comprehensive revision guide for communication studies

8/16/2019 Comprehensive Revision Guide for Communication Studies

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COMMUNICATION STUDIES

EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE

PAPER 1 (1 ½ HOURS) – MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

This paper consiss o! "# $%&ip&e choice '%esions ase on he hree $o%&es* +aherin, an Processin,

In!or$aion- Lan,%a,e an Co$$%ni.- an Spea/in, an 0riin, The !irs 2 ie$s are &isenin,

co$prehension re&ae The passa,e3e4rac 5i&& e rea 5ice a!er 5hich .o% 5i&& ans5er he '%esions an

hen $o6e on o ans5er he re$ainin, '%esions To proper&. prepare !or .o%r e4a$inaion- .o%r conenco6era,e $%s inc&%e he !o&&o5in, opics !or he hree $o%&es

MODULE 1: GATHERING AND MODULES PROCESSING INFORMATION – Content Checkl!t

T.pes o! research

Characerisics o! research

Research esi,n an !acors a!!ecin, 6a&ii. o! research esi,n

So%rces o! in!or$aion – pri$ar.- seconar. (characerisics o! so%rces)

Sa$p&in, –.pes- a6ana,es- isa6ana,es

7aa co&&ecion oo&s8 .pes- a6ana,es an isa6ana,es

Reain, echni'%es –s/i$$in,- s%r6e.in,- scannin,- criica& reain,

1

MODULE "# LANGUAGE AND COMMUNITY –Content Co$e%&'e Checkl!t

• 7e!iniions o! &an,%a,e- a &an,%a,e- ia&eca& 6ariaions

• The co$$%nicaion process

• Na%re an !%ncions o! &an,%a,e

• Ho5 &an,%a,e chan,es

• Lan,%a,e re,isers

• 7i!!erences e5een 5rien an spo/en &an,%a,e

• The Pos Creo&e &an,%a,e conin%%$ – acro&ec- $eso&ec- asi&ec

• T.pes o! Cariean En,&ish3Creo&e &an,%a,es• 9ea%res o! Cariean En,&ish

• Non86era& co$$%nicaion –.pes an !%ncions

• E!!ecs o! co$$%nicaion e6ices on &an,%a,e %se an e6e&op$en

• Ai%es o sanar &an,%a,e an ia&eca& 6ariaions

•

MODULE ( – SPEA)ING AND *RITING – Content Co$e%&'e Checkl!t

• 7i!!erences e5een spea/in, an 5riin,

• The Co$$%nicaion Process

• Na%re an characerisics o! isco%rse – arisic- scieni!ic3echnica&

• Na%re an !ea%res o! .pes o! 5riin, – narrai6e- e4posior.- ar,%$enai6e- escripi6e• P%rpose !or spea/in, or 5riin, – pers%ae- in!or$- enerain

• Paerns o! or,ani:aion o! isco%rse – conras- si$p&e &isin,- co$parison- pro&e$ so&6in,

• I$pac o! echno&o,. on presenaion an isse$inaion o! speech an 5riin,

• A%ience ana&.sis an !acors eer$inin, 5heher speech or 5riin, is %se

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SAMPLE MULTIPLE CHOICE PAPER

SECTION A

ITEMS 1#+

In!t%,cton!: Yo, -ll he&% &n e.t%&ct/ It -ll 0e %e& t-ce/ L!ten c&%e2,ll3 0e2o%e &n!-e%n' the4,e!ton! 0&!e on the e.t%&ct/

1 0ha is he MAIN iea o! he e4rac;a Ha6ana is a ea%i!%&&. ecorae p&ace 5ih e&e,an archiec%re conrasin, 5ih he ea%. o!

na%re

Ha6ana has &os o! o& an ne5 %i&in,s 5hich are in har$on. 5ih na%rec Ha6ana has a co&o%r!%& hisor. 5hich is ro%,h o% in is conrasin, an 6arie archiec%re

Ha6ana has a poi,nan !ee& %e o is 6arie archiec%re !ro$ h%$&e se&e$en o s%%ran spra5&

a pers%ae o%riss o 6isi Ha6ana 5ih is ea%i!%& an 6arie archiec%re in!or$ reaers o! he hisor. o! Ha6ana

c escrie Ha6ana=s archiec%ra& richness an hisor.

e&& reaers o! he archiec%re !o%n in Ha6ana

? Ieni!. he 5rier=s one

a In!or$ai6e Re!&eci6e c Serene So$re

" 0ha is he MAIN echni'%e %se . he 5rier;a Parao4 Iron. c Conras Meaphor

# The 5rier %se he a&&ieraion @The ea%i!%& % aere %i&in,s= o>a enhance he 6is%a& i$a,er. o! he archiec%ra& hisor. o! Ha6ana

enhance he a%ra& i$a,er. o! he archiec%ra& hisor. o! Ha6anac enhance he presenaion o! Ha6ana=s rich archiec%ra& hisor.

enhance he 6is%a& an a%ra& i$a,er. o! he archiec%ra& hisor. o! Ha6ana

0hich o! he !o&&o5in, s%ppors he c&ai$ ha @he .ears ha6e a/en o&& on is archiec%ra& riches=;

a BOrnae a&conies han,in, on . $oss. hreas BHa6ana is a ci. o! archiec%ra& ironies an parao4es o! har$on. an issonance

c BThe ci.=s e6en!%& hisor. can e rea in is ec&ecic srees>

BHa6ana has a specia& poi,nanc.>

2 0hich o! he !o&&o5in, is an e4a$p&e o! $eaphor;

a @e,innin,s as a h%$&e se&e$en>= @>chee/ . Do5& 5ih co&&apsin, %i&in,s>=

c @%i&in,s ha6e een shape . he e&e$ens=

@crac/e concree &oc/s>=

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SECTION 5

ITEMS 6#1(

INSTRUCTIONS: Re& the 2ollo-n' !cen&%o c&%e2,ll3 &n then &n!-e% ITEMS 6#17/

Arh%r- a $eica& s%en- is researchin, he increasin, %se o! hera& $eicines o6er con6eniona&$eicines He has prepare a '%esionnaire an is no5 rea. o co$$ence his aa co&&ecion He has

ecie o &i$i he isri%ion o! he '%esionnaire o he co$$%ni.

0hich o! he !o&&o5in, 5o%& e he es 5a. !or Arh%r o a$iniser he '%esionnaire;

a Mai& E$ai& c 9ace o 9ace Te&ephone

F 0hich o! he !o&&o5in, '%esions 5o%& e re&e6an o Arh%r=s research;

I Are .o% $arrie- sin,&e or i6orce; II 7o .o% %se hera& $eicines;III 0hich .pe o! $eicine is cheaper; IG Are .o% are re&i,io%s or spiri%a& person;

a I- II II- III c I- IG III- IG

1 0ha isa6ana,e $i,h %sin, he '%esionnaire pose !or Arh%r;a I $a. e i$e cons%$in, o isri%e I $a. ha6e a poor response rae

c The Ha5horne e!!ec One responen $i,h o6ershao5 he

ohers

11 o% are con%cin, research on ce&& phone=s %se a .o%r schoo& an .o% 5an o cap%re aa !ro$ a&&he ,rae &e6e&s 0hich o! he !o&&o5in, sa$p&in, echni'%es 5o%& e JEST !or .o% o %se;

a Si$p&e rano$ sa$p&in, Sno5a&& Sa$p&in,

c Srai!ie rano$ sa$p&in, ) Proai&i. sa$p&in,

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1 0ha reason o so$e Cariean parens ha6e !or no 5anin, heir chi&ren o spea/ Creo&e;

a Use o! Creo&e is inicai6e o! a 5ea/ $ena& ai&i. Use o! Creo&e is associae 5ih po6er. an &ac/ o! e%caion

c Use o! Creo&e i$inishes one=s ini6i%a&i. an socia& $oi&i.

Use o! Creo&e pre6ens one !ro$ e6e&opin, his3her a&en

12 Miche&&e=s eacher repri$ans her !or ein, oo !a$i&iar in her 5or choice 5hen she as/e o ee4c%se !ro$ c&ass To 5hich aspec o! &an,%a,e is he eacher re!errin,;

a 7ia&eca& 6ariaion Co$$%nicai6e eha6iors c Re,isers Ai%es o &an,%a,e

1 0hich o! he !o&&o5in, ses o! 5ors represen co$$%nicai6e eha6io%rs;

a Pro4e$ics- ari!acs- isance- o%ch Pos%re- ,es%re- speech- ari!acs

c Ari!acs- pic%res- 5riin,- o%ch

Pro4e$ics- o%ch- ,es%re- speech

1F 0h. are s$ar phones seen as e!!eci6e oo&s !or co$$%nicaion;a The. ena&e e4 $essa,in, The. creae &an,%a,e $er,ers

c The. !aci&iae !as $essa,in, The. enco%ra,e %ni. a$on, naions


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a Po&iica& Ehica& c Socia& Ps.cho&o,ica&


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7/19

The Si4h89or$ Associaion is a ne5&. !or$e or,ani:aion 5ih a s$a&& $e$ership The $e$ers5ish o e$ar/ on a recr%i$en ri6e

"? 0hich o! he !o&&o5in, co$$%nicaion cone4s 5o%& e s%ia&e !or he Si4h89or$ Associaion=s

recr%i$en ri6e;

a P%&ic co$$%nicaion Mass co$$%nicaionc Acae$ic co$$%nicaion S$a&& ,ro%p co$$%nicaion

"" 0hich $ei%$ 5o%& JEST !aci&iae he associaion=s $essa,e;

a 7ra$a piece Posers c Raio a6erise$en Ne5s&eer

aric&e

"# An o6erseas s%en has een as/e o in!or$ an asse$&. o! s%ens ao% her c%&%re 0hich 6era&

$eans co%& she %se o o his;a 0earin, her naiona& co&o%rs o schoo& Usin, Po5erPoin presenaion o o so

c 7e$onsrain, her c%&%re hro%,h ance Usin, oDecs !ro$ her co%nr. o o so

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PAPER 7" 8" 9 HOURS – The E!!&3 T3;e n'?

;e%!,&n'? &>,!n'? o% ente%t&nn'/ So>et>e! the !t%&te'e! &n techn4,e! &%e ntene to

&che$e & co>0n&ton o2 ;,%;o!e! &n e22ect! %&the% th&n & !n'le one/

• 7e$onsrae ho5 ,raphic eai&s ser6e he 5rier=s or spea/er=s co$$%nicai6e p%rpose

There is a isincion e5een o%'&n=&ton&l !t%&te'e! an l&n',&'e techn4,e!/ Or,ani:aiona&

srae,ies are 5a.s in 5hich he e4 or isco%rse 5as or,ani:e 9or e4a$p&e- in an E4posior. piece-

he 5rier $a. %se an &n&lo'3 o inro%ce he opic 5here he or she co$pare one e&e$en o anoher

In ieni!.in, an ,i6in, an e4a$p&e o! he srae,. as ,i6en in he passa,e .o% $%s &in/ he 5rier=s

%se o! his srae,. 5ih he achie6e$en o! his p%rpose 9or e4a$p&e- B #nother $trategy that the

writer u$ed i$ that of contra$t. %hi$ can be $een when he di$cu$$ed the difference$ between ordinary

wave$ and powerful t$unami$ and different type$ of e&plo$ive$. (Make the link between theorgani'ational $trategy and the achievement of hi$ purpo$e.) 53 co>;&%n' the!e t-o 22e%entele>ent! the -%te% !ho-! the %e&e% ho- te%%23n'l3 e!t%,ct$e? $&!t &n !;ee3 t!,n&>! &%e

-hen co>;&%e to -&$e!/ (See he sa$p&e '%esion an ans5er aache)

So$e s%ens correc&. ieni!. he or,ani:aiona& srae,. or &an,%a,e echni'%es % o not lnk i

5ih he 5rier=s p%rpose an here. ,e no $ar/ !or heir e!!or

9or an. or,ani:aiona& srae,. or &an,%a,e echni'%e o e e!!eci6e&. %i&i:e in he passa,e- .o% $%s

5rie ao% he connecion e5een he srae,. or echni'%e an he achie6e$en o! he 5rier=s

p%rpose E!!eci6eness is ho5 he srae,. or echni'%e is %se an ho5 i connecs or re&aes o heachie6e$en o! he 5rier=s p%rpose i is no D%s ieni!.in, an na$in, he srae,. or echni'%e

So$e s%ens see$ o approach his Mo%&e One essa. 5ih pre8p&anne srae,ies an echni'%es

an as s%ch he. creae srae,ies an echni'%es 5hen here are none (En!,%e th&t 3o, &$o on'th!/ In!te&? kno- the l!t o2 o%'&n=&ton&l !t%&te'e! &n l&n',&'e techn4,e! '$en &n 0e

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&0le to ent23 the>/

A !ina& 5or o! a6ice- “Do not critique the passage!” an h%s .o% sho%& no e $a/in, sae$ens

s%ch as Bhe 5rier co%& ha6e- or Bhe 5rier sho%& ha6e

ORGANI@ATIONAL STRATEGIES

E4a$p&es an i&&%sraions

Hisorica& aa an !acs

Saisica& aa

7e!iniions an C&assi!icaions an 7escripions

Ca%se an E!!ec Ana&.sis

Co$parison an Conras

Use o! e.e5iness or !irs han acco%n

Chrono&o,ica& se'%encin,

Use o! h%$o%r

Use o! narrai6e isco%rse o presen or isc%ss a co$p&e4 iss%e

Use o! ana&o,.

Presenaion o! an iss%e in a n%$er o! i!!eren 5a.s

LANGUAGE TECHNI


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D!co,%!e T3;e &n %heto%c >oe ,!e (Je speci!ic 9or e4a$p&e- Prose 7isco%rse8

E4posior. in na%re hence echnica& scieni!ic or i can e a co$inaion o! 5o or $ore rheoric

$oes) The t3;e o2 l&n',&'e ,!e: spo/en or 5rien- !or$a& or in!or$a&- persona& or i$persona& an

sanar or Creo&e (non8sanar) The $oc&0,l&%3 ,!e: prosaic or !&ori- si$p&e or si&e- s&an, or !or$a& an repeiion o! /e.

5ors3phrases Goca%&ar. a&so spea/s o he &%'on %se Denot&t$e &n connot&t$e ,!e o2 l&n',&'e: 5ors %se e$oi6e&. o con6e. or aro%se

!ee&in,s- o s%,,es 5ors %se re!erenia&&. o e$phasi:e or sae !ac%a& conen 5ors 5hich

see$ o e pri$ari&. ao% con6e.in, !acs % 5hich are rea&&. inene o aro%se e$oions Denot&ton – he &iera& or icionar. e!iniion o! a 5or

Connot&ton – The %nspo/en or %n5rien $eanin,s associae 5ih a 5or e.on is

icionar. e!iniion or enoaion The cone4 in 5hich a 5or appears is criica& o

%nersanin, is connoaion U!e o2 ;,nct,&ton >&%k! -hch !t&n#o,t &! 0en' !'n2c&nt – s%spension $ar/s (in6ere

co$as)- e4c&a$aion $ar/s- !%&& sops- e&&ipses- an '%esion $ar/s

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In he aric&e penne . 7a6i Penic/ he 5rier=s $ain poin is ha s%na$i ha6e esr%ci6e po5er an so

ca%se eri$ena& e!!ecs on an area

His p%rpose is o creae an a5areness in his reaers o! he caasrophic ai&i. o! hese 5a6es o ca%se

esr%cion an a&so o e%cae he$ ao% he !acors a!!ecin, he !or$aion o! hese ,i,anic 5a6es He

acco$p&ishes his hro%,h he %se o! 6ario%s or,ani:aiona& srae,ies an &an,%a,e echni'%es11


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One s%ch srae,. ha he 5rier e$p&o.s e4ensi6e&. is he pro6ision o! !acs an saisics or !i,%res 9or

e4a$p&e- he &es his reaers /no5 he a6era,e spee o! a s%na$i 5hen ra6e&&in, in open 5aer an a&so so$e

o! he !acors ha can a!!ec he 5a.s in 5hich a s%na$i is !or$e s%ch as s&ope an shape o! he seas !&oor

J. oin, his he a%hor pro6es o he reaers ha he is no on&. 5e&& e%cae on he opic % ha he is

achie6in, his p%rpose o! 5arnin, he$ o! he s%na$i=s po5er an poenia& o esro. e6er.hin, an e6er.one

in is pah

Aiiona&&.- he 5rier %i&i:es he srae,. o! co$parison as he escries he s%na$is o ocean 5a6es e&&in,%s ha i 5as &i/e Bre!errin, o !ire crac/ers an ao$ic 5arheas oh as e4p&osi6es an a&so 5hen he

escrie he spee o! a s%na$i o he spee o! a De&iner This is a 6er. appropriae srae,. as i ,i6e he

reaer a eer %nersanin, o! ho5 po5er!%& an esr%ci6e&. !as s%na$is are

The reca&&in, o! pas e6ens is anoher srae,. ha he 5rier %ses o achie6e his p%rpose The 5rier chose o

re!er o 5o ea&. s%na$is ha sr%c/ Chi&e in 1F an Kapan in 1FF? &ea6in, esr%cion in is pah In

reca&&in, hese s%na$i occ%rrences- he 5rier a&so presene !irs han or e.e5iness acco%ns o! s%r6i6ors o!

oh e4periences The 5rier oes his o proa&. insi&& a sense o! he !ear ha a s%na$i aac/ can e6o/e in

peop&e as he. see Bar/ 5a&& o! 5aer approachin,

To,eher 5ih or,ani:aiona& srae,ies- he 5rier %ses echni'%es o ens%re ha his p%rpose is achie6e 9or

e4a$p&e his %se o! oh 6is%a& an a%ior. $eaphors o escrie s%na$is as Bar/ 5a&&s an B5a6es

%&&o:in, ino he shore a&&o5 reaers o 6is%a&i:e he esr%ci6e an i$$ense po5er o! he s%na$is

Inc&%in, e$oi6e 5ors or connoai6e &an,%a,e ha in6o/e oh 6is%a& an a%ior. i$a,es in he $in o! he

reaer is an e!!eci6e &an,%a,e echni'%e ha a&so a&&o5s he 5rier o achie6e his p%rpose E4a$p&es s%ch as

Baac/- Bo6er5he&$- Bsnappin, rees &i/e 5i,s- Bs$ashin, ho%ses e!!eci6e&. ser6e o he&p he 5rier

achie6e his p%rpose o! sho5in, he ,rea po5er o! a s%na$i

The !ina& &an,%a,e echni'%e ha he 5rier %se is ha o! co$inin, he rheoric $oes o! narraion an

e4posiion h%s creain, an arisic an echnica&3scieni!ic .pe o! 5riin, This on&. ser6es o hei,hen hereaers= sense o! he i$$inen an,er an esr%ci6e po5er o! s%na$is

Thro%,h he 5rier=s %se o! 6ario%s or,ani:aiona& srae,ies an &an,%a,e echni'%es- he 5as a&e o p%

!or5ar his $ain poin an achie6e his p%rpose a he sa$e i$e His reaers 5ere a&e o ha6e a c&ear

escripion o! he esr%ci6e po5er an spee o! s%na$is !ro$ reain, his aapaion . 7anie& Penic/

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MODULE " –LANGUAGE AND COMMUNITY –Content Checkl!t

The e!!ecs o! cone4 on &an,%a,e eha6io%rs –re,isers- non86era& eha6io%rs

Socia& ai%es o5ars &an,%a,e – sanar En,&ish an ia&eca& 6ariaions

Use o! co$$%nicaion echno&o,. o enhance &an,%a,e $eanin,- %ses an e!!eci6eness

Ieni!.in, &an,%a,e echni'%es an or,ani:aiona& srae,ies ha he&p co$$%nicae he 5rier=s or

spea/er=s p%rpose

Socia& !acors in!&%encin, coe s5ichin, – &in,%isic con6er,ence an i6er,ence

Ln',!tc Con$e%'ence: 0hen persons a&er heir speech o !i $ore c&ose&. 5ih he speech o! he person he. are a&/in, o This is a .pe o! coe8s5ichin, ha is co$$on in o%ris areas

Ln',!tc D$e%'ence: This is he opposie o! &in,%isic con6er,ence an happens 5hen so$e persons

$a. op o e&ierae&. a!!ir$ i!!erences e5een he$se&6es an ohers o 5ho$ he. are a&/in,

This has een oser6e a$on, i$$i,rans 5ho 5ish !or e4c&%sion !ro$ he o$inan c%&%re

THE LANGUAGE ANALYSISThe Lan,%a,e Assess$en re'%ires s%ens o 5rie a criica& ana&.sis o! a ,i6en piece o! 5rienco$$%nicaion co$$enin, speci!ica&&. on &an,%a,e re,isers- ia&eca& 6ariaion- ai%es o &an,%a,e

an co$$%nicai6e eha6io%rs Here are rie! noes o! hese /e. er$s ha $a. pro6e %se!%& in he

co$p&eion o! his assi,n$en

Lan,%a,e Re,isers

This re!ers o he /ins o! En,&ish appropriae o a paric%&ar p%rpose or si%aion I re!ers o he &e6e&s

o! !or$a&i.3in!or$a&i. an one ha are correc !or a speci!ic cone4 A re,iser can re!er o eiher5rien or spo/en &an,%a,e In eciin, 5hich re,iser is s%ia&e !or a ,i6en si%aion one has o

consier !acors s%ch as he &,ence !or 5hich he co$$%nicaion is inene- he n&t,%e o2 the

!,0ect >&tte% ein, spo/en or 5rien ao%- the >e,> 5hich $a.3$a. no inc&%e non86era&e&e$ens o! co$$%nicaion an he -%te%B! &ttt,e o5ars he conen he 5ries ao%

L&n',&'e %e'!te%! >&3 0e ent2e &!:

9or$a&* !or %se in !or$a& socia& sein,s e, Cere$onies- ser6ices an in con6ersaion e5een sran,ers

I a&$os a&5a.s in6o&6es he %se o! Sanar En,&ish

Cas%a&* !or %se e5een !riens3ac'%ainances in a non8!or$a& sein, Us%a&&. $ar/e . he %se o!

s&an, an e&&ipsis

Ini$ae* !or %se e5een peop&e 5ho are 6er. c&ose Us%a&&. $ar/e . $ini$a& senence sr%c%re-

e&&ipsis- non86era& e&e$ens o! co$$%nicaion an specia&i:e 5ors3e4pression resrice in $eanin,

o hose in6o&6e in his ini$ae re&aionship

Cons%&ai6e* !or %se in a si%aion in 5hich he &isener is e4pece o ,i6e so$e !or$ o! conin%o%s!eeac/ ase on he in!or$aion pro6ie . he spea/er

9ro:en* !or %se in prin an p%&ic speeches- ser$ons an reciaions !or 5hich no irec response !ro$ a

reaer3&isener is e4pece

• Pri6ae* Intene A,ence* Inra8persona&* se&!

Content Co>>,nc&te* Inner$os ho%,hs- i$pressions an !ee&in,s /ep 5ihin he se&!

Ln',!tc Fe&t,%e!* Use o! sanar an non8sanar sr%c%res e&&ipsis an s&an, E4c&a$aions-

inerDecions an non86era& e4pressions are possi&e

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E/'/ ell * don+t believe it. here did * put that book? ,h no! -lea$e don+t tell me * lo$t it.

D&lect&l &%&ton!

7ia&eca& 6ariaion re!ers o spo/en an 5rien i!!eren in he %se o! &an,%a,e 5ihin a speech co$$%ni. in

o%r case En,&ish Speech re&ae 6ariaion 5ihin he Cariean $a. a&& e &ocae on he creo&e conin%%$This is a specr%$ o! &an,%a,e 6ariaion &in/in, he $ore sanar en o! he &in,%isic ran,e o he creo&e en

In shor- he acro&ec re!ers o he sanar 6arie. o! he &an,%a,e he $eso&ec re!ers o 6arieies 5hich are

c&oser in !ea%res o he sanar &an,%a,e an 5hich are %se pri$ari&. in he %ran areas The asi&ec

represens he 6arie. $ain&. %se in he r%ra& areas an 5hich has $ain&. creo&e !ea%res In co$$enin, onia&eca& 6ariaion he s%en nees o e a5are o! he i!!eren .pes o! En,&ish %se an spo/en in he

Cariean Their i!!erence is apparen in heir accen an in!&ecion These inc&%e*

• 9orei,n En,&ish* %se $ain&. . o%riss an e4pariaes !ro$ oher co%nries 5here En,&ish is a $aDor

&an,%a,e IT $a. a&so e spo/en . Cariean naiona&s 5ho r. o i$iae he accen o! o%riss 5ih

5ho$ he. associae

• Raio an Te&e6ision En,&ish* in6o&6e so%n an he h%$an 6oice in he e&ecronic $eia Can e

i6ie ino !o%r cae,ories – ne5scass- $%sic pro,ra$$es- a6erise$ens an ,enera& p%&ic !ea%res

• Er%ie En,&ish* &an,%a,e conainin, !ea%res ha sho5 ha he spea/er is /no5&e,ea&e o! 5ors-

phrases an iio$s- especia&&. o&er one an !orei,n ones 5hich are consiere o e i!!ic%&

• Co&&o'%ia& En,&ish* re!ers o En,&ish 5hich are characerisica&&. 0es Inian 5iho% ein, creo&e

En,&ish – $ar/e . i!!erences in pron%nciaion- pich an s.na4

• Rasa En,&ish* 6arie. o! En,&ish $ae pop%&ar . he Rasa!arian c%& 5hich consiss o! i&ica& an

apoca&.pica& 5ors 5ors re&ae o A!rica or hin,s A!rican p%nnin, or p&a.in, on 5ors an @I=

5ors

• Pro!ane En,&ish* re!ers o i$po&ie an shoc/in, e4pressions an osceniies (%se in c%rsin,) in6o&6in,

+o- se4- re&i,io%s hin,s- se4%a& or,ans an pracices

• Sanar En,&ish (SE)

• En,&ish Creo&e (i!!ers accorin, o he co%nr.3re,ion in 5hich i is spo/en E, Ka$aican Creo&e-

Toa,o Creo&e)

Ai%es o Lan,%a,e Ai%es o he 6arieies o! En,&ish spo/en in he Cariean res%& !ro$ a n%$er o! !acors inc&%in,

hisorica& an socia& ones Cr%cia& o he ai%e one aops are 5o consieraions – he associaion o!

e%caion- !or$a&i. an ,oo ase 5ih Sanar En,&ish an he '%esion as o 5heher creo&e En,&ish is

!iin, an appropriae !or cerain %ses Ai%es o he %se o! &an,%a,e $a. inc&%e* ;%e? con2ence? &n

cele0%&ton on he one han- an conte>;t? !h&>e &n e$en %c,le o! he &an,%a,e one spea/s Coe

s5ichin, or aopin, he 6arie. o! En,&ish spo/en . ohers can e a si,n o! &ac/ o! con!ience an prie in

one=s $oher on,%e Si$p&. p%- Ai%e o Lan,%a,e is one=s percepion o! anoher ase on he 6arie. o! a&an,%a,e %se an ho5 he %ser percei6es hi$se&! ase on 5ha ohers hin/

Co$$%nicai6e Jeha6io%rsThis re!ers o co$$%nicain, i$pressions o ohers 5iho% ein, a5are o! oin, so (%nconscio%s) an 5iho%e6en 5ishin, o o so(ine6ia&e) S%ch inc&%e he !o&&o5in,*

• Para&&in,%isics* speech !i&ers s%ch as @h$$$$=- @$$$$= @ah= @ah$$=

• Goca&ics* he %se o! he 6o&%$e- rae- one- an pich o! he 6oce o ,i6e i$ension o $eanin,

• Pro4e$ics* Use o! space o co$$%nicae

• Ari!acs* ODecs ha re&a. a $essa,e ao% .o% e, P&ace o! 5or/- ress- 6ehic&e- aress

• inesics* pos%re- e.e conac- !acia& e4pression ha sa. so$ehin, ao% .o%

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• Chrone$ics* ai%e an %se o! i$e ha co$$%nicae so$ehin, ao% .o%

• O%r !i6e senses* hese con6e. in!or$aion o .o% ao% ohers

Non86era& co$$%nicaion has si4 asic !%ncions – s%si%in, !or 5ors- rein!orcin, 5ors

re,%&ain, ho5 he 6era& $essa,e is recei6e conraicin, he 6era& $essa,e $ana,in, i$pressionor he 5a. oher peop&e percei6e .o% an esa&ishin, re&aionship

N/5/ Yo, MUST 0e 2&>l&% -th the 2ollo-n' to;c!: D&lect&l &%&ton? Attt,e to L&n',&'e?

Co>>,nc&t$e 5eh&$o,% &n L&n',&'e %e'!te%! n o%e% to e22ect$el3 -%te & >o,le " e!!&3/

8U!e the ;&!t ;&;e%! '$en

En!,%e th&t 3o,% e!!&3 h&! &n INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH? !e$e%&l 5ODY PARAGRAPHS

&n & CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH/

SAMPLE MODULE " ESSAY 1

In his e4cerp one can see ha he 5rier e$p&o.e oh he creo&e an he Sanar En,&ish I can a&so

e seen ha peop&e=s percepion o! he %se o! eiher o! hese &an,%a,es i!!ers in $an. 5a.s To $an. persons- he %se o! he creo&e &an,%a,e is &oo/e o5n on an is ho%,h o! as @ac/5ar= 5hi&eSanar En,&ish is percei6e as he !ines &an,%a,e

Ta!!. appears o ha6e a !air co$$an o! he En,&ish Lan,%a,e an his possi&e $oi6aion !or achie6in,

he co$$an o! En,&ish is o appear ine&&i,en Ta!!. e&ie6es ha he creo&e &an,%a,e is @ac/5ar

an !oo&ish= he e&ie6es ha . %sin, his @per!ec En,&ish= he 5o%& e a&e o pro,ress in his e6er.a.

&i!e Ta!!. escries he creo&e &an,%a,e as ha6in, @!%nn. 5ors= see$in,&. see creo&e as iea&&. a&an,%a,e !or co$ic re&ie! Ta!!. oes no 5an o e c&asse 5ih he ohers in his 6i&&a,e an he sa.s

BThere is no p&ace !or .o%r ac/5ar Trini ia&ec The 6i&&a,ers on he oher han see$ o sron,&.

isa,ree 5ih Ta!!. o6er his pre!erence o! Sanar En,&ish Joh O&,a an Jo.sie open&. e!ene he

creo&e 5ih passion an prie The. 5ere hi,h&. o!!ene 5hen Ta!!. escrie he creo&e &an,%a,e as ein, @ac/5ar an !oo&ish=

O&,a=s passion !or creo&e is 6er. prono%nce as she e!ens her e&ie! sa.in, ha BTrini a&/ is no a

En,&ish is D%s= a specia& 5a. She a&so e&ie6es ha peop&e coe8s5ich 5hene6er an 5here6er he.

!ee& he. ee$ necessar. as 5e are '%ie capa&e o! $o6in, !ro$ creo&e o Sanar En,&ish 5ih easeas she sa.s BTrinis /no5 5hen an 5here o spea/ he Sanar En,&ish 9or Jo.sie- a&/in, Trini

creo&e ieni!ies %s as nohin, % Triniaian> Be 5a. 5e a&/ ,i6e 5e Trinis an ieni. O&,a an

Jo.sie appear o e pro% o %se he creo&e

I is 5e&& /no5n ha a 6ieo presenaion 5i&& ,rea&. enhance his &an,%a,e si%aion in ha i a&&o5s !or

he a%ience o see he non86era& co$$%nicaions 5hich oo/ p&ace- $ain&. he characers= o.&an,%a,e- ,es%res an !acia& e4pressions 9or e4a$p&e- he 6ie5in, a%ience 5i&& e a&e o see he

shoc/ on oh Jo.sie an O&,a=s !ace 5hen Ta!!. 5a&/e in o Mr Chin=s 6i&&a,e shop an as/e !or

Bcrac/ers an can. I a&so a&&o5s he reaer o see he pro4e$ics in he 5a. he characers %sespace an heir 6oca&ics

In conc&%sion- i can e seen in his e4cerp ha peop&e=s ai%es o &an,%a,e !%e& heir $oi6aion anchoice o! &an,%a,e Ma/in, a &an,%a,e choice sho%& e so$eone=s prero,ai6e % in $an. cases he

choice co$es 5ih ne,ai6e a,ains he &an,%a,e ha is no chosen In his e4cerp 5e see Jo.sie an

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O&,a e4hiiin, prie an con!ience as he. e!ene heir choice o! creo&e Ta!!.- &i/e $an. persons-

$ae he choice o! Sanar En,&ish eca%se he e&ie6e ha i 5i&& he&p hi$ in $an. areas o! his &i!e

SAMPLE MODULE " ESSAY "

Creo&e %s%a&&. re!ers o &an,%a,es ha res%& !ro$ conac e5een he &an,%a,e o! he co&oni:in, peop&es an he &an,%a,e o! he co&oni:e peop&e Cariean socie. in ,enera& assi,ns hi,h 6a&%e osanar &an,%a,es as oppose o Creo&e Ho5e6er- so$e ini6i%a&s choose o a/e prie in heir Creo&e

&an,%a,e an 6ie5 i as an ieni. $ar/er The e4cerp @Ta&/ a Ta&/= is a per!ec e4a$p&e o! his

In he passa,e- i is e6ien ha he $an ca&&e Ta!!. p&aces ,rea i$porance on achie6in, a ,oo

co$$an o! he En,&ish Lan,%a,e One o! Ta!!.=s $oi6aion !or achie6in, a ,oo co$$an o! he

En,&ish Lan,%a,e see$s o e so ha he can e %nersoo aroa . !orei,ners In he passa,e he saiha i! he conin%e o spea/ he Creo&e &an,%a,e- peop&e in Ne5 or/ 5o%& no %nersan hi$ He

a&so see$s o respec an 6a&%e he Sanar En,&ish an associaes presi,e 5ih is %se 5hereas he

re!ers o he Creo&e as ha6in, @!%nn. 5ors=

Anoher reason !or his $oi6aion is ha he e&ie6es ha a ,oo co$$an o! he En,&ish 5i&& he&p hi$

achie6e s%ccess an %p5ar $oi&i. He e6en p%rchase oo/s ha he e&ie6es 5i&& each hisa%,hers ho5 o @pro,ress an o 5e&&= an spea/ @e proper 5a.= This sho5s ha he e&ie6es ha he

Sanar En,&ish is proper as oppose o he Creo&e ha is i$proper To hi$- he reason 5h. he has no

chosen o e$race Creo&e is ha i is @ac/5ar=

Choice o! &an,%a,e is persona& an !or Jo.sie an O&,a- he Creo&e 5as heir $ain choice o! &an,%a,e

In he passa,e he. e!ene i 6oci!ero%s&. re6ea&in, heir prie in heir Trini &an,%a,e O&,arespone o Ta!!.=s eni,raion o! he Creo&e . e&&in, hi$ ha Creo&e sho%& e so$ehin, o inspire

prie eca%se i is a hisorica& an c%&%ra& &e,ac. !ro$ o%r A!rican- A$erinian an Inian ancesors

Jo.sie s%ppore his . ain, ha Creo&e 5as inee a &an,%a,e D%s &i/e Sanar En,&ish reorin,ha i! Ta!!. e&ie6e ha Creo&e ha @!%nn. 5ors= hen Sanar En,&ish ha e6en sran,er 5ors an

e6en rea/s he r%&es o! is o5n &an,%a,e To he$ oh Creo&e 5as 5ha ieni!ie he$ as r%e Trinis

This is a ra$aic passa,e an a 6ieo presenaion 5o%& ,rea&. enhance he 5rien 5ors Aspecs

o! non86era& co$$%nicaion- ha is- /inesics an 6oca&ic 5o%& e enhance The para&an,%a,e s%chas one o! 6oice- 6o&%$e- pich an rae o! he characers= inp% 5o%& e e$phasi:e I 5o%& e ,rea

o see Ta!!.=s sha$e an e$arrass$en as he &os he ar,%$en

A 6ieo presenaion 5i&& cerain&. enhance his poe$ as i 5o%& ac as a 6is%a& si$%&%s paric%&ar&. o

he sein, o! he shop an he 5a. in 5hich he characers presene he$se&6es

The ai%es !or$%&ae o &an,%a,e ,i6e persons a preconcei6e D%,$en o! oher peop&e an heir

&an,%a,e choice As seen in his poe$ here 5ere con!&icin, e&ie!s an $oi6aions 0hi&s Ta!!.ar,%e 6ehe$en&. in !a6o%r o! his choice o! he Sanar En,&ish- O&,a an Jo.sie ar,%e in !a6o%r o!

heir choice- he Creo&e

MODULE ( –SPEA)ING AND *RITING – Content Checkl!t

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• A%ience ana&.sis – ieni!.in, cr%cia& characerisics o! ar,e a%ience (a,e- se4- e%caiona&

ac/,ro%n- e4en o! pre6io%s /no5&e,e- &e6e& o! ineres)

• Messa,e esi,n – ieni!.in, appropriae conen- re,iser- or,ani:aiona& !ea%res !or a speci!ic

a%ience in a ,i6en cone4

• Ieni!.in, appropriae co$$%nicaion srae,ies o $a4i$i:e $essa,e e!!eci6eness

• Pro6iin, ae'%ae raiona&e !or $essa,e esi,ne ase on a%ience ana&.sis


18/19

SAMPLE MODULE ( ent! o2 n,cle&% -&!te

th%o,'h C&%00e&n -&te%!/ Yo,% '%o,; ! t%3n' to !en!t=e ;e%!on! n the co>>,nt3 to the ;otent&l

th%e&t? &n ;e%!,&e the> to on & ;%ote!t >&%ch/

8& Inc&te &n &;;%o;%&te ch&nnel &n >e,> 3o, -o,l ,!e 2o% the &0o$e ;,%;o!e/ Co>;o!e 3o,%

;%e!ent&ton/

80 *%te & ;&%&'%&;h e.;l&nn' the &;;%o;%&tene!! o2 3o,% co>;o!ton/

" >&%k!

SAMPLE MODULE ( ESSAY

+oo a!ernoon &aies an ,en&e$en o! S%n6i&&e- I a$ Ann8Marie Po5e&&- he hea o! he en6iron$en

proecion ,ro%p /no5n as The En6iron$en Inspecor M. p%rpose his a!ernoon is o in!or$ .o% o! he &ar,e

ship$ens o! n%c&ear 5ase ha is ein, ranspore hro%,h o%r 5aers as 5e&& as he har$!%& conse'%ences5hich i $a. ha6e on o%r co$$%ni. i! his pro&e$ persiss M. ,ro%p is preparin, !or a proes $arch

a,ains his pro&e$ an 5e 5o%& &i/e a&& o! .o% o co$e o% in .o%r n%$ers an $a/e a choice- &e .o%r

6oices e hear Co$e $a/e a choice

A co$$%ni. $eein, 5o%& e he& on a S%na. a!ernoon a #p$ a he &oca& co$$%ni. cener This i$e

an &ocaion 5as chosen as persons %s%a&&. ho$e a his i$e an ha6e %s%a&&. !inishe a&& heir chores The&ocaion is con6enien o a&& $e$ers o! he co$$%ni. The $eho chosen is appropriae as he co$$%ni.

$e$ers 5o%& e a&e o inerac an 6oice heir concerns an ieas on he $aer Speech 5o%& e chosen as

he $ei%$ as he spea/er 5o%& e a&e o re&ae o he a%ience an c&ari!. an. '%esions

As he hea o! he ,ro%p- I a$ eer$ine o proec o%r ea%i!%& co$$%ni. !ro$ hese harsh conse'%ences

5hich 5o%& res%& i! he i&&e,a& ac conin%es 7o .o% re$e$er en .ears a,o in 1FF 5hen Gene:%e&a

s%!!ere; Tens o! ho%sans o! he !ishes ie as a res%& o! his n%c&ear 5ase Their oceans 5ere po&&%e ancii:ens 5ere !a&&in, i&& 7o .o% re$e$er ha a. 5hen he rea/in, ne5s repore ha !i!. chi&ren ie

a!er ein, e4pose o he po&&%ion; 0o$en 5ere ,i6in, irh o hanicappe chi&ren 7o .o% re$e$er;

7o .o% 5an his o happen o .o% an .o%r chi&ren; (raise 6oice) Ma/e a choice Co$e o% in .o%r n%$ers

an &e .o%r 6oices e hear A&&o5 o%r co$$%ni. o! S%n6i&&e o e ri,h once a,ain 5here .o%r chi&rencan p&a. !ree !ro$ iseases- $ohers can ,i6e irh o hea&h. aies Ma/e a choice P% a sop o his i&&e,a&

aci6i. ha is a/in, o6er o%r precio%s 5aers Ma/e a choice Thin/ ao% .o%r chi&ren- .o%r nieces-

nephe5s- ,ran8chi&ren Ma/e a choice +i6e he$ a c&ean non8po&&%e &i!e I &ea6e i in .o%r hans no5 oco$e o% an Ma/e a choice

The presenaion is appropriae as i a&&o5s he co$$%ni. $e$ers o see he e$oion in he spea/er hro%,hhe one- pich an rae o! his 6oice I a&&o5s i$$eiae !eeac/ an he spea/er is a&e o rea non86era&

co$$%nicaion !ro$ he co$$%ni. $e$ers I is a&so appropriae as i e4poses he co$$%ni. $e$ers o

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he conse'%ences ha he. $a. !ace i! he. o no $a/e a choice The %se o! he a, &ine @Ma/e a Choice= a&so

a&ers he peop&e ha i is heir ecision o p% a sop o he i&&e,a& aci6i. an i ,i6es he$ a sense o! responsii&i. o heir chi&ren- here!ore he. $a. reac !aser The rea&i. ha heir chi&ren $a. as a res%& o!

his si%aion $a. a&so $a/e he$ a5are o! he harsh conse'%ences ha he. $a. !ace A&& hese can e p%sh

!acors !or he$ o Doin he proDec an Make a hoice!

19

comprehensive revision guide for communication studies

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