compoundin g morphology definition morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal...
TRANSCRIPT
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Compounding
Morphology
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Definition
Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
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Morpheme:
It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
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Types of morphemes:
Free morphemes:
Free morphemes are the morphemes which are free in the sense that they are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.
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Bound morphemes:
Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently , but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
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Word Formation
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Compounding, Blending, Backformation, Shortening
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Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound
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A. According to orthographic criterion, compounds are written in three ways:
1) solid, such as bedtime
2)hyphenated, such as above-mentioned
3) open, such as reading material
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Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element.
`old /friends
`new /friends
`pure /scientists
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Semantically, compounds can often be identified as “ having a meaning which may be related to but can not simply be inferred from the meaning of its parts.
A darkroom is not just a room that is dark, rather a room used for photographic processing.
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1.
Noun Compounds
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In politics:
a hot line: a telephone line for swift communication in emergencies between Moscow and Washington.
(热线 )
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hard-liner: a person following an
uncompromising or extreme policy
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In economics:
unit pricing: the pricing of a commodity expressed per unit of weight, volume,etc. ( 单价与兑价分标法 )
siege economics: extremely strict economical measures (极其严格的节约措施 )
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In military fields:
cruise missile: a low-flying subsonic guided missile ( 巡航导弹 )
laser bomb: bomb guided by laser 激光导弹
fox-bat (狐蝠式战斗机 )
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In science and technology:
black hole: a hypothetical celestial region formed from a collapsed star. (黑洞 )
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biological clock: inherent mechanism that regulates cyclic physiological process in a living organism.(生物钟 )
strobe light: higher intensity flashing light频闪放电管
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In social life:
identity crisis: a state of psychological confusion in one's personality.个性危机
group therapy: the treatment of a group of patients in regular sessions where problems are shared in group discussion:
小组疗法
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encounter group: a group of people who meet to develop understanding of others by honest exchange of feelings, opinions, etc.交朋友小组
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shield law: a law that pretexts journalists from forced disclosure of confidential news sources.新闻来源保障法
answering service: a commercial service that answers telephone calls for its clients.营利性的代客接听电话的服务处
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demand scheduling: flight scheduling on the part an airline according to the specific demand of a passenger.按乘客要求安排航空旅行日程 .
silence vow: a vow to keep silence about something secret保守秘密誓词
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heartbeat: The heart beats. revolving door: the door that revolves
The analysis of the noun compound structures:
1. subject + predicate:
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2. predicate + object: pickpocket: to pick the pocket housekeeping: to keep the house
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3. Verb + adverbial:
There are five kinds in this type:
a) a prepositional phrase used as an adverbial
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(a)The adverbial relation of place:
diving board: diving from the board
living room: live in a room
waiting room: wait in a room
(b)The instrumental relation of an adverbial:
sewing machine: sew with a machine
walking stick: walk with a machine
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4. subject + object:
steamboat: The steam powers the boat.
honey bee: The bee produces honey
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5. appositive:
a peasant girl: a girl who is a peasant
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a: an off-the-cuff opinion 临时想起的意见b: round-the-clock discussion 连续 24 小时的讨论会c: on-the-spot observation
2. Compound Adjectives:
1) the compound adjectives coming from adverbials:
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d: the ahead-of-schedule general election 提前举行的大选e: an off-camera announcer 影屏外的播音员f: the first on-scene attempt to detect life on Mars 实景考察
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a: a back-up generator 备用发电机b: a stand-up collar 竖领c: a walk-in closet 人可以走进去的大壁橱d: a see-through shirt 透明的衬衫
2) the compound adjectives coming from the phrasal verbs:
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3) the compound adjectives coming from infinitive phrases:
a: take-home payb: a cross-border raidc: a keep-fit class (保健班)
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a: an easy-to-paint portrait
b: a difficult-to-operate machine
c: hard-to-get-at volumes
4) compound adjectives coming from the compressed attributive clauses:
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d: a can't-be-put-down book
e: a never-to-be-forgotten event
f: his higher-than-average wages
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The women have outgrown the jumping-onto-the-chair-at -the-sight-of -a-mouse era.
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1) The common way to form a �compound verb is by means of back -formation. The back-formation is a process of word formation by which a word is �created by dropping the supposed or imagined affixes:
3: Compound Verbs:
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d: air-condition: from air-conditioning
a: mass-produce: from mass production
b: window-dress: from window-dressing 布置橱窗
c: proof-read: from proof-reader
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e: edit: from editor
f: automate; automation
g: gloom: from goomy
h: greed: from greedy
I: to window-shop: from window-shopping: look at displays of goods in store windows without entering the stores to buy anything.
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j: baby-sit: from baby-sitting: care for children, usually during a short absence of the parents.
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2) A compound verb can also be formed by means of analogy:
a: chain-drink: from chain-smoke
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b: bottle-feed: feed from a bottle. from breast-feed: � �feed from a �mother's breast
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From the stylistic point of view:
1. usu. used as colloquialisms:
e.g. a: Don't nit-pick with me. ( find fault with me )
b: He sweet-talked her into not being so sore. ( coax by flattery )
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2. usu. used in news reports:
e.g. After leaving Washington he job-hopped, serving briefly as operating vice-president of the bank.
(job-hop: change jobs frequently)
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hand-wash: to wash by hand
cold rinse: to rinse in the cold water
3. in advertisements:
warm iron: to iron with moderate heat
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Line dry (一晾就干)
drip-dry (滴干;易快速晾干)
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e.g. Leave all that out and remember only that Hugh Hefiner is a man who chain-drinks Pepsis.
From the viewpoint of communicative function and communicative value:
1) humorous:
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2) terse:
a: Cans are flash-cooked for six seconds rather than sterilised for 60 �minutes. ( flash-cook: to cook by a very short exposure to intense heat )
b: So far I have press-shown 18 films. ( press-show: show to the press before public presentation )
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e.g. He announced a series of surprise summit meetings that will have him jet-hopping from island to island.
( jet-hop: travel from place to place by jetcraft )
3) vivid and impressive
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Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending:
Blending
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botel: boat + hotel 汽艇游客旅馆smaze: smoke + haze 烟霾advertistics: advertising + statistics 广告统计学
1. The first part of the first word + the last part of the second word:
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autocide: automobile + suicide 撞车自杀altiport: altitude + airport 高山短距起落机场ballute: balloon + parachute 减速汽球chunnel: channel + tunnel 海峡隧道lunacast: lunar + telecast 登月电视广播
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carbecue: car + barbecue 一种用火烤法处理废弃车辆 的熔车装置jazzotheque: jazz + discotheque 爵士音乐夜总会lunarnaut: lunar + astronaut 登月宇宙航行员
2. the whole part of the first word + last part of the second word:
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Nixonomics: Nixon + economics 尼克松的经济政策
workfare : work + welfare 工作福利
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helipad: helicopter + pad 直升飞机升降场medicaid: medical + aid 美国的医疗补助方案medicare: medical + care 医疗照顾方案
3. the whole form of the second word + the first part of the first word:
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Eurasian: Europe + Asian 欧亚混血儿
motown: motor + town 汽车城
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psywar: psychological + warfare 心里战Amerind: American + Indian 美洲印第安人memcon: memorandum + conversation 谈话记录
4. the first part of the first word + the first part of the second word:
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sitcom: situation + comedy 情景喜剧comint: communications + intelligence 通讯情报humint: human + intelligence 间谍情报comsat: communications + satellite 通讯卫星
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The words formed in this way are often regarded as nonce words. However , some words have been accepted into standard English such as brunch, smog, motel.�
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It seems in scientific fields, this � �process of word formation is especially useful in lexicalizing a � �scientific concept:
telex: teleprinter + exchange 用户直通电报
pulsar: pulse + quasar 脉冲星
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skylab: sky + laboratory 空中实验室
biorhythm: biological + rhythm 生理节奏
mascon: mass + concentration 质量密集
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Some of the blends are especially effective in certain contexts:
e.g A longtime Nixon backer, he assumes a dawk stance on the problem. dawk: dove + hawk介乎鸽派和鹰派之间的中间人物
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e.g. The whole area have been turned into one huge autopia.
autopia: auto + utopia
轿车适宜行驶的地区
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Backformation
Backformation is a process of word formation by which a word is formed by deleting the supposed affixes:
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1. From nounsa: peddle: from peddlerb: burgle: from burglarc: beg: from beggard: orate: from orator
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e: auth: from authorf: emote: from emotiong: caretake: from caretakerh: free-associate: from free-associationi: enthuse: from enthusiasm
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2. From adjectives
a: peeve: from peevishb: gloom: from gloomyc: frivol: from frivolousd: cose or coze: from cosy
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e: laze: from lazy f: greed: from greedy
g: grue: from gruesome
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3. By dropping the supposed prefix
a: flappable: from unflappable 易惊慌的b: ept: from inept
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Shortening ( Abbreviation )
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1. Clipped words
1) to clip the front part of a word
a: phone: from telephone
b: varsity: from university
c: chute: from parachute
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2) to clip the back part of a word
a: ad: advertisement
b: exam: examination
c: mod: modern
d: pro: professional
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e: demo: demonstration
f: exp.: exposition
g: memo: memorandum
h: lib: liberation
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3) to clip both the front and the back parts of a word
a: flu: influenzab: Tec: detectivec: fridge: refrigerator
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4 ) Phrase clippings:
pub: public house
pop-singer: popular song singer
lube: lubricating oil
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Initialises:
Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters:
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C.O.D: cash on delivery
EEC: European Economic Community
FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation
e.g.: exempli gratia: for example
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Acronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:
Acronyms:
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OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks