COMPOSITION, SOURCE AND IMPACT OF AERSOLS

IN INDIA

K.S. Patel & N. K. JaiswalSchool of Studies in Chemistry

Pt. Ravishankar Shukla UniversityRaipur CG, India

Objectives Mass distribution of aerosol i.e. PM10and PM2.5 in ambient air of Raipur,Central India Chemical characterization of PM10and PM2.5

Sources and environmental impacts of aerosol

Map of India and Location of various industrial cities around Raipur

SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF AEROSOLS

Sampler (Partisol Speciation 2300)

Raipur (Residential site), 10-meter above ground

⇓

47-mm Quartz filter 47-mm Teflon filter 47-mm Nylon filter

PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 PM10

12 hrs ( 6 am – 6 pm) 24 hrs ( 6 am – 6 am) 24 hrs ( 6 am – 6 am)

PM2.5 & PM10 mass

(120)

PM2.5 & PM10 mass

(120)

PM2.5 & PM10 mass

(120)

Analysis

Carbon analyzer PIXE IC

Carbons ,(EC, OC, CC) Trace elements ,(23) Water soluble ions ,(8)

Distribution and variations of fineand coarse aerosol particles duringJune 2005- May 2006

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400µ

g m

-3

PM 10

PM2.5

Precision for collection of PM, µg m-3

Para-meter

Quartz filter (n = 42)

Teflon filter (n = 44)

Nylon filter(n = 44)

PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 PM10

Min 22 62 27 37 9 28

Max 311 759 293 501 207 464

Mean 95 219 95 209 93 196STD, ± 64 136 62 128 53 116

Seasonal mass distribution ofPM10 carbons, June,05 – May,06

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40µ

g m

-3

CC10

OC10

EC10

Seasonal mass distribution of PM2.5 carbons, June,05 – May,06

0

5

10

15

20

25

30µ

g m

-3

CC2.5

OC2.5

EC2.5

Annual mass distribution of coarse carbons, µg m-3

Parameter

N = 42

PM10 CC10 VOC10 NVOC10 OC10 EC10 TC10

Min 62 0 0.7 1.7 2.4 1.8 8.0

Max 759 29.8 35.7 20.3 56 74.9 161

Mean 219 9.7 7.9 7.6 15.6 18.7 41.2

STD, 136 6.9 6.1 4.0 9.6 14.8 28.5

Annual mass distribution of fine carbons, µg m-3

Parameter PM2.5 CC2.5 VOC2.5 NVOC2.5 OC2.5 EC2.5 TC2.5

Min22 0 0 0.8 0.8 1.3 6.2

Max311 9.1 34.4 24.1 52.1 64.7 124

Mean95 3.8 6.1 6.6 12.7 14.5 29.9

STD,63.8 2.8 6.1 4.5 10.1 12.8 23.2

Correlation of EC2.5 with PM2.5

R² = 0.482

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 20 40 60 80

PM

, µ

g m

-3

EC, µg m-3

PM2.5

Correlation of EC10 with PM10

R² = 0.460

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 20 40 60 80

PM

, µ

g m

-3

EC, µg m-3

PM10

EC or BC, %PM2.5 14Coal 14Diesel 35Gasoline 3LPG 2Wood 12

Correlation of OC10 with PM10

R² = 0.384

R² = 0.379

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 200 400 600 800

OC

, µ

g m

-3

PM10, ug m-3

VOC10

Correlation of OC2.5 with PM2.5

R² = 0.474

R² = 0.390

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

OC

, µ

g m

-3

PM, µg m-3

VOC2.5

NVOC2.5

Comparison of BC (EC) distribution

City PM(10 or 2.5)µg/m3

TC massµg/m3

EC mass µg/m3

Hyderabad PM2.510

Mumbai PM1025.3 12.6

Dhaka PM1010.525.1

Hong Kong, China PM10 8.9 4.7

Guangzhou, China PM10 29.4 10.4

Beijing, China PM2.5 51.9±19.4 15.2±11.1

Seoul, Korea PM2.5 15.2±9.9 7.3±5.9

Raipur PM10 63.7 (winter)41.2 (annual)

28.6(winter)18.7(annual)

PM2.5 42.3(winter)30.0(annual)

20.7(winter)14.5(annual)

City PM10 PM2.5 PM2.5/PM10Delhi 422 (Nov.,02) - -

Kanpur 281(Oct.02 –Feb.03)

146 0.56

Chanai 169 (Dry) & 145 (Wet)

46 & 42 0.30 & .32

Beijing 262 (Dry) & 180(Wet)

168 & 104 0.60 & .58

Hanoi 146(Dry) & 79(Wet)

124 & 33 0.74 & .68

Manila 54 (Dry) & 55(Wet)

44 & 43 0.61 & .68

Bandung 83 (Dry) & 62 (Wet)

53 & 38 0.63 & .61

Dhaka 125 (2002-03) 47.9 0.38

Raipur 219 (annual mean)445 (Dec.)

95197

0.430.44

Seasonal distribution of PM10 elements (23)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Na

Mg Al

Si P S Cl K C

a Ti V Cr

Mn Fe Ni

Cu

Zn

As

Se Br

Sr

Zr

Pb

ng

m-3

Annual

Winter

Summer

Rainy

Autumn

Seasonal distribution of PM2.5elements

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Ti Mn Fe Cu Zn Pb

ng

m-3

Annual

Winter

Summer

Rainy

Autumn

Seasonal distribution of PM10metal oxide and sulfate

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Na

Mg

Al2

O3

SiO

2 PS

O4

2-

Cl K

Ca

O Ti V Cr

Mn

Fe

2O

3 Ni

Cu

Zn

As

Se Br

Sr

Zr

Pb

ng

m-3 Annual

Winter

Summer

Rainy

Autumn

Seasonal distributional of PM2.5metal oxide and sulfate

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Na

Mg

Al2

O3

SiO

2 PS

O4

2-

Cl K

Ca

O Ti V Cr

Mn

Fe

2O

3 Ni

Cu

Zn

As

Se Br

Sr

Zr

Pb

ng

m-3

Annual

Winter

Annual mass distribution of water soluble ions, µg m-3

Ions PM2.5 (n = 44) PM10 (n = 44)

Range Mean Range Mean

SO42- 1.65 - 18.06 6.28 1.33- 21.07 6.13

NO3- 0.55 – 9.67 2.58 0.76 –15.35 4.19

Cl- 0.86 – 9.79 3.22 1.14 – 10.22 3.69

NH4+ 0.04 – 7.23 1.56 0.07 – 4.13 0.88

Na+ 0.92 – 3.38 1.56 0.87 – 5.95 1.85

K+ 0.39 – 4.7 1.22 0.51 – 4.39 1.49

Mg2+ 0.09 – 0.79 0.23 0.16 – 1.10 0.49

Ca2+ 0.50 – 9.63 1.40 1.08 – 17.82 4.92

Possible emission sources

Siltara Industrial area of Raipur

Soot Impact on crop

School girls showing the Black carbon with deposition on ground

CONCLUSION

PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations areseveral folds higher than permissible levels of50 and 15 µg m-3. The mass distribution ofaerosol in this region is higher than otherparts of country and the globe. The industrialeffluents coming from north-east directiongreatly increased the mass concentration ofPM and carbonaceous species. The coalburning is expected to be main source for theemission of carbonaceous species in thisregion.

Acknowledgement

we are thankful to the Department ofScience and Technology, New Delhifor financial support through pojectgrant.