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Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity Cornell Waste Management Institute http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu Jean Bonhotal

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Page 1: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity

Cornell Waste Management Institute

http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu

Jean Bonhotal

Page 2: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

The natural process of decomposition

occurs without any assistance, however

factors can be managed to accelerate

the compost process.

Page 3: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Cornell Waste Management Institute

Compost Feed Stock

•!Livestock Manures

•!Leaf and Yard Wastes

•!Food Processing Residuals

•!Sludge

•!Lake Plant Harvest

•!Industrial Wastes

•!Fish

Page 4: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Carbon Source: Surface area is

another key factor to consider.

Page 5: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will

make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures

and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen.

Materials with High Nitrogen Value

Material C:N

Humus 10:1

Food Residuals 15:1

Grass Clippings 20:1

Cow Manure 20:1

Horse Manure 25:1

Page 6: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Moisture:The process will slow

down with too much or too little

water. 40-60%

Page 7: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Microorganisms require oxygen to live.

Their "aerobic" activity forms carbon

dioxide and heat.

Page 8: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Temperature Probe

Page 9: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Organisms in Compost

Dan Dindel

Page 10: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Improving Soils with Compost

HEALTHY SOILS =

HEALTHY PLANTS =

HEALTHY FOOD AND FEED = ??

Cornell Waste Management Institute

http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu

Jean Bonhotal

Page 11: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Composting

!! Organic materials blended to provide the

nutrients that support microbial

!! activity and growth, including a balanced

supply of carbon and nitrogen (C:N ratio)

!! Sufficient oxygen to support aerobic

organisms

!! Moisture levels that uphold biological activity

without hindering aeration

!! Temperatures needed by microorganisms

that grow best in a warm environment.

Page 12: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Cornell Waste

Management Institute

Remember

Garbage input = Garbage Output

Page 13: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Cornell Waste Management Institute

Compost Methods

•! Static Pile- passively aerated

•! Forced Air

•! Turned Windrow

•! In-Vessel- contained in some way

employing mixed technologies

•! Rotating Drum

Page 14: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Considerations

!! Distance to Closest Neighbors/Houses/ Businesses

!! Population Density

!! Dust

!! Traffic/ Noise

!! Wind Direction

!! Slope

!! Wind Direction

!! Ground and Surface Water- potential flooding?

Page 15: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Onondaga County, Yard Waste

Page 16: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Leaf and Yard Waste

Page 17: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Fish Waste Composting

Page 18: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Rockland County Biosolids

Page 19: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

During Construction

Maturation

Storage

Receiving Area

Biofilter

Screening

Bioreactor

Summer 2004

Page 20: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Facility Site Plan Design by Groupe Conporec, Inc. and S&W Services, Inc.

!! Centralized separation of organic wastes.

!! Fully enclosed tip floor and process buildings.

!! Odor control.

!! Aerated indoor product storage.

!! Multiple material quality control.

!! Process and stormwater controls – No SPDES.

Page 21: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Jean Bonhotal

Cornell Waste Management Institute

http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu

Energy in Ag and Organic Residuals

Page 22: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Capturing Heat & Gas From Organics

•!Digesters- On-farm and Off

•!Chip Burners -Producing Energy

•!Compost Heat Recovery

•!Bio-Diesel

Page 23: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Endless Feedstock

That might have Energy Potential

Wood Chips

Used Animal Bedding

Food Processing Waste

Spoiled Feed

Recalled Organics

Bio-Diesel Residual

Digested Solids

Page 24: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Feedstock Continued

Food Prep

Trimmings & Spoilage

Produce

Pressings & Pummace

Butcher Waste

Whole Animals

Dairy Processing

Residuals

Sludges

Page 25: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

How Do We Determine the Best

Uses for Residuals?

Use Our “Waste” as the

Resource It Is!

Page 26: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

4.6 million tons of

garbage has

produced nearly

3 billion kilowatt-

hours of

electricity

Waste-to-Energy

In 1987, waste-to-energy facilities accounted for 64 percent of

all dioxin .

Page 27: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Landfills

Digester ?

Methane Recovery

Page 28: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Digester, Liquid Storage Tanks

Page 29: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Digester

Page 30: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Parallel Digesters

Solids---

What Now?

Page 31: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

•! Manure Solids or

DMS

•! Supply Crop

Nutrients

•! Further Stabilize

Page 32: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Billions of Tons of Carbon

Page 33: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Composting Bedded Pack

Page 34: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Research on

Air Flow ,

Moisture &

Gas Generation

Page 35: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Cornell Waste Management Institute

Compost Heat

!! Temperature 104-170 degrees F

Page 36: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Heat Transfer

Page 37: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Simple Aeration System

Sunset View Acres

Page 38: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Adding Manure Bank

Diamond Hill Custom Heifers 4-5 million BTU/day

Page 39: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen
Page 40: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Fan- Only Moving Part in System

Page 41: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen
Page 42: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Isobars- Allow for heat Exchange

Filled with Freon

Stainless Steel Tubes within an Insulated Pipe

Page 43: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Spreading Compost Product

Page 44: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

System Yield

- Compost Product for Sale or Use

- 1,464,000,000 Btu/4 months of winter

- 366,000,000 Btu/2 months of fall/spring

Page 45: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

How is Energy Used

•!Hot water for Cleaning

•!Run Through Pipes to heat

Floors

•!Converted to Electricity

•!Heat Greenhouses

Page 46: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Waste Products

Delmonte

Breyers

Stonyfield

Waste onions

Tabacco Trimmings

Manure

Pummace

Pressings

Sludges

Yard Waste, Woodchips

Cotton, Wool

Page 47: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Waste Exchange

Craig’s List

Amazon

E-Bay

Market Maker

One Entities Trash is Another

Entites Resource

Page 48: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen
Page 49: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

Circular Pod-Shaped Tea House is

Heated by Compost

Diane Pham, 02/11/10

Page 50: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

This heated air is

in turn emitted

through a central

vent that releases

into the

structure’s

interior.

Page 51: Composting : Product, Tool, Opportunity...The optimum C:N ratio is about 30 to 1. This will make fast, hot compost. Grass, animal manures and fresh green plants are high in nitrogen

http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu Cornell Waste Management Institute


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