compost’and’farmyard’...
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Compost and Farmyard Manure
Prepara&on methods, Characteris&cs, Effects
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Rice & wheat straw, husk Saw dust, bark
Animal manure Compost Farmyard M
Industrial wastes
Compost
Municipal refuse・Garbage
Human feces
Digested sludge
Organic fertilizer
Green manure
Agricultural soils
Slurry
Organic matter Input in Agriculture
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Purpose of compos4ng… 1 1 To make manure easy for handling and transporting, by reducing dirty feeling, malodor, and stickiness. 2. To prevent soil reduction and emission of harmful gasses and the resulting inhibition in crop growth which is assumed to occur when raw material is applied to soil.
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Purpose of compos4ng...2 3. To kill pathogens and parasites for human, animals, and plants. 4. To kill the weed seeds which are mixed in feces, hays and feedstocks. 5. To decompose phenolic compounds in feedstocks such as straw and sawdust and low molecular weight organic acids in feces which are assumed to cause growth inhibition of plants.
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Significance of compos&ng
• Source of nutrients for crops. • However, the func&on of compost is not limited to the value as nutrients.
• Compost > Fer&lizer
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Significance of compos&ng
• By compos&ng, we can change the waste to resource.
• Compost can supply energy to soil biota, and s&mulate their ac&vity.
• Compost is a source of humic substances, which have physical, chemical, and physiological func&ons to crops.
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Crops, forage
Plant residue
Soil animals
Microbes
Inorganic nutrients
Soil organic matter
Animals Human
Feces CO2
Reac4ons in compos4ng
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Aerobic and anaerobic treatments of cattle feces
Carbon compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Sulfur compounds
CO2
NH3
SO4-
NO3-
Low MW fatty acids
CH4・H2
NH3
H2S, CH3SH
Malodour & harmful substances
Anaerobic Aerobic
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< 50℃2 days at
60℃Digitaria ciliaria Koeler 96 0Echinochloa spp. 72 0Cyperus spp. 56 0Chenopodiium album Linn. 26 0Percicara lapathiolia Linn. 8 0Portulaca olelacea Linn. 85 0Amaranthus lividus Linn. 68 0Acalypha australis Linn. 7 0Fatoua villosa Nakai 26 0
Germination rate of weed seeds in compost (%)
メヒシバ
ノビエ
カヤツリグサ
シロザ
オオイヌタデ
スベリヒユ
イヌビユ
エノキグサ
クワクサ
Japanese name
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Digitaria ciliaria
Cyperus spp. メヒシバ
カヤツリグサ
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Chenopodium album Linn.
Percicara lapacifolia Linn.
シロザ オオイヌタデ
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Portulaca oleracea Linn.
Amarantus lividus Linn. スベリヒユ
イヌビユ
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Acalipha australis Linn. Fatoua villosa Nakai
エノキグサ クワクサ
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Compost turning (Ultra-high temperature composting plant)
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堆肥Rの温度変化
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
切返し後日数
温度 (℃)
温度1温度2温度3外気温
切返し
切返し
切返し
3月28日
4月10日
4月17日
4月24日
切返し
5月2日
仕込み
切返し
切返し
5月9日
5月15日
切返し
5月24日 切返し
6月2日
Compost temperature from late March to June in the ultra-‐high temperature compos&ng plant
Days aIer mixing of raw material
Tempe
rature ℃
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Fig. 1. Ferm entation tem perature of cow m anure depending ondifferent m oisture contents
(Shintoku Experim ent Station of Anim al H usbandry, 1998)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 5 10 15
Days of piling
Temperature ℃
M oisture44%
M oisture64%
M oisture72%
M oisture79%
M oisture87%
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turning turning
Change in compost temperature
40
60
80
20
℃
Days after mixing 0 10 20 30 40
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Low molecular carbohydrate, amino acid
Hemicellulose, cellulose
Lignin
Decomposition rates of different constituents incompost
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Cellulose, hemicellulose
Lignin
Carbohydrates, amino acids
Humic substances
Change in organic matter constituents during composting
Microbial biomass
CO2
H2O
NH3
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Meso-fauna
Thermophilic bacteria
Actinomycetes
Fungi, mushroom (basidiomycetes)
Succession of microbial fauna during composting