compliments of gary larson
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Pre-Lab Lecture. Compliments of Gary Larson. Blood Vessels and Circulation. Chapter 13. Peripheral Circulation:. Systemic Circulation: Blood vessels directing blood to the body tissues Left Heart to Right Heart Pulmonary Circulation: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Compliments of Gary Larson
Pre-Lab Lecture
Blood Vessels and Circulation
Chapter 13
Peripheral Circulation:Systemic Circulation:
Blood vessels directing blood to the body tissuesLeft Heart to Right Heart
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood vessels directing blood to the lungs
for gas exchangeRight Heart to Left Heart
Functions:Carry Blood: “Duh!”Gas and Nutrient Exchange:
O2/CO2, Energy substrates, Minerals, H2O and wastes
Transport:“Special delivery”: Supply/Demand
Regulate Blood Pressure:Perfusion Homeostasis (More…)
Perfusion Homeostasis:Internal Environment: Depends
on appropriate perfusion (Blood flow)
Homeostasis: A constant balance of choices in maintaining blood pressure and distribution to demanding tissues
Important Homeostasis Key! Since Blood
transports life sustaining substances…
Appropriate Perfusion (Circulation) is the Key to Homeostasis!
Arteries:Vessels taking
blood Away From The Heart
Usually O2 and nutrient rich…”Supply” to tissues
Arteries: Structure/FunctionHigh Pressure Conduits:
Elastic Connective Tissue: Expands with systole, and recoils with diastole
Smooth Muscle: Assist in “pumping” and “directing” blood flow
Endothelium: Smooth inner surface
Veins:Vessels returning
blood Back To The Heart
Usually low in O2 – carrying wastes for removal
Veins: Structure/FunctionLow Pressure “Pools”:
Sometimes called “capacitance vessels” because they have a large resevoir (capacity) for blood
Less connective tissue and smooth muscle than arteries
Endothelium: Specialized valves assist blood flow toward heart
Check Out Those Valves! Locate the veins in
your forearm or hand
Place your index finger on a vein, then “milk” the vein toward your shoulder with your thumb…
NEXT…Leave the finger in place and observe if the
blood flows back when you remove your thumb
Remove your finger, observing what happensRepeat the experiment, only next time, milk
the vein toward your hand…now what happens?
How many valves can you locate?
CAPILLARIES:Gas ExchangeNutrient DeliveryWaste RemovalA Whole lot of
Diffusion Going On…
Capillaries: Structure/FunctionFunction: Diffusion/Osmosis!Endothelium: Single epithelial
(squamous) cell thickLumen: Just big enough to allow passage
of Red Blood CellsBlood flow affected by:
Pre-capillary sphincter/ArteriolesSurrounding tissues
Terms to Know:Vessel Layers:
Tunica Adventitia (Externa): Connective tissue surrounding vessel
Tunica Media: Elastic Connective tissue and Smooth Muscle
Tunica Intima: Basement membrane and endothelium
More Terms:Vasoconstriction: Contraction of
vascular smooth muscle to narrow the vessel lumenIncreases Vascular Resistance
Vasodilation: Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle to increase the diameter of vessel lumenDecreases Resistance
Pressure and Perfusion…Physiology of Circulation Systolic Pressure: Highest
arterial pressure following ventricular systoleMust be high enough to
adequately perfuse vital tissues (generally >100 mmHg)
Pressure and Perfusion:Diastolic Pressure: Lowest arterial
pressure during ventricular diastole The pressure in arteries when they are
fully openThe higher the pressure, the smaller
the collective arterial vessel bed Which leads us to…
Total Peripheral Resistance: (More terms)Resistance: Any impedance of
blood flow – usually by narrow or inelastic vessels
Total Peripheral Resistance: The collective sum of the entire arterial vascular bed resistance.
TPR: Effect on Perfusion
Increased Resistance (TPR):Increases the work of the heart and
ultimately heart failureCauses a greater drop in blood
pressure (perfusion) DOWNSTREAM possibly causing tissue ischemia (inadequate oxygen)
Final Terms: Conducting Vessels: Arteries that
are very elastic (low resistance) and transmit blood flow without a large drop in pressure
Resistance Vessels: Arterioles that are active in directing blood flow by selective vasoconstriction resulting in the largest drop in arterial pressure
Exercise Application:Exercise
Training increases Maximum Oxygen Consumption
VO2 Peak
Where is that happening?Oxygen Delivery:
O2 Exchange and Carrying capacity (Lungs/RBC) = Blood
Cardiac OutputDelivery: More blood flow to muscles
Oxygen Uptake: Increased a-vO2 Difference
a-vO2 Difference:The measured difference in O2
content between the arterial (delivery) and venous (removal) circulation
An indication of O2 consumption by the working tissues (more O2=more work)
VeinsArteries
O2 extractedby mitochondria
20 ml O2 15ml O2
Training Increases the a-vO2 DifferenceIncreases Cellular oxidative
capacity:More mitochondria and oxidative
enzymes Increases Working tissue mass and
the capillary network feeding it…More oxygen delivery