practices on site.The aim of this study is to promote awareness in the small and medium house construction companies regarding environmental issues, best practice and use of recycled and reclaimed materials. A key concern was to promote on-site awareness and initiatives to minimise waste, and to this end various training tools and checklists of actions were developed. The project particular emphasised following factors of building project Site management, Design issues, Contractual matters and Partnerships between building project teams.Case study: construction waste minimisation in house construction sectorThe impact construction industry has a major impact on the environment, both in terms of the resources it consumes and the waste it produces. The construction industry is responsible for producing a whole variety of different wastes, the amount and type of which depends on factors such as the stage of construction, type of construction work and practices on site. Over 90% of non -energy minerals extracted in Great Britain are used to supply the construction industry with materials. Yet every year more than70 million tons of construction and demolition waste has been produced in worldwide.The aim of this study is to promote awareness in the small and medium house construction companies regarding environmental issues, best practice and use of recycled and reclaimed materials. A key concern was to promote on-site awareness and initiatives to minimise waste, and to this end various training tools and checklists of actions were developed. The project particular emphasised following factors of building project are Site management, Design issues, Contractual matters , Partnerships between building project teams Waste minimisation means reducing the amount and environmental impact of waste generated, which can be achieved by reducing the quantity of materials used (and therefore potential for wastage) or by reusing existing materials. In addition energy and water use reduction was included in our targets. Ideally, prevention of waste is the target, but once it has been created recycling is the method of managing the waste. Prevention of the waste means the effective use of natural resources; energy needed to manufacture new mater ails as well as reducing pollution. Study concentrated on how construction and demolition waste can be minimized on site. It also identifies the behaviour of waste production on various stages of the construction of housing. This investigation is conducted by studying more than 10 house construction sites involving timber and traditional building construction. Study also investigates the waste streams during the various stages of construction. However, there are three aim of this study to developing waste minimization initiatives Site practices could minimize waste and improve the use of waste materials ,developing best practice, a structured approach could be developed through minimize waste and improving short and long terms environmental impact and waste arising data collection ,It was also assumed that identification of waste streams and volume of waste on different stages would determine the factors, which influence the waste production.

5.0 PROJECT FLOWCHART

Lectures give the guide to start the project start The group are formed by lectures according the different state.

Meeting in group are started In the meeting we are discusses about scope work we must done

Site visit at Taman Wira Jaya In this stage we are make an appointment with project manager to see and take information about construction waste management at site construction

Make fila table Find the information and we make the fila table and choose the suitable the

Present progress report The report are present to lecture and lecture give advice if need the correction in the work we have done Prepare report The report is prepared according the information we get it. The information are come from internet, lecture and from site visit

Present report

From the site visit we get the some information that very use full for are future work. Basically the project at rural place is not really use the sustainable concept because the project is not having many costs to cover up the process. This project are expected to be finish in one year and the total area that cover in site area are 3 hectare, the contractor are responsibility to build the project are KCT TECH CONSTRUCTION SDN BHD .The total unit house are develop are 60 unit. We are meet with project manager to get information to completed the task are given. That have 60 man powers are together to successes of this project, to protecting the worker safety health the worker are supplied safety helmet and also have insurance from CIDB card to enhance safety level at construction work sites. The project is more use manually forces method and less use the machine force it is because the project is small project construction. From this site the sustainable element that used are recycle the material not used as wood and steel are send at recycle factory to make a new product also reused the formwork for example the wood from formwork are used at many times as long the material can used in perfectly . In this project the mangrove trunk are used as pile is it show that this project is not really sustain in aspect types of selection material. To saving used amount of force ,the mixer plan lorry are used to mixed the cement so, the unit of manpower can decreased and simultaneously saving the cost.

6.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Problem Statement

Disposal of public fill at public filling areas and mixed construction waste at sorting facilities or landfills has been the major approach for construction waste management. For sustainable development, we can no longer rely solely on reclamation to accept most of the inert construction waste. As such, the government is examining ways to reduce and also to promote the reuse and recycling of construction waste. Nevertheless, there will still be a substantial amount of materials that require disposal, either at public fill reception facilities or at landfills.

Construction WasteWaste is a product or material that is unwanted. Waste is also can be defined as any materials by product of human and industrial activity that has no residual value. Construction waste can be clustered into two groups namely the physical and non physical waste.

i. Physical Waste

Physical construction waste is defined as waste which arises from construction, renovation and demolition activities including land excavation or formation, civil and building construction, site clearance, demolition activities, roadwork, and building renovation

However, some defined directly to solid waste: the inert waste which comprises mainly sand, bricks, blocks, steel, concrete debris, tiles, bamboo, plastics, glass, wood, paper, vegetation and other organic materials. Another way to understand the physical waste or construction debris can be seen in construction site. This type of waste consists a complete loss of materials, due to the fact that they are irreparably damaged or simply lost. The wastage usually removed from the site to landfills.

Example of physical waste in construction project

ii. Non Physical Waste

The Non-physical waste normally occurs during the construction process. By contrast with material waste, non-physical waste are time and cost overrun for a construction projects. Similarly, researchers from Indonesia defined waste as not only associated with waste of materials but also other activities such as repair, waiting time and delays.

Besides that, the waste can be considered as any inefficiency that results in the use of equipment, materials, labor and money in the construction process. In other words, waste in construction is not only focused on the quantity of materials on-site, but also overproduction, waiting time, material handling, inventories and unnecessary movement of workers.

Example of non physical waste in construction projectFILA TABLE ANALYSISFactsIdeasLearning IssuesAction Plans

i. Frequent Design Changes More attention should be given in waste reduction during design phase. The parties always have a good communication with clients to avoid the last minutes changes. Identication and communication of responsibilities Gained input from personnel involved

Apply The Designing out Waste Tool Apply The Eastex Materials Exchange Programme Government engagement Education and training on environmental protection Main contractor support

ii. Wrong material storage Proper storage of material Store keepers have to monitor the storing. Identify storage requirements for building materials that have to store and plan a place to store them

iii. Effect of weather Good decision making and management skills. Proper planning by the management players.

iv. Poor planning Concerns about the resources before planning. Identify specific waste minimisation actions that can be implemented thoroughout the design and construction waste. The Project Manager correlated the trades represented on the program with the major waste streams, to establish which products presented an opportunity to recycle

v. Ordering errors Proper material ordering plays an important part. Avoid over-estimating and rounding-up of purchasing requirements Specify exact requirements to suppliers Buy environmentally improved & recycled content products (see EcoSpecier) Specify exact requirements to suppliers

vi. Workers' mistakes Supervisor must always monitor workers during their works at site Workers should have a good working culture and must responsible to their daily works. Hire specialist contractors to carry out work on your building project you are unable to do yourself Bear in mind that mistakes can often be costly to put right Locally based contractors may have experience of working with local or specialist building materials Local recruitment will help to engage with the community. Send worker to attend training

vii. Leftover materials on site Project manager and workers should clean up the site before leaving All worker and supervisor must take parts to imply the techniques of recycling method on site.

i. Frequent Design ChangesFactsThese problems arise because of the last minutes client changes during the construction activities. This becomes an issue due to lack of communication between contractors, designers and the clients during design work. At the design stages, the client must sit together for getting the final decision before contractor undertaking the construction projects. This is vital part after the drawing stage. Whenever changes occurs after the construction, to rebuild according to new drawings need a lot of rework and its time taking. IdeasTherefore, to overcome this problem, more attention should be given in waste reduction during design phase. The parties, who involve in any construction projects, should always have a good communication with clients to avoid the last minutes changes. There are some proposed methodology was designed to eliminate the causes frequent design changes in construction. These problems the can be solved acting through four different actions:1. Supervision: of the design process. A construction company must participate in the design process, in order to avoid the problems related with lack of construction knowledge of the designers, providing its experience in design solutions.2. Coordination: of the different specialties through a logic sequence of information transfer, avoiding incorrect assumptions, and giving a priority level for changes in order to avoid lack of coordination and to improve the design compatibility.3. Standardization: of design information, to avoid the omissions, errors and continuous changes, that affects the normal development of the projects.4. Control: of the flow of information, verifying that the requirements of previous processes are fulfilled, in order to avoid that design defects arrive to the construction site.

Frequent design changes also can cause the project abandoned

ii. Wrong material storageFactsThis problem always connected with the improper storing methods due to handling activities. For example, the wrong handlings method used for bricks during construction leads to cracks. This material is brittle and must handle with very careful. The problems always occur because of human error. Apart from this, wrong storage is also occurs because of inappropriate protection strategy. For examples, cements have to store under a shade and save place. But workers wrongly store it under bridge or at any open space. At last, the materials expose to weathers such as direct sun light and rain. Without proper protection, the materials end up as waste.Ideas Proper storage of material are very necessary for avoid the construction waste generation. Store keepers have to monitor the storing method by workers. This may reduce the damages of material at site. Besides that, a very comprehensive and good storage technique should be adopted for better protection of materials at site. Everyone including client, contractors, suppliers and the construction trades should co-operate to ensure efficient materials storage. Contractors and the project client should discuss the arrangements for materials storage and if the project is notifiable, include it in Construction phase plan. To ensure safe storage of materials on site you should ensure that:

Pedestrian routes are separated from storage areas Flammable materials are stored separately and that they are protected against accidental ignition Safe storage of materials at height is provided, with guard rails to protect people from falling when stacking or collecting the material Deliveries are planned to keep the amount of storage materials on the site to the minimum

The misplace items can cause bad things happen

iii. Effect of weatherFactsWeather becomes the most influential factors causing delays waste. Some of the site works, such as concreting and excavation works have to stop due to heavy rain and storm. This severe weather condition taking lots of time and cause delayed. For construction projects, time play an important element. Many constructions have to rescheduling their site works due to this problem. Weather or climate change is one of the factors cannot be control by human and it is natural effect. For examples, some researchers believe the weather changes cause by act of God. IdeasThus, the waste due to weather can be avoided with good decision making and management skills. Construction waste could be minimized with proper planning by the management players. In order to meet this burden, contractors should obtain certified copies of weather records from the National Climatic Data Center and/or other reputable sources to establish that the weather conditions in question were a typical and, therefore could not have been reasonably expected.

Bad weather leads to delay of time in construction projectiv. Poor planningFactsThe act of management plays an important role in contributing to waste generation. Less attention paid to workers during material handling on site causing waste. This problem occurs due to poor planning skills by the management site. The project managers need to assign a good and dedication supervisor at the site. The incompetent supervisor and project manager, lead to poor workmanships and improper material handling done by workers. Furthermore, the wrong planning methods applied by management generate to construction waste.Ideas Before planning, the management must bear in mind about the resources, such as how many workers and supervisor need for the construction projects; what type of equipment and how many tools needs for the specific works. Thus, proper planning is the key managerial function that should be used to be effective in eliminating these waste causes. All management leaders should be paying more attention towards this cause.

v. Ordering errorsFactsThe ordering errors such as over ordering and under ordering become the main issues during the ordering process. For example, the excessive of brick and concrete mixture at construction site was due to over ordering. On the other hand, if under ordering, fewer materials available at site during construction process and lead to stoppage of works. Another example, if lack of concrete premix during concreting activities, this can cause delay and need wait time for the material supply. Apart from this, sometimes poor ordering of materials does not fit in terms of quality, type and dimensions for the actual works at site. This type of mistakes happen and at last ends up as material waste.Ideas Thus, proper material ordering plays an important part and helps to reduce material losses and damage for construction projects. The best solution to these problem is clear communications in the plans, spec, and contract, so that all parties know what is expected. That should eliminate most of these misunderstandings. Make sure each subcontractors bid includes a full description of what exactly they are providing (or not providing)

Wrong order of materials contribute to construction waste

vi. Workers' mistakesFactsThe workers mistake occurs due to untrained labourers, lack of skills and poor working attitude. Such workers often make mistakes at work place. They always generated material waste such as bricks, light weight concrete, plaster and tiles. They are not adopting sustainability in construction sites and contribute to excessive waste.IdeasThe mistakes can avoid by selecting a competent worker for site works. In addition, supervisor must always monitor workers during their works at site. This can make the workers alert and do their works properly. Workers should have a good working culture and must responsible to their daily works. If these steps taken positively by the workers, the waste generating can be minimize during construction.

The construction workers must responsible on their daily works

vii. Leftover materials on siteFactsLeftover materials on site is one of the cause of construction waste and can see through naked eyed after construction. This cause of waste also classified as physical waste on site. The leftover material at site commonly as cut of steel bar, used formworks and broken bricks. This leftover scarp always occurs at the end of construction project. IdeasThe poor attitude of project manager and workers is the cause of this residual at side. They should clean up the site before leaving. The project manager should monitor and make sure to store the excessive materials in store room or ware house. They also can resell or recycle the leftover materials. This recycle method will reduce the construction waste on site and also can save our environment. The most important step for recycling of construction waste is on-site separation. Initially, this will take some extra effort and training of construction personnel. Once separation habits are established, on-site separation can be done at little or no additional cost.The initial step in a construction waste reduction strategy is good planning. Design should be based on standard sizes and materials should be ordered accurately. Additionally, using high quality materials such as engineered products reduces rejects. This approach can reduce the amount of material needing to be recycled and bolster profitability and economy for the builder and customer.

Excessive material on construction site

7.0 IMPROVEMENT AND SOLUTIONEnvironmentally friendly methods of waste management at construction site should be the primary focus of future policies and improvements rather than less sustainable methods of waste management including landfill expansion, land reclamation projects, and incinerators. the focus should be placed on methods to prevent, reduce, reuse, and recycle waste. These more sustainable methods of waste management, on which our recommendations focus, would better protect the environment from further pollution and harmBased on our research and analysis of data that we collected, we have developed three main areas for recommendations that can help improve the sustainability of the waste management at construction site.As described in the following sections, these recommendations focus on increased: a) Government engagement b) Education and training on environmental protection c) Main contractor support d) The Designing out Waste Tool for Civil Engineering (DoWT-CE)e) The Eastex Materials Exchange Programme

a) Government EngagementOur team has concluded that the following government policies would effectively increase the sustainability of waste management practices if implemented:i. Enactment of stronger policies on poor waste management ii. Incentives for recycling companies iii. Establishment of construction waste collection points

i) Enactment Stronger Policies against Poor Waste Management Due to the profit first mindset of the construction industry, outside involvement is needed to encourage and require improvements to current waste management practices. The Hong Kong government has been able to reduce other problems in the construction industry, such as worker safety as well as air and water pollution, in the past through the implementation of policies and project requirements. Similarly, the few policies that do address the management of construction waste have had limited success, such as the charging scheme, which effectively reduced the amount of construction waste being sent to landfills initially. While these policies were a good start at tackling the issues in construction, they are not nearly as substantial as those on noise, air and water pollution, and safety. In order to be as successful and effective as these existing pollution policies, more and stricter waste management policies need to be enacted. Such policies could include:

f) Punishments, such as fines or penalties, for extremely poor waste management g) Heavier landfill penalties h) Incentives for using recycled materials in projects i) Required waste management training yearly or biennially These policies must take into account the organization of the construction industry such that the benefits and punishments do not favor certain companies, such as large construction companies . These policies must also be adequately publicized and promoted to the entire construction industry, especially to small consruction company which tend to be less knowledgeable and aware of environmental requirements and practices. ii) Incentive Recycling CompaniesConstruction companies are sending too much recyclable material to landfills.From our research , we found that only high value materials,such as metals,are currently recycled,but low value materials like glass are sent to landfills due to their low or non-existent potential for profit.If the government implemented a program subsidizes recycling companies for handling these less profitable materials, far less recyclable material would be sent to the landfills. This program would not only enable, but also encourage recycling companies to accept all recyclable materials because there would be a potential for profit on all such materials, as there is in Singapore, even the low value materials. Recycling is a far more sustainable approach to waste management than landfills, and a program aimed at creating incentives for recycling companies would increase the amount of construction waste being recycled, thus decreasing the amount of material being sent to the citys landfillsii) Collectives Points Construction WasteMany company have a difficult time sorting waste as well as storing reusable materials due to lack of space, manpower, and resources, such as capital and technologies. The government already provides a few sorting facilities for construction companies, but these are few, far apart, and limited in their uses. Further waste management support is needed, to be able to increase the amount of recycling and reuse of construction waste, which would reduce the burden on landfills. Using waste recycling companies in Singapore as a guideline, Malaysia should create easily accessible central waste collection points as an extension of sorting facilities. These central collection points, whether wholly or partially operated by the government or privately owned with subsidies, would receive construction waste from companies that are physically unable to properly sort waste. The collection points would recycle and allow for the reuse of all possible materials before properly disposing of the remaining waste in existing facilities, such as public fill and landfills. This would reduce the amount of recyclable and reusable materials entering waste facilities as well as provide with the needed waste disposal assistance. Charges for the disposal of waste at the central collection points should be included into the charging scheme in order to continue to promote construction companies to reduce, reuse, and recycle materials when possible, but another layer of recycling and reuse would be added by the collection points. Although such facilities would increase sustainable waste management, significant investment by the government would be necessary for the establishment and maintenance of such facilities. The upkeep costs could be offset by stronger policies on levying taxes on waste disposal or increasing the charging schemes current cost for disposal of waste at landfills. Furthermore, if the government is able to consider investing a significant amount of money on less sustainable waste management infrastructure, such as incinerators, we believe that they may also have the necessary funds to establish and support facilities aimed at sustainably managing construction waste. By financing more environmentally friendly infrastructure, the government can avoid further environmental damage caused by current waste management practices. b) Education and Training on Environmental Protection The culture and of the construction industry is very resistant to change. The mindset does not place environmental protection as a high priority, negatively impacting efforts to sustainably manage waste in the industry. Although government policies may force or encourage construction companies to be more sustainable in their waste practices, an informed and environmentally conscious industry is more likely to conform to environmental policies and adopt sustainable practices, as well as to potentially create stricter environmental policies themselves. Our team has established the following recommendations in order to create a more environmentally-minded and knowledgeable industry: i. Increase environmental awareness in schools ii. Increase sustainability training

i) Environmental Awareness in Schools Although not directly related to the construction industry, proper education is essential to fostering future generations of environmentally knowledgeable workers. Over time, the current workers and management in the industry will be replaced by younger generations. If these new members of the industry have learned more about peoples negative impact on the environment, then they may have a completely different mindset and base knowledge of environmental protection than the current workers in the construction industry. If the workers and management in the construction industry viewed environmental protection as a priority, they would place more attention on sustainable waste management practices and other environmental issues, such as air and water pollution. This additional attention would then decrease the amount of waste being handled irresponsibly through the use of greener practices, including reduction, reuse, and recyclingTo increase environmental education in schools, we recommend that the government enact policies requiring or encouraging schools to either: include this in their science curriculum, or create classes, clubs, or groups to integrate environmental protection into their students education. Through environmental education, the mindset and culture of the construction industry, in addition to other industries, can be adjusted to value environmental protection, such as waste management, as a higher priority. Once waste management becomes a higher priority in construction projects, less waste will be produced and greener practices can be implementedii) Sustainability Training Throughout our research, we found that construction workers had insufficient environmental awareness, specifically concerning waste management. Additionally they lacked the motivation to perform sustainable practices. Without the knowledge or motivation, many sustainable practices are often overlooked in these construction projects, which can lead to more irresponsible management of construction waste. The reasoning for this is that waste management, as mentioned in our results, is a low priority in the industry, especially for small and medium enterprises. Currently, there are many training sessions and other educational resources for safety and environmental protection, but very few, if any, of these focus strictly on sustainable waste management. Not only does this further reduce the importance that construction put on waste management, but it also decreases the knowledge and skill that their workers have in practicing waste management sustainably. In order to counter this, we recommend that the government, construction trade organizations, and main contractors increase the number of training sessions and workshops on waste management as well as make them more attractive to. These educational resources need to be specifically tailored for construction company, such that they would be provided guidance concerning waste management requirements, sustainable practices, and the importance and potential benefits of sustainable waste management. These training sessions and workshops would not only increase contractor knowledge of sustainable waste management, but also encourage and motivate them to accept greener practices due to the potential benefits and importance being put on sustainable waste management.

c) Main Contractor SupportThe current organization of the construction industry and workings of contracts can also make it difficult for construction company to properly manage their waste.There is a weak contractor subcontractor relationship,as the main contractor,after having finalized the subcontractors contract,will leave the duties of the project and waste management entirely up to the subcontractor.Due to this factor,,their waste is generally not sustainably managed as it typically not required by contract.We recommend that main contractors provide the following support to subcontractori. Provide ample work space for sorting materialsii. Include stronger requirements on environmental protection

i) Ample Space for Sorting Materials The majority of construction sites in have very limited space due to how compact the city is. The nature of subcontracting causes to have an even smaller portion of this already limited space. This lack of space makes it very difficult or nearly impossible for construction company to be able to conduct complete on-site sorting of waste, or sorting in general because they do not have the resources such as storage facilities to implement off-site sorting. Without being able to appropriately sort waste, they are incapable of appropriately handling all materials that could recycled and reused, which causes many of these materials to be irresponsibly disposed of at landfills. To enable subcontractor to better sort their waste, main contractors must provide more support to their subcontractors with regards to waste management. This can be as simple as providing with ample work space dedicated to waste management, including sorting and storage of materials for reuse. Main contractors would then be providing subcontractors with the necessary resources to be able to responsibly manage waste in a sustainable manner. Through the sorting of waste, the amount of materials being recycled and reused would increase to a higher percentage, decreasing the amount of mixed waste sent to landfills.

ii) Stronger Requirements on Environmental Protection in ContractsWe found that contractor will only complete or adhere to what is required by their contracts In other words, if something is not on the contract, they will not do it. Unfortunately, as described above, proper waste management is often not included on contracts. Therefore, if proper and sustainable waste management is included as a requirement on subcontracts, then they would be liable to at least pay attention to this important issue. These requirements could be anything from: minimum percentages of total waste that must be recycled or reused to sustainability training prior to starting a project. Requiring a certain percentage of recycling and reuse of material may be too difficult to ensure completion, but similar contractual agreements, such as requiring complete sorting of waste, may be more feasible. A requirement for sustainability training is far more practical. However, this would demand more subcontractor support from the main contractor since they often do not have sufficient knowledge of available waste management resources and practices as well as project or government waste management policies

d) The Designing out Waste Tool for Civil Engineering (DoWT-CE)Provides a means by which designers can analyse the waste implications of their design decisions from an early stage in the project.The Designing out Waste Tool for Civil Engineering will help design teams to:identify opportunities to design out waste in civil engineering projects; record design solutions pursued to reduce material consumption or wastage;calculate the impact of these solutions, including savings in project costs, waste to landfill and embodied carbon; compare the relative performance of alternative scenarios; and provide an indicative waste forecast for the project Site Waste Management Plan (SWMP).

e) The Eastex Materials Exchange ProgrammeExchange Programme Materials excha nge programmes are increasingly popular and are a good way of exchanging excess, unused building materials. The Eastex Materials Exchange Programme is a free online service for those who have an excess of stock or a shortage of material.

Conclusions The construction industry desperately needs more sustainable waste management. Although infrastructure such as landfills and incinerators can help deal with excess waste, Malaysia should optimum for maximum prevention and reduction of waste and more environmentally friendly methods of waste disposal. We recommend that government enforce stronger waste management policies, such as levying heavier construction waste disposal fees at landfills, and subsidize recycling companies to increase the amount of recycling being performed. Through increased environmental education in schools and sustainability training on the job, the culture of the construction industry can be changed to view environmental protection as a higher priority than it is now, which will lead to the adoption of greener waste management practices. Additionally, the government, trade organizations, and contractors should host numerous training sessions . Finally, main contractors should include proper waste management requirements in their subcontracts. If these recommendations are addressed, responsible business practices in the construction industry will help Malaysia to reduce pollution and become a much more sustainable and livable society

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