Understanding Complex Understanding Complex SentencesSentences

A clause : a group of related words that contains a A clause : a group of related words that contains a subject and a verbsubject and a verb CLAUSES

MAIN CLAUSE

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE NOUN CLAUSEADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Understanding Complex Understanding Complex Sentences (2)Sentences (2)

> > Adjective clause : a sub-clause functioning as an adjective Who = for people (subject)Who = for people (subject)Which = for thingsWhich = for thingsThat = for people + thingsThat = for people + thingsWhom = for people (object)Whom = for people (object)

> > Noun clause : a sub-clause functioning as a noun> > Adverb clause : a sub-clause functioning as an adverb

Analysis: Identify the following clauses.Analysis: Identify the following clauses.1.1. I don’t know I don’t know where he liveswhere he lives..2.2. I will go I will go whenever you gowhenever you go..3.3. The city The city where we livewhere we live is small. is small.4.4. Where he livesWhere he lives is not known. is not known.

Adjective clausesAdjective clauses

Problems:Problems:1. The incorrect use of Relative Pronoun (who,

whom, whose, which, that)

e.g. e.g. That is That is the womanthe woman whomwhom talked to you talked to you last night. (T/F)last night. (T/F)

The pictureThe picture at at whomwhom she was looking is she was looking is beautiful (T/F)beautiful (T/F)

Adjective clauses (2)Adjective clauses (2)

Problems:Problems:

22. . Repetition of subject or object

e.g. e.g.

Is that the book Is that the book whichwhich you bought you bought itit yesterday? (T/F)yesterday? (T/F)

The students The students whowho theythey sit in the front row sit in the front row are from Aceh. (T/F) are from Aceh. (T/F)

Adjective clauses (3)Adjective clauses (3)

Problems:Problems:

3.3. Subject verb agreement

e.g. e.g.

I have burnt all I have burnt all the papersthe papers which which isis found found in the pocket. (T/F)in the pocket. (T/F)

Adjective clauses (4)Adjective clauses (4)

Reduction of Adjective Clauses Reduction of Adjective Clauses

Subj. conj + S + to be Subj. conj + S + Subj. conj + S + to be Subj. conj + S + verb verb

(Verb + (Verb + ing)ing)

Examples (possible sentences): Examples (possible sentences): The man who is talking to me is my brother.The man who is talking to me is my brother.> The man talking to me is my brother> The man talking to me is my brotherAnyone who wants to come with us is welcome.Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome. > Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.> Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.

Adjective clauses (4)Adjective clauses (4)

Error analysis Error analysis 1.1. I apologized to the woman who her I apologized to the woman who her

coffee I spilled.coffee I spilled.2.2. Two days ago, I met some relatives Two days ago, I met some relatives

I had never met before.I had never met before.3.3. The people who lives in big cities is The people who lives in big cities is

often depressed.often depressed.4.4. A political campaign which lasting A political campaign which lasting

for months will be costly.for months will be costly.

Exercise on adjective Exercise on adjective clausesclauses

1.1. The man which answered the phone was impolite.The man which answered the phone was impolite.2.2. The person whom admire most is my grandma.The person whom admire most is my grandma.3.3. I met some people who knows my brother.I met some people who knows my brother.4.4. Life exists in every genetically coded egg and Life exists in every genetically coded egg and

sperm, most of whom are never fertilized at all. sperm, most of whom are never fertilized at all. 5.5. This is why Judge Young and the anti-abortionists This is why Judge Young and the anti-abortionists

who are asserting that life begins at conception who are asserting that life begins at conception are talking arrant nonsense.are talking arrant nonsense.

6.6. The students who waiting for their funding The students who waiting for their funding from the government were disappointed. from the government were disappointed.

Adverbial clauses (Adverbial clauses (11))A CLAUSE : a group of related words that contains a subject A CLAUSE : a group of related words that contains a subject

and a verband a verbA PHRASE : a group of related words that doesn’t contain a A PHRASE : a group of related words that doesn’t contain a

subject and a verbsubject and a verb Reduced adverbial clauses : Reduced adverbial clauses :

from a CLAUSEfrom a CLAUSE

While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.. S V

to a PHRASEto a PHRASE While walking to class, I ran into an old friend. V

Adverbial clausesAdverbial clauses (2) (2) TYPES OF ADVERBIAL CLUASESTYPES OF ADVERBIAL CLUASES

1. Adverbial clause of TIME : when, before, after, etc.2. Adverbial clause of PLACE: where, wherever3. Adverbial clause of PURPOSE: so that, in order that4. Adverbial clause of CONDITION: if, unless, etc5. Adverbial clause of CONTRAST : although, while, etc6. Adverbial clause of RESULT : so…that, such…that7. Adverbial clause of MANNER: as if, as though, as8. Adverbial clause of REASON: because, since, as

Adverbial clauses (3)Adverbial clauses (3)

Reduction of Adverb Clause Reduction of Adverb Clause

Subj. conj + S + to be Subj. conj + S Subj. conj + S + to be Subj. conj + S + verb + verb

(verb+ing)(verb+ing)

Examples: Examples: Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.

Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep.

While sitting in class, I fell asleep.

Adverbial clauses (4)Adverbial clauses (4)

The following subordinate conjunctions The following subordinate conjunctions are normally omitted when you reduce are normally omitted when you reduce the adverbial clauses.the adverbial clauses.

BECAUSE WHILE

Adverbial clauses (5)Adverbial clauses (5)Examples:Examples:

1. Because it is added with preservatives, most canned food can last longer.

Added with preservatives, most canned food can last longer.2. While Joe was driving to school yesterday, he had an accident. Driving to school yesterday, Joe had an accident.

3. If he is asked about it, he never says “yes”. If asked about it, he never says “yes”.4. Although she came late, she entered the class room. Although coming late, she entered the class room.

Adverbial clauses (6)Adverbial clauses (6) Problem :Dangling modifier: in a sentence with a modifier, in a sentence with a modifier,

the modifier must refer to the correct the modifier must refer to the correct subject, otherwise it is “dangling” (illogical)subject, otherwise it is “dangling” (illogical)

Examples:While cooking dinnerWhile cooking dinner, her finger was burnt. , her finger was burnt.

(dangling)(dangling)

Blown by the windBlown by the wind, I chase the hat. (dangling), I chase the hat. (dangling)

After reading a newspaperAfter reading a newspaper, breakfast is eaten. , breakfast is eaten. (dangling)(dangling)

Error-analysis on Adverbial Error-analysis on Adverbial clausesclauses

1.1. Even though I was sick, but I went to Even though I was sick, but I went to work.work.

2.2. I like coffee, but my friend does.I like coffee, but my friend does.

3.3. Although I like chocolate, but I can’t eat it Although I like chocolate, but I can’t eat it because I’m allergic to it.because I’m allergic to it.

4.4. The teacher went to the meeting and too The teacher went to the meeting and too of the students did two.of the students did two.

5.5. The students crowded around the bulletin The students crowded around the bulletin board. Because their graded were posted board. Because their graded were posted there.there.

Noun clauses (1)Noun clauses (1) Noun clauses can function in two ways, as a Noun clauses can function in two ways, as a

subject and as an object.subject and as an object.SomethingSomething isis not important. not important. Subject VSubject VWhat he saysWhat he says isis not important. not important. Subject VSubject V

II dodo not know not know something.something.S V ObjectS V ObjectII dodo not know not know what he is talking aboutwhat he is talking about..S V Object S V Object

Noun clauses (2)Noun clauses (2) ProblemsProblemsNoun clauses as SubjectsNoun clauses as Subjects> > The earth is roundThe earth is round isis a fact. (wrong) a fact. (wrong) Subject V VSubject V V> > That the earth is roundThat the earth is round isis a fact. (true) a fact. (true) Subject VSubject V V V

>>That the books are on saleThat the books are on sale is true. is true. Subject VSubject V

Noun clauses (3)Noun clauses (3)

● ● ProblemsProblems

Noun clause as Objects.Noun clause as Objects.HeHe askedasked me me somethingsomething.. S V ObjectS V Object

HeHe askedasked me me how much did I buy ithow much did I buy it. . objectobjectHeHe askedasked me me how much I bought ithow much I bought it. .

Noun clauses (4)Noun clauses (4) Yes/no question use if/whether Is he a student? Is he a student? I want to knowI want to know whether he is a student? whether he is a student? Wh- question use without do/did Where does he live? Where does he live? I want to knowI want to know where does he lives. where does he lives. Wh- question use with inversion. What time is it?What time is it? Do you know what time it is.Do you know what time it is. EXCEPT if question word used as a subject of the question, then EXCEPT if question word used as a subject of the question, then

NO CHANGE.NO CHANGE.

What What is in your pocket?is in your pocket? Can you tell me Can you tell me whatwhat is in your pocket? is in your pocket? How manyHow many students are absent? students are absent? Do you know Do you know how manyhow many students are absent? students are absent?

Exercises on clausesExercises on clauses1.1. Since they Since they movingmoving to East Coast, the Petersons to East Coast, the Petersons have have

not been ablenot been able to find home to find home large enoughlarge enough for their for their family.family.

2.2. LovingLoving throughout the Western world, Ballet is a throughout the Western world, Ballet is a theatrical art theatrical art that tellsthat tells story through dance story through dance accompaniedaccompanied by music. by music.

3.3. …………..for the team, he attends all the games as a fan...for the team, he attends all the games as a fan. a. He is not selected.a. He is not selected. b. Not selectingb. Not selecting c. Although is not selectedc. Although is not selected d. Although not selectingd. Although not selecting e. Although not selectede. Although not selected f. Despite not selectedf. Despite not selected g. Even though he is not selected.g. Even though he is not selected.

Exercises on clauses (2)Exercises on clauses (2)

4………squeezed, the orange in one 4………squeezed, the orange in one cup serving provides twice the cup serving provides twice the minimum daily requirement for minimum daily requirement for vitamin C.vitamin C.

a. It is freshlya. It is freshly

b. If freshlyb. If freshly

c. You freshlyc. You freshly

d. If it freshly d. If it freshly