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Page 1: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?
Page 2: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Correct bad optics with additional optics --- Hubble telescope, eyeglasses, etc.

Correct or minimize aberations:

Magnify objects but place the image at infinity where it is easy to view by the eye: telescopes, microscopesy p , p

Many other reasons!

Page 3: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Compound lenses --- Example: telescope

Image of first lens acts like object for second lens.Use thin lens formula twice.

Page 4: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Camera Lens

Page 5: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Camera Lenses

1. Adjust the ‘focus’ of the camera by moving both lenses in unison so that the image plane is at the same place as the film.

2. Zoom lenses: Change the focal length of the lens combination by changing the relative distance between lensesrelative distance between lenses

3. Control time integrated intensity of light on film (called exposure) via Lens diameter, shutter speed, and f-stop (aperture, or iris) --- note that there are depth of field considerations as well.

Page 6: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Camera Lenses

Page 7: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Cameras – Intensity and exposure

Page 8: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Cameras – Intensity and exposure

Page 9: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Cameras – Depth of Field

Page 10: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Cameras – Depth of Field

DOF: short focal lengths (strong lenses) have small DOF that islenses) have small DOF --- that is, small displacements in the screen will cause the image to quickly move out of focus.

Long focal lengths (weak lenses) have large DOF --- that is, small displacements in the screen willdisplacements in the screen will cause the image to slowly move out of focus. Objects near the object plane will therefore appear (aproximately) in focus

Smaller apertures result in larger DOF with constant FL For instanceDOF with constant FL. For instance, a pinhole camera has an infinite DOF (all objects are “in focus”!).

Page 11: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Cameras – Depth of Field

Page 12: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Human Vision – optical discussion

Indices of refraction of aqueous and vitreous humors are 1.34.Index of refraction of the lens is about 1.44.

Eye focuses by changing shape of lensEye focuses by changing shape of lens.

Near point and Far point: Normal eye can only focus on objects at 25 cm (NP) out to infinity (FP)

Accomodation – eye requires ciliary muscle activation to focus on objects closer than infinity

Page 13: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Human Vision – optical discussion

Page 14: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Farsighted people can see faraway objects, but not near objects. Hyperopia –eyeball too short. Requires a converging lens to correct

nearsighted people can see near objects, but not objects far away.Myopia – eyeball too long. Requires a divergin lens to correctlens to correct divergin lens to correct

Page 15: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Power of lens, P = 1/f

P measured in units of D (diopter) defined as 1 D = 1/m

+D means converging lens, and –D means diverging lens

Problems: Goal is to find the lens that takes objects that a person can not see andProblems: Goal is to find the lens that takes objects that a person can not see and make an image a person can see

Page 16: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Angular magnification

Page 17: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Angular magnification w.r.t. NP

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NA of microscope objective

Page 22: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Telescope

Page 23: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Diffraction from Lens

Page 24: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?

Diffraction from aperture – Recall single slit pattern

Page 25: Compound lenses --- what’s the purpose?
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Spatial resolution of microscope (same as lens!)


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