A COMPREHENSIVE ONTHE QURAN:COMPRISING SALE'S TRANSLATIONANDPRELIMINARY DISOOURSE,WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES AND EMENDATIONS.TOGETHER WI'!'fI'i!l Qt'ompr,te lEtti)ex to t!J, \lex!, '!.!)r,lfmftmrrr 13isooutlle,ani) By THE REV. E M. WKERRY; M.A..VOL. IV.LONDON: .T RUB N E R & 00., L U D G A. T E H I Lt.1886.[All 'ri!]ltts 'f'cscncrJ.1CIIAI'.OONTENTS.l'J.Gl!I HANSON AND Co.EDINBURGH AND LONJ:)ONXLL-ENTITLED SUUT AL FUSSILAT (EXPI.ANATION). IXLII.-ENTITI.ED SURAT AI. SHORf (CONSUI.TATION)IIXLIII.-ENTITI.ED SURAT AI. (THE ORNA,MENTS OF GOLD) .20XLIV.-ENTrrLED SURAT AL DU:pIAN (SMOKE) 3'XLV.-ENTITLED SURAT AL Ji.sfUH (KNEEUtNG) 37XLVI.-ENTITLED SURAT AL AHQAF (THE S.... "mmLI.) 42XLVII.-ENTITLED SORAT l\[UHMmAD SfXLVIII.-ENTlTUED StmAT AL FATAH (VICW:'Y) 58XLIX.-El!lTITLED SURAT AL RUJRAT (THE INNERAPARTMEl!lTS) 68L.-ENTITLED SOUT AL QAE' (Q.) 73LT.-ENTITLED SURAT AL Z..t\.ItIYAT DISPER.SINO) 79LIl.-ENTITI.ED SURAT AI, TUR (THE lIOUNTAIN) 84LIll.-ENTITLED AL NUll (THE STAR) 89LIV.-ENT!TLED SURAT AI, QAMR (THE MOON) '. 95LV.-ENTITI.ED SURAT AI, RAH>lAN (THE 11ERCIFUL) 102LVI.-ENTITI.ED SUUT AI, WAQfA (THE INEVlTillLlil) 108LVII.-ENTITI.ED SUUT A.L RADfD (IRON) !ISLVlII.-ENTITLED SURAT AL MUJAnALAH (SHE 'WHODISPUTED) 122LIX.-ENTITLED SURAT A.L HASER (THE EMIGEA-TION) 128CONTENTS. CONTENTS. viiCEAr. LX.-ENTITLED SURAT AI, MU>1TARWA. (SilE WHOIS TImm) . 134-LXI.-ENTITI,ED SURAT AI, SAP (BATTLE-ARRAY). 140LXll.-ENTlTLED SURAT AI, J miA. (TJIE AssEMELY) 144LXIII.-ENTITLED SURAT AL MUNAFIQ6N (THm HyPOCRITES) 14-7LXIV.-ENTITLED SURA.T AI, TAGll""'UN (MuTUALDECEIT) 'SOLXV.-ENTITLED SURAT AI, TALAQ (DIVORCE) 154-LXVI.-ENTITLED SURAT AI, TAHRur (PROHIBITION) 158LXVII.-ENTITLED SURAT AI, MULK (THE KINGDOM) 164-LXVIII.-ENTITLED Sur>AT AJ:, QAMM (TnE PBN) 168LXIX.-ENTITJ:,ED SURAT AJ:, IIAQQAT (THE INFAJ:,J:,IBLE) 174LX:lC.-ENTlTLED SURAT AL MA.AmJ (TnE STEPS) _ 178LXXL-ENTITJ:,ED SURAT NOH (NoAn) 182LXXII.-ENTITIJID SURAT AL JmN (TnE GENU) 186LXXIII.-ENTITJ:,ED SURA.T AI, lI!UZZAM'fJL (WRAPPED LXXIV.-ENTITLED SURAT AI, MUDDASSIR (THEOOVERED) 194-LXXV.-ENTITJ:,ED SURAT AI, QiybrAT (THE RESURRECTfON) 199LXXVI.-ENTITLEP SURAT AJ:, INSAN (MAN) 203LXXVII.-ENTITJ:,ED SOllAT AI, MURSA.LAT (THE lIfES-SENGERS) 207LXXVIII.-ENTITLED SURAT AI, NABA (THE NEWS) 2IlLXXIX.-ENTITLED SUR.AT AL NAZIAT (THOSE WHOTEAR FORTIl) 214-LXXX.-ENTITLED SURA.T AI, AEl..S (HE FROWNED). 218LXXXI.-ENTITLED SURAT AJ:, TAKWiR (THE FOmINGUp) 221LXXXII.-ENTITJ:,ED SUllAT AL INFITAR (THE OLEAV.ING IN SUNDER) . 224CllAP. PAOELXXXIn.-ENTrrLED SURAT AJ:, TATFiF (THOSE WHOGIVE SHORT MEASURE) 226LXXXIV.-ENTl'fJ:,ED SURAT AL INSHlQAQ (THB REND--TIm IN SUNDER) 230LXXXV.-ENTlTLBD SURAT AL Bum]J (THE CEWSTlALSIGNS) 232LXXXVL-ENTITLBD SURA.T AJ:, TARIQ (THE STARwIllcn ApPEARED IlY NIGHT) 235LXXXVIL-ENTITJ:,ED SmuT AJ:, ALf>. (Tm: MO"T HIGIl) 237LXXXVIII.-ENTITLED SURAT AL GHASIIIYA (Tm: OVER'WHEJ:,'"NG) . 239LXXXIX.-EKTITLED SURA.T AI, FAJR (TnE DAYBREAK) 24-2XO.-ENTITJ:,ED SURAT AL BAJ:,AD (TllE TERRI-TORY) 24-6XOI.-ENTlTJ:,ED SURAT AI, SII.AMS (THE SIrN) 249XOIL-ENTITLED SURAT AI, LAIL (THE NIGllT) 251XCIIL-ENTITLED SURAT AL ZuH!>. ('I'm, BRIGHTNESS)' 253XCIV.-ENTITI;F.D SURAT AL INSnrRA-II (RAVID WENOT OPENED!) 255XOV.-ENTITUD SURAT AJ:, TiN (TEB FIG) 257XOVI.-EJ'TITLED SURAT AL ALAQ (THE OOKGE.!.LED])won) 259XOVIL-ENTITLED SURAT AI, QADR (NIGHT OF POWER) 263XOVIII. -ENTITLED SURAT AL BAIYANA (TIlE En-DEl'CE).265XorX.-ENTITLED SURAT AL ZJLz!>.J:, (TuE E.'RTHQUAKE) 268O.-ENTITLED SURAT AJ:, 1l:DIy.J.T (THE WAR-HORSES WHICH RUN SWIFTLY) 270OI.-ENTIuED SURAT AJ:, QARIA (TnE STRIKING) 272OIL-ENTITLED SURAT AL TAtiSUR (TIlE E;lULOUSDEsmB OF MULTIPLYING) 274OIII.-ENTITJ:,ED SURAT AJ:, ASAR (Tm: AFTERNOON) OIV.-ENTITLED SURAT AI, IIA1lZA (THB 277CHAPTER XLI.ENTITLED SURAT AL FUSSILAT (EXPLANATION).Revealed at Makk(ilb.v CONTENTS.cnA.I>. PAGll:aV.-ENTITLED SURAT AL FiL (THE ELEPHANT) 279aVL-ENTITLED SURAT AI, QURAISR (THE QUMISH) 282eVIL-ENTITLED SURAT AI, lIfA6N (NECESSARIES) 284OVIII.-ENTITLED SURAT AI, KAUTIIAR (ABUNDANCE) 286CIX.-ENTITI,ED SURAT AI, KAFIRUN (THE UNBE-LIEVEP$) 288OX.-E"'TITLED SURAT AI, NASR (ASSISTANCE) 2.r that; in reluling fhe events prior to the lIijra, this -miter payslittle attention to exact chronological order, we cannot infer that thisattempt was really made at that time; moreover, nothing certain. isknown as to the time of Hamza's conversion. It therefore followsthat nothing certain can be lea-rncd from tradition as to the date ofthis cbapter.Having regard, however, to the style and contents of the chapter,we may fix the date approximately n, about n.H. 8, a time whenthere was olTered to the Muslims a sturdy opposition at Mallah, bntas yet withont violence to the person of the Prophet 01' his followel's.[INTROD.434445464747,4849"'5152-54VERSES[CHAP, XLI.( 3 )(I) H. N. See Prelim. Disc., pp. 100-102.(2, 3) Sce notes on chap. xi. 2 and 3.Arabic Qunzn. This is said in order to prove to the Arabs tha.t:Muhammad is their Prophet and his Qurnll the Word of God. Seechap. xiv. 4. Observe the wide sense in 'which the word Quran ishere used.(6) Alms. See notes on c1mp. ii. 42, 2Ig, and ix. 60.God'. works testify to himself as alone wortby of worshipUnbelievers shall not escape in the resUl'rectioll .The Qurnn a revelation of GodThe infidels oil'er no new objections to MnJ",mmad and theQurnnWIlY the Qurnn was revealed in the Arabic In.ngun.geThe books of Moses at firs' rejected by hie peopleGod rewardeth accol'ding to worksThe hour of the jndgment known only'to GoelThe false gods will deser' their worshippers in the judgmentThe perfidy of hypocrite.Rejccters of God's Word exposed to awful punishmentINTROD.}II (1) H. M. This is a revelation from the most Merci- SUloS.ful; (2) a book the verses whereof are distinctly explained, Rnan Arabic Quran, for tke instritetion oj people who under-stand; (3) bearing good tidings and denouncing threats;but the greater part of them turn aside, and hearken notthereto. (4) And they say, Our hearts are veiled from thedoctrine to which thou invitest us; and thf;1'e ,is a deafnessin our ears, and a curtain between us and thee: where-fore act thou CIoS thou shalt thin!, fit; for we shall actaccording to our man sentiments. (5) Say, Vcrily I amonly a man like you. It is revealed unto me that yourGOD is one GOD: wherefore dil'ect your way'straight untohim; and ask pardon of him jor whcd is past. And woebe to the idolaters; (6) who give not the appointed alms,and believe not in the life to come! (7) But as to thosewho believe and work righteousness, they shall receive aneverlasting reward.IN THE NAME OF THE MOST ,\IEIWIFUL GOD.VERSES18-2223,2425-281-33,456,78-1112-16172930-323334,3536( 2 )The Quran declared to be given by inspirationThe people generally rejec, itMul",mmad only a man, yet a prophet.Tlw woe of 'he wicked aud the blcssedneS8 of the rigbteousGod's po,rer manifested in the creation of e..'l.rth and hea.venThe Qumish are threateued with the fate of Ad and Tham"clBelievers. among the Aclites ThmnUdites were savedIII the judgment the unbelievers shall be condemned bythe members of their OWJl bodies .The fate of the genii to befall the infidelsUnbelievers counsel blaspbemous levity-their pnnishmentFalse teachers to be trodden under foot by their own fol-lo\vers in hell'rho glorions rewn.rl1s of the faithful consistent Muslim commendedEvil to be turned away by good .God the refuge of the Prophet against Satan's suggestionsCHAP. XLI.]CHAP. XL!.] ( 4 ) [SIPARA XXIV. SIPARA XXIV.] ( 5 ) [CHAP. XLI.Ri26 II (8) Say, Do ye indeed disbelieve in him who createdthe earth in two days; and do ye set up eqnals nnto him?He is the LORD of all creatures. (9) And he placed in theeaJth mountains firmly rooted, "ising above the same: andhe blessed it; and provided therein the food of the creatu?'esdesigned to be the inhabitants thereof, in fonr days; equally,for those who ask (10) Then he set his mind to the crea-tion of heaven, and it was smoke; ap.d he said unto it,and to the earth, Come, either obediently, or against yourwiII. They answered, 'We come, obedient to thy command:(11) And he formed them into seven heavens, in two days;and revealed unto every heaven its office. And we adornedthe lower heaven with lights, and plaecr.l thiYNin a guardof angels. This is the disposition of the mighty, the wiseGod. (12) If the lffakkans withdraw frorn these instruc-tions, say, I denounce unto you a suddcn destruction, likethe destruction of Ad and Thamud. (13) When theapostles came nnto them before thcm and behind them,(8) Two dnys. "TJ'e two first dwse thenL knowingly, 1.e., "knowing that wereworthy of our choice; or notwithstanding we kne\y they would, intime to come, fall into idolatry, &c/'-Sale.(32) Signs. -, As the divilling of the Red Sea j the cloud whichshaded the raining on them of manna. and qualls, &c."-Sale,B(tidhchd.these !ffak/cans say, (34) Assuredly OM final end will beno other than our first natural death; neither shall we beraised gain: (35) bring now our forefathers back to life,if ye speak truth. (36) Are they better, or the peopleof TubM, (37) and those who were before them? wedestroyed them, because they wronght wickedness. . (38)'Ve have not created the heavens and the earth, andwhatever is between them, by way of sport: (39) we havecreated them no otherwise than in truth; but the greaterpart of them do not understand. (40) Verily the dayof separation shall be the appointed term of them all:(41) a day whereon the master and the servant shall beof no advantage to one another, neither shall they behelped; (42) excepting those on whom GOD shall havemercy; for he is the mighty, the merciful. 3II (43) 'Verily, the fruit of the tree of az Zaqqum (44) RJ Gshall be the foo(l of the impious; (45) as the of oilshall it boil'in the bellies of the damned, (46) like' theboiling of the hottest water. (47) And it shall be sefid tothe tormentors, Take him, and drag him into the midst ofh"ll: (48) and pour on 11i8 head the torture of boilingwater, (49) saying, Taste this; for thou art that mightyand honourable person. (50) Verily this is the punish-(36) The people of Tubh(Z, viz'l "the Hlf;hence the title. Sale says, "A! Ahqaf is the pluml of haqj, andsicrnifies sa,nas which lie in. a crooked or windt'ng mannfW, whence itb;came the name of a territory in the province of Hadhramaut."Rodwell locates the $andhills at Tayi!". This is in accordance withSprenger's theory of the Adites, adopted by Mnir iu his Life ofltfahomet yol. i., Intro,l, p. cxxxviii. note.The object of this chapter was to warn the people of Makkah ofthe impemlinO' J'udcrments of God on account of theil: sin of rejectingo 0 P h hMuhammad and the QUl'an. They had charged then rop et '\Yltbeinu an impostor who had forged a book which he called theo ,.... 0QUl'un. In this they were encouraged by certain Jews. 11 tlleother lwnd, certain other Jews, proba.bly adhel'ents from }'fadina,upheld the claims of Muhammad, declaring that the teaching of theQuran was confirmatory of the dacuin. of their own Scriptures.Thus encouraged, Muhammad answers the charges of his enemieshy 0. solemn warning, He can now afford to be patient and calmlyawait the destruction of the unbelievers.It is here specially uoteworthy how Muhammad likens himself tothe former prophets (vel's. 20-31), putting his own to theQUl'aish, with their ta;nuting reply, into the mouths of Hlid theAdites Y'ca even into the mouths of the believing genii. But on , ,this point sec introduction to xi.Probable Dat, of the Revelations.Vcr. 9 of this chapter is snpposed hy some to be Madinic, because JC\YS beiuO' mentioned; but this l'eason is not valid, since theJews menHonel' here were no doubt Jews of Madina visitingPrincipal Subjects.The Quean a revelation from GoelCreation a witness for God against idolaters and idolatryMuhammad charged with forging the QuranJ\luhmnmac1, like other apostles, only D. warnerBelievin1rJews confirm the QUl'u'll j unbelieving Jews call itoan antiquated lie .The Qlm\n confIrms the Book of MosesTrue believers, their happy condition. . . . .Obedient sons and true believers, thdr life hore and here-afterThe conduct and fate of the disobedient sonRewards and punishments in accorda.nce withworks .The fate of the people of.1 Ahqar, &e., a warning to Makkah and forbcnranceYERS};$.2-56,789, 101112, 13141 1516, 1718, '920-2 72B-3 I32-35IN THE NAME OF TIlE 1l0ST 1lERCIFUL GOD.(1) H. M. See P,'eUm. Disc., pp. 100-102.This book. See note 011 chap. xi. 2.(2) In inlth. See Ilot.,;S chaps. xxi: 16,17, an.d xxx.viii. 26..A detcnninetlperiod. "Bemg to last for 3. certmn space of tJme,and not for eyer."-Sale.(3) ;the idols. This should be th, gods or the angels. .(4) 'To the day, :halifat.(lG) Fie on you. "The words seem to be general; but it is saidthey were revealed particularly on occasion of Ahdul'rahmin, the sonforth jrorn tho grave, and restored to life; when melny gene-rations have passed away before me, and none oj them, haverct'/{,rned back? And his parents implore GOD'S assistance,and saV to their son, Alas for thee! Believe! for the pro-mise of GOD is true, But he answereth, This is no otherthan silly fables of the ancients. (17) These eiTO theywhom the sentence passed on the nations which have beenbefore them, of genii and of men, justly fitteth; they shallsurely perish, (18) For everyone is prepared a certaindegree oj happiness or 'misery, according to that which theyshall have wrought: that God may recompense them fortheir works: and they shall not be treated unjustly.(19) On a certain day the unbelievers shall be exposedbefore the fire oj hell; and it shall be said unto them, Yereceived your good things in your lifetime, while yo wenin the wodd; and ye enjoyed yourselves therein: where-fore this day ye shall be rewarded with the punishmentof ignominy; for that ye behaved insolently iI,l the earth,without justice, and for that ye transgressed,II (20) Remember the brother of Ad, when he preached R unto his people in al Ahq,lf (and there were preachersbefore him and after him), sayin,r/, Worship none but GOD:verily I fear for you the punishment of a great day.(21) They answered, Art thou come nnto us that thoumayest turn us aside from the wo,.ship oj our gods 1 Bringon us now the pttnishment with which thou threo.tenest ns,if thou art a man of veracity. (22) He said, Verily theknowledge ojtlw time when your pttnishment will be injlictedis with GOD; and I only declare unto you that which Iam sent to preach; but I see ye are an ignorant people.(23) And when they saw the JYfeJ'aration made jo,. thei?'of Abu Bagr, 'who used these expressions to his father and motherbefore he professed Ishtm.JJ-Sale, Baidhawi.Silly fables, &c. See chap. xxi. 5.(17) Shall sU"ely peri,). "Unless they redeem their fault byrepentance and embracing the true faith, as did Abdurrahmiu."-Sale,(20) The brothe,' of A'd, i.e., the prophet Hlid, See chap. xi. 50.CflAP. XLVI.] ( 48 ) [SIPARA XXVI. SIPARA XXVI.] ( 49 ) [CHAP. XLVI.Utpunishment, namely, a cloud traversing the sky, and tend-ing towards their valleys, they said, This is a traversingcloud, which bringeth us rain. Hud answered, Nay; it iswhat ye demanded to be haseened; a wind wherein is asevere vengeance: (24) it will destroy everything, at thecommand of its LORD. And in the morning nothing wasto be seen besides their empty dwellings. Thus do wereward wicked people. (25) We had established them inthe like jlotwisMng condition wherein we have establishedyou, 0 mcn of lrIakkah," and we had given them ears, andeyes, and hearts: yet neither their ears, nor their eyes, northeir hearts profited them at all, when they rejected thesigns of GOD; but the vengeance which they mocked atfell upon them.II (26) We heretofore destroyed the cities which wereround about you; and we variously proposed our signsunto them, thae they might repent. (27) Did those protect them whom they took for gods, besides GOD, (melimagined to be honoured with his familiarity? Nay; theywithdrew from them: yet this was their false opinionwhieh seduced them, and the blasphemy which they haddevised. (28) Remember when we caused certain of thegenii to tum aside unto thee, that they might hear theQuni.n; anil when they were present at the ,'eading of the(24) It will destroy everything. "Which ca.me to pass accordingly jfOl' this pestilential allll violent winJ killed all who believed not illthe doctrine of Hucl, without distinction of sex., age, or degree, andentirely destroyed their possessions."-Sale. See notes to chaps. vii.66-73, and xi. 50 seq.ObBeI'Ve how Hl,\d is represented as speaking in the language ofMuhammad. See Introd., chup. xi,(26) Cities .. . "ound about you. "As the settlements of the Tho-mll.d.ites, 1Iidianites, and the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, &c.'J_Sale.(28) Ce1'lain . .. genii, "These genii, according to different opin-ions, were of Nisibin, or of Yarnan, 01' of Nineveh; and in numbuL'nine or seven. They heard .Muhammad rea.ding tlte QU1'an by night,or after the morning prayer, in the valley of al Nalfhlah, during time of his retreat to :11 Tllyif, ::lnd believed on him."-Sale, Baidh-iiwi, laliiluddin. Compo chap. lxxii. 1-19.same, they said to one another, Give ear: and when it wasended, they returned back unto their people, preachingwhat they had heMd. (29) They said, Our people, verilywe have heard a book read 1into us, which hath been re-vealed since Moses, confirming the scriptm'e which 1msdelivered before it, and directing unto the trut11 and theright way. (30) Our people, obey GOD'S preacher; andbelieve in him; that he may forgive yOlt your sins, andmay deliver you from a painful punishment. (31) Andwhoever obeyeth not GOD'S preacher shall by nO mcansfrustrate God's vengeance on earth; neither shall he haveany protectors besides him. These will be in a manifesterror. (32) Do they not know thOle GOD, who 1ath createdthe heavens and the earth, and was not fatigued with thecreation thereof, is able to raise the dead to life? Yea,verily; for he is almighty. (33) On a certain day theunbelievers shall be exposed unto hellfire ; and it shall besaid unto thern, Is not this really come to pass? They shallanswer, Yea, by our LOHD. God shall reply, Taste, therefore, the punishment of hell, for that ye have been unbelievers. (34) Do thou, 0 Prophet, bear the insults of thypeople with patience, as OU1' apostles, who were enduedwith constancy, bear the i",iu;1'ies of their people; and re-quil'e not their li1mishmcnt to be hastened unto tbem. OIlthe day whereon they shall see the punishment wherewith(29) Rt"voaZed since "Helice the commentator::; suppn"ethose genii, bdore theh cunversion to MuhammarhnislIl, to havtl.been. of the Je.WilOh religion/'-Sale.See this incident describt::d in Muir's L'i)e oj Mahomet, vol. ii.pp. 23-25. (31) God's p1'eacher, i.e., Muhammad. See note on chap. ii. II9.NoiHdeke thiuks vera. 20-31 misplaced here, as they Lreak the lltlction between vers.' 19 awl 32,(34) lJear ... with patirmce. "But his biography is full of in-stance:::; of Moha.mmcd not ui::aring insults with amllli.'tvillgthol:ic ..,Y11O spuku against him killeLl. \Vhun at he is patient,being pu\veJ:less ; when at the head of an army at MeLlina, he kilh;those who oppo.:;e him with wortls only.:'-Ihillckillan ill lVotes onIslam. This is true; but; the Muslim reply is that in b6th cases heacted in accortlunce with the command of GOll.VOL. IV. PCHAP. XLV!.] ( 5 ) [SIPARA XXVI. 5[ )they have been threatened, (35) it shan seem as thoughthey had tarried in the world but an hour of a day. Thisis a fair warning. Shan they perish except the peoplewho transgress?(35) But an hour. See chap. xxiii. J14-CHAPTER XLVII.ENTITLED SURAT MUHAMMAD.Revealed at Madina.INTRODUCTION.THIS chapter is also entitled WAR, because of the commaud enjoin-ing the Muslims to fight in the cause of religion, which is certainlya more appropriate title than that of Muhammaa.Every student of Islam has observed the wondrous c11unge whichcame over Muhmnmad and his religion at the time of the flight tonladina. Nothing could illustrate this change better than a com-parison hetween this chapter and the one just preceding it. In chap.xlvi. we have Muhammad the warner of lIakkah. There Islalllc ispeaceable. Its Prophet is exhorted to bear the insults of the 1.1llbe-lievers with patience. In this clLapter we have l\luhamma. Verily, the QU1'{i,n is anadmonition (12) (and he who is willing retaineth thesame); (13) 'W1itten in volumes honourable, (14) exalted,{tend pure; (15) by the hands of seribes honoured and just.(lG) May man be cursed 1 What hath seduced him toinfidelity 1 (17) Of what thing doth GOD create him 1(18) Of a drop of seed (19) doth he create him: and heOHAPTER LXXX.ENTlTLED SURAT AL ABAS (HE FROWl> whatever shan VI) thrown into it.'J_Salc.(6) Kindled fire of God. "And therefore shall not be extinguishedby any.l'-Bale) Baidhuwi.OHAPTER OV.~ ; N T I T L E D SURAT AL FfL (TIlE ELEPHANT).Revealed at l}[akkah.INTRODUCTION.THIS chapter is remarkable for its allusion to an incident in thehistory of Makkah, as an example of how God deals with His enemies.The inappropriateness of the example, however, will be manifestwhen we recollect that the army destroyed was an army of "thepeople of the book," going to avenge an insult offered their holyplace by the idolaters, who are here being warned. The story of thecommentators, with its embellishments, is given in Sale's note quotedbelow. The chapter i8 probably a fragment of a longer Sura.Probable Date of the Revelation.Noeldeke places this chapter in the first Makkan period, and inhis chronological list of Suras it follows chap. en.PrincVpal Subject.Vlm,sr,,'!The army of Abraha destroyed for attacking the Kaahah 1-5IN TIlE NAME OF TIlE MOST MERCIFUL GOD.II (1) Hast thou not seen how thy LORD dealt with the Ri-cmasters of the elephant r (2) Did he not make their(1) How thy Lord dealt, &:0. "This chapter relates to the followingpiece of history, which is famous among the Arabs. Abraha Ibn alSabah, surnamed al Ashram, i.e., the slt-nosedl king or vicel'oy ofCHAP. CV.] ( 280 ) [SIPARA XXX.Sll'ARA XXX.] ( '28r [CHAP, cv.treacherous design an occasion of drawing them into error;(3) and send against them flocks of birds, (4) which castYam:m, who WftS an Ethiopian and of the Christian religion, havillgbuilt a magnificent church at Sanaa, with a design to draw theArabs to go in pilgrimage thither, instead of visiting the temple of11akkah, Quraish, observillg the devotion and conconrse of thepHgrimB at tbe Kaabah began considerably to sent oneNnfaiI, as he is named by some, of the tribe of' Kiminah, who, gettinginto the aforesaid church by night, defiled the altar and ,,,alls thereofwith his t;:xcrements. At this profanation Abraha being highlyincensed, vowed. the L1cstruction ot' the Knabah, and accordingly setout aoainst l\Iakknh at the head of a cunsidt:ll'uble army, wherein"\vcre ;evcml which he had obtained of the king of Ethio-pia, their llumul'r heing, as some say, thirteen, though others mentionbut onEl. The 1I1ukkans, at the. approach of so considerable a retired to the twig1] bouring mountains, being unable to defend th'nrcity or temple; but God himself undertook the }1Totection of both.For when Ahrah" drew ncar to ]fakkall, and wonld ha"e entered it,the elcpli::mt on ,Yllich he rode. which was f\.. very la:rge one, andnamed. Malimud, refuscd to any nigher to the town, butknelt dUWll whenever they to force him that way,though he would rise and march bril:ikly enough if they turned himtowards any ather quarter: and while mattcr& were in t11is posb.ue,on a sudden a Jarge flock of birds, like s\"llIImvs, came flying fromthe sea coast, everyone of which carried three glones, one in. eachfoot, and one in its hill; and these stones they threw down upon theheads of Abmha's men, certainly killing one they e.truck.Then God sent a 'flood, which swept the dead bodies, find some- ofthose who had not Leen struck with the stones, into the sea: the restfled towards Yaman, but perished by the way; none of them reacllingSanaa, excC'pt only Auraha himself, who died soon after his anivalthere, being struck with a sort of plague or putrefaction, so that ldsbody opened and his limos rotted off hy piecemeal. It is said I.hatone of army, named Abu Yaqsllm, escaped over the RedSen into Ethiopia, and going directly to the told him thetragic.a.l stlJrY ; and upon Gmt prince's asking ..."hat sort of ?irdsthey were that had occasioned such a destructIOn, the man pomtedto one of them, which had followed him all tLe way, and was time lJOvering lErectly over 1118 lleaJ\ when immediately the hirdret fall the stUDC, anJ strl1ck him dead at the king's feet."-Sale,Baidhliwi, Jald.h-lddfn.Muir ,lscriu@ the destruction of Abrah3.'s army to an outhreak ofviru1l.mt l:itllened in the ninth year of the Hijra,when Muhammad having made himself Jlli),ster of l1akkah, andobliged the Quraish to submit to him, the rest of the Arabs camein to him in great numbers1 and professed Ishtm."-Sale) Bairl1uiwi.See. a similar expression in chap. xxxix. 7I, 73, a late MakkanSura, containing Maclinic passages. Ask pardon of him. " Most of the commentators agree thatthis chapter was revealed before the taking of Makkah, and suppo$eit gave 1\.:fuhammad warni.ng of his death; fOT they say t11at whenhe read it al Abbas we]>t; and .being asked by the Prophet whatwas the reason of his weeping, answered, ' Because, it biddeth theeto prepare for death;' to which Muhammad replied, 'It is as thousayest.' And hence, adds J.lUlurJdin, after the revelation of thischapter, the Prophet was more frequent in praising and askingpardon of God, because he thereby knew tlmt hi. end approached:for Makbh was taken in the eighth. yeax of th.e Utj,a, and he diedin the beginning of the tenth."-Sale.. Muhammad is here again described as a sinner. See notes onch.aps. iL 253, iv. 105, he. 43, xl. 57, xlvii. 21, and xciiL 7..,'SIPARA xxx.] ( 293 ) [CHAP. CX!.CHAPTER exT. NAME OF THE MOST MEROIFUL GOD.il (1) The hands of Abu Lahab shall perish, and he Rz\shall perish. (2) His riches shall not profit him, neitherthat which he hath gained. (3) He shall go down to beburned into flaming fire; (4) and his wife also, bearingwood, (5) having on her neck a cord of twisted fibres of apalm-tree.INTRODUCTION.E: ...-olume we have thc thoughtful impressions of a. thoughtful man on someof the most important questions cOnl1ected with our Indi:.m Empire.. Au en-lighttm,crl ohsel'yant man, tl"uvcllingl\.mong an enlighbmcd ouservant people, ProfessorMonicI' Wi1lbms Lrought before the public in a. plc..'1SyriolQgical Semitic scholar the means ofcontrolling its ":i\lr. TIllage':,; book is, 1) eOtlYSC, mainly addressed to Assyrian schoJ:lrs ,'Indstudents.. TlwJ" .arc noli, it is to be fl,)(ln:d, ..'1. very numerous ebss. But the UlOl'etht\llks :.\1'0 d\lC to him OIl that .account f01' tlw way in wl.Lich he 1M ilcquittcd Limselin lli5:1 lu.borious Pose 8vo, pp. 448, cloth, price 2IS.THE MESNEVI(Usually lowwn :tS '!'IIE SU8lUF, or HOLY l\IESNEVI)01"l1BVLANA (OUR L01W) JBLALU 'DDIN l1UH",,'Ill1ED BRRU1H.:Book the Fi"rst.1'o{Jcther with slime Account of the Life and Acts oj the A'uth07',of his Ancesturs, and of kis Descendants.lllustra:bcu. bj a Selection of Charactelistic .Anecdotes, as Collectedby their Histod:m,IHEVLANA SIJE:\I6U1D-DI)( AHMED, EL E1f LAKI, EL 'ARrFI.TmnslatC'tl, .'l.ud the Poetry Vcrsifled, in El1glish,By JAllJ::S W. REDIIOUSE, M.RAS., &c." A complute tl'l:asury 'If occult Ol'icntallorc, "-Saturday Ra'iew,,. 'Ilds 1,e"k will Lo U VOl'}' valuahle lu:lp tu the reaaer ih"l1oraut of Persia, who isdc:::.iN'lS of :m iW'Iight. into.a .... ery impOlt:mt dCl).'I.rtmcut of the literaturec::.:.t.allt,iu TRiJENER'S ORiENTAL-SERiES.Post 8vo, pp. Xvi.-280, cloth, price 65.EASTERN PROVERBS AND EMBLEMSILLUSTRATING OLD TIWTIIS. 'By REV. J. 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