complex adaptive landscapes principles, processes ... · complex adaptive landscapes principles,...
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Complex Adaptive Landscapes
Principles, Processes, Practices, and Philosophies
Complex Adaptive Systems
Hugh Pringle
Dean Revell
Nan Bray
Bruce Maynard
Chip Hines
Tim Steffens
Larry Rittenhouse
Richard Teague
Fred Provenza
Matt Barnes
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All things are
interconnected
interdependent in
time and space.
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Landscapes are relationships among
organisms continually engaging ever-changing
biophysical environments, all evolving from birth to death.
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The only constant in life
is change
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Einstein's Blunder
Even at largest scales of time and space, nothing is static: galaxies and solar
systems rotate and the universe is expanding.
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Locally floods,
droughts, hurricanes,
earthquakes
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Nature Behaving
Badly
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Our time on Earth is too short to see…
Continents drift
Mountains rise and fall
Oceans become desert
Climates warm and cool
Plants and herbivores coming and going
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Change isn’t the exception to the rule, it’s the
only rule…
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Societies Corporations
Species
Nothing Lasts
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Principles
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According to traditional Darwinian Theory,
species evolve when genetic mutations with
value for survival are passed on to the next generation.
Environments pose problems, organisms throw up random
solutions: organisms propose, environments dispose:
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Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene
expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the
underlying DNA sequence.
Organisms are involved in the world, which allows them to evolve in the world.
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Genes + Environments + Chance = Individuals
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Nature Abhors Sameness!
Nature fills vacuums with Individuals and
no two are alike!
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Organisms decide what’s relevant to them
in the landscapes they inhabit.
By actively participating, organisms create relationships among what they ascertain are the relevant facets of the social and biophysical
worlds they inhabit.
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Fatefully, they alter environments in ways
that make the situation less hospitable for them
and more hospitable for others.
The irony is that the environments they inhabit
are changing because of their behavior and their running in the same direction only
makes matters worse.
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As organisms “run” they initiate
downstream effects…
…that emerge days, weeks and even years later.
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Life is an ongoing series
of bifurcations in the face of varying
degrees of uncertainty.
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“Whoa! Another bad one! … I see your severed head
lying quietly in the red-stained dirt, a surprised
expression still frozen in your lifeless eyes, … Next.”
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“The picture’s pretty bleak, gentlemen ...The world’s
climates are changing, the mammals are taking over,
and we all have a brain about the size of a walnut.”
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Every species, not only humans, is in the process of
destroying its own environments by using resources that are in short supply and transforming them into a form that cannot be used again by individuals
of the species… …from death comes life
and endless transformation.
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Every act of consumption is also an act of creation.
Plants and animals create soil which creates plants and animals Plants are the givers of life Animal impacts create life
in soil and nurture plants
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Endless creativity in the universe is real, but it comes at a cost:
the price of admission is endless transformation.
The most interesting aspect is this universe
lives by consuming itself.
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Life lives on life, from stars and galaxies
to herbivores, omnivores and carnivores…
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In environments where resources are not always available, organisms even out
the effects of temporal variations by creating
“buffers for rainy days.”
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To be considerate members of communities,
we must manage the present with a view to the future so
that buffers are not prematurely exhausted.
Setting stocking rates for lean as opposed to the good years
Rotating livestock so only part of the landscape is used in any one year Not grazing in the same ways
repeatedly from year to year
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From a production perspective, this approach
will not always yield the short-term maximum productivity
of any one component of the system, for instance
the growth rate of forage or livestock.
Less-than-maximal production is a desirable trade-off if in return
we increase longer-term profitability by reducing our reliance on external inputs
whose price and availability are usually beyond our control.
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All of this highlights the importance of
managing functioning wholes rather than focusing on any
one particular facet of the system.
If we consider multiple components of systems, we are more
likely to have a situation where energy and nutrients are transformed and cycled in ways that each organism is replenished
by the end-products of another.
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We don’t understand complex adaptive systems
except in a general way. Whenever we think
we understand them, we learn we don’t.
We simply interact with them, and adjust our behavior accordingly, based on whatever
feedback we can gain.
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Even our most enlightened efforts have unintended outcomes,
because we did not know enough, or because the world
responded to our actions in ways no one expected, or
because we were unable to adapt to the changes we
helped to create. Ironically, we never admit that we were wrong in the past, and
that we are quite likely to be wrong again in the future.
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We dismiss earlier errors as bad thinking by people less
knowledgable and then confidently embark on new blunders of our own.
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Processes
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Genes Organisms
Environments
Landscapes
Animals
Plants
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Landscape Behavior
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What is native? Things never were the way they were,
and they never will be again…
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We interpret snapshots of times
past as “the way things always were and always
should be” without appreciating we are
photographing moving targets.
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…yesterday’s invasives are today’s new natives
and tomorrow’s relicts…
If we’d been here when plant species now “native” were invading,
what would we have done?
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Invasive Species
50,000 species
Rising in the U.S.
$120 billion/yr in control/damages
Few results
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Herbicide-Resistant Species
The U.S. has more herbicide-resistant species that any other country.
(International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds, Heap 2006, www.weedscience.com)
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We must learn to love them to
death with herbivores
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Resource availability (soil water, nutrients, sunlight)
influences the kinds and chemical characteristics of plants
Resource-rich areas select for high inherent growth rates and lower levels of defense.
Resource-poor areas select for low inherent growth rates and higher levels of defense.
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Herbivores Influence Resource Availability
Herbivore Impacts
Resource Availability
Plant Diversity and Chemistry
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Plant Behavior
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Sun Screen
Antioxidants Adaptive Coloration Attract Pollinators
Fruit Eaters
Allelopathy Drought Resistance
Persistence
Primary Roles for Secondary Compounds
in Plants
Recovery Injury Regrowth Grazing Defense Grazing
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The environment where a plant is growing affects concentrations of primary and secondary
compounds in real time.
amygdalin
Wet vs. Dry Sites/Years Fertile vs. Infertile Sites
Carbon- vs. Nitrogen-based Compounds Associated Plant Species Previous Herbivory
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Plant Responses to Grazing Influenced by Environmental Conditions
at the Time of Grazing
How Much (Intensity)
Phytomass
Meristem Potential
When (Time)
Resources to Regrow
Stage of Growth
How Often (Frequency)
Phytomass
Acquire Resources
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Spatially Heterogeneous Influences of Grazing
Selective Grazing
Plants and Communities
Plant Diversity and Chemistry
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Animal Behavior
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Behavior Consequences
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Organisms Environments
Genes
Individuals
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Ongoing Adaptation to
Change
Cultural Linkages
Satiety Variety
Wisdom Body
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What is Palatability?
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Wisdom Body
Primary Compounds
Flavor-Feedback
Secondary Compounds
Palatability is more than a
matter of taste.
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Flavor-feedback interactions involve
phytochemicals interacting with cells and organs in a
dynamic network of consciousness and
communication that unites nervous, endocrine, immune,
reproductive, and digestive systems in the body.
Flavor-feedback interactions involve
phytochemicals interacting with cells and organ systems
in a dynamic network that links digestive, excretory,
cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, endocrine, immune, skin, muscular, skeletal, and
reproductive systems in the body.
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These relationships, mediated by nerves,
neurotransmitters, peptides, and hormones, are the basis for the nutritional wisdom of the body manifest through
the ability to meet needs for energy, protein, amino acids,
various minerals, and to self-medicate.
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Satiety Hypothesis
Primary Compounds
Flavor-Feedback
Secondary Compounds
Why do animals eat a
variety of foods?
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Eating any food to satiety causes a
transient food aversion based on interactions among flavor, primary,
and secondary compounds.
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Soil, plants, and herbivores benefit when
herbivores roam, behaviors they do naturally when they
are not confined.
Stimulates appetite Enables individuality
Enhances nutrition and health Decreases disease and parasites
Minimizes overgrazing
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Landscapes with diverse arrays of plants
are nutrition centers and pharmacies with vast arrays of primary and secondary
compounds.
Nothing is more important for health through nutrition than...
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…eating a variety of foods and foraging in a variety of places
for herbivores…
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…exposing your body to a variety of whole foods
and trusting the wisdom of your body to select
what it needs.
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Assuming the foods on offer meet needs for
energy, protein, minerals, and other phytochemicals,
satiety leads to contentment and a lack of the cravings
that cause animals to over-ingest foods.
Food systems based on quantity rather than quality
have a destructive feedback loop built into them: the more low-quality food one eats, the more one wants to eat, in a highly profitable quest
to obtain nutrients in low concentrations.
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Landscape
Offspring
Mother
Ancestors
What does it mean for
creatures to be locally adapted to a landscape?
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Natal experiences affect food and habitat preferences in a broad range of animal taxa
including insects, fish, birds, and mammals
(Davis and Stamps, 2004).
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A Mother's Lifelong Diet Influence
in utero
mother's milk
mother as a model
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Expressed behaviors occur within the context
of ongoing adaptation in environments where
creatures are conceived, born, and live over many generations.
Cultural Inflection
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Genes influence form, function, and behavior, which in turn influences gene expression.
Neurological Morphological Physiological Behavioral
As environments change in space and time, so do bodies
within and among generations.
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We stress genetics as the mechanism of
evolution...
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...not appreciating that genes dialog continually with environments.
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Behavior-Based Adaptation
Creatures aren’t machines
Genes aren’t destiny
Animals continually adapt
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Practices
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Principles Processes
Art
Potential
Science
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Science Management
Nurture
Innovation
Understanding Engaging
BEHAVE is dedicated to integrating understanding of behavioral principles and processes with local knowledge to enhance social,
economic and environmental values of communities and landscapes.
Behavioral
Principles/Processes
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The Ax, the Cow, the Plow, and the People Managing Livestock Grazing for Biodiversity
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Rekindling our relationship with
landscapes and livestock: from fences as livestock-
sitters to shepherds as ecological doctors.
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We’ve come to rely on fences and
grazing systems to influence distribution
Continuous to rotational grazing Low to high stock densities Infrequent to frequent moves Stockmanship to move and place
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Shepherding Practices in
France Michel Meuret Fred Provenza
Slide from Yolande Jankins
Un Savoir-Faire de Bergers
Michel Meuret Editor
A Shepherd’s Know-How
Michel Meuret Fred Provenza
Editors
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Grazing Circuits Stimulate appetite/intake
Enables individuals to regulate intake of primary and secondary compounds
Maintain biodiversity
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Sheep eat spotted knapweed
best after an appetizer of native plants.
Bitterbrush as an appetizer helps the sagebrush go down.
sagebrush (terpenes) bitterbrush (tannins)
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Stockmanship Management-
Intensive Grazing
Weeds - Australia Watersheds - Namibia
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Stockmanship to move and place cattle to improve habitat for mule deer and elk at
Hardware Ranch
Winter use by mule deer Spring use by cattle
John and Jocelyn Haskell
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Bob Budd
Red Canyon Ranch Nature Conservancy
Herding
Stockmanship to change bottom
dwellers into upland aficionados
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Sagebrush-Steppe Lack of fire and spring grazing
by livestock have caused vegetation changes
Livestock as Land Rejuvenators
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Increase sage, Decrease herbs
Decrease rates of plant decomposition and nutrient cycling
Decrease in nitrogen
Increase lignin and terpenoids
Less plant and animal diversity
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Turning cattle and sheep into low-cost
rejuvenators of sagebrush-steppe
Utah, Oregon, Montana, Nevada, and Wyoming
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Timing of Grazing
Fall and winter best for herbs, sagebrush,
herbivores and ranchers.
Terpene concentrations in sagebrush lowest in
late fall and winter.
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Supplemental energy and protein
enhance intake of foods containing secondary
compounds
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Supplemental protein and energy increase intake of sagebrush
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Sheep Goats
Unsupplemented Supplemented
Inta
ke o
f S
age
bru
sh,
g
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25% use of sage
100% use of sage
In 2001 Low Stock Densities
Inadequate Supplement
In 2003 High Stock Densities
Adequate Supplement
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Sheep rejuvenate sage grouse
habitat
Michael Guttery’s Thesis
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Our Goals Integrate livestock
into the system Create locally adapted cattle
Create mosaics of habitat to meet different needs within and among species
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Develop Locally Adapted Cattle
Chuck Petersen’s Thesis
Agee Smith Cottonwood
Ranch
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From sagebrush as a costly nuisance to sagebrush as a forage resource in winter
Mat Carter Crown Cattle
Company Oregon
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Rick Danvir
Concerns: costs of feeding
1,000 elk all winter, spread of brucellosis,
chronic wasting disease, wolves…
Changing the Culture of
Welfare Elk DL & L began feeding elk in 1984
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Strategic use of “carrots and sticks”
(cattle grazing, supplementation, herding, hunting) changed food and habitat selection behaviors of elk
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Areas grazed by cattle early in
summer are attractive to elk in fall and winter due to the combination
of re-growth and mature forage.
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Stopped feeding to encourage elk not to use former feed grounds
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Used stockmanship to move and place elk in desired locations
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Provided supplemental
energy and protein enable elk to eat more sagebrush
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Used hunting to decrease elk use of areas where they were formerly fed
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Since the project was initiated in 2004, elk have been fed only
in 2005 and 2010
We fed hay only in areas we wanted elk and only on occasion
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Philosophies
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In complex adaptive systems, components change, they cope and
then capitalize, they emerge and then
disappear…
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Managing complex adaptive systems requires flexibility, and less effort attempting to control than to
understand and respond cautiously but continuously to changes as they arise.
In attempting to “manage” complex adaptive systems, we
typically long for a standard recipe to ensure we sustain the status quo, despite knowing that we are awash
with variability in physical and biological environments
largely out of our control.
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If you realize that all things change,
there is nothing you will try to hold on to. If you aren’t afraid of
dying, there is nothing you can’t achieve.
Lao-tzu, Tao Te Ching
Trying to control the future is like trying to take the master carpenter’s place.
When you handle the master carpenter’s tools, chances are that you’ll cut yourself.
Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching
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The greatest challenge in addressing any issue is crossing the divides that polarize and isolate us to address global challenges we all face as the world
changes relentlessly. The strange and wonderful
irony is that we must work together to transcend the boundaries we create to address global issues.
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“Love Your Enemies”
By opening up to other peoples, we vastly increase the diversity of
options upon which to act.
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Love is the source of creativity. When people lose the capacity to love
one another, they lose hope. When they lose hope, they lose the ability to imagine the future, and in so doing they lose faith in their power to participate in creating it. In the end,
there are but three things that matter, and the greatest of these is love.
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Life is the stage upon which the challenge to learn
to love one another plays out, no matter one’s vocation.
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The courage to love is the
courage to transcend tradition and it is the source of creativity.
For as paradoxical as it may seem, creativity comes from the unions of pairs
of opposites, from ceaselessly dying to one’s self only to be born anew.
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Joseph Campbell
We have not even to risk the adventure alone, for the heros of all time have gone before us. The
labyrinth is thoroughly known.
We have only to follow the thread of the hero path, and where we had thought to find an abomination, we shall
find a god. And where we had thought to slay another, we shall slay ourselves. Where we had thought to travel outward, we will come to the center of our own existence. And where we
had thought to be alone, we will be with all the world.
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